Abnormal Exam 4
What is the only drug listed above that you cannot be diagnosed with a substance use disorder for?
Caffeine
___________ is the world's most widely used stimulant
Caffeine
As many as half of ASD patients are nonverbal, what does communication training do?
Can teach them other forms of communication -Sign language or augmentative communication systems
What brain abnormalities could be a possible factor for the development of ASD?
Cerebellum -> plays a pivotal role in controlling the persons ability to rapidly shift attention
What is the developmental psychopathology explanation for BPD?
Childhood traumas and dysfunctional parental attachments lead to mentalization deficits
ASD patients experience persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction due to....
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
What does fetal alcohol syndrome cause?
Delayed development (speech, thinking, social skills, motor skills) and have distinct facial features
What does the depression-like letdown/ crash look like?
Depressive symptoms, lethargy, irritability
______________ Synthetic amphetamine derivative that produces hallucinogenic effects (could also be categorized as a stimulant)
MDMA AKA ecstasy, X, Love drug, beans, molly
Give an example of ideas of reference
May think something from a song or book was written about them BUT the ideas are not held with delusional conviction. You can convince them otherwise
What are the 4 levels of IDD?
Mild (IQ 50-70) Moderate (IQ 35-49) Severe (IQ 20-34) Profound (IQ below 20)
What % of highschoolers drink monthly vs daily?
Monthly- 33% Daily- 1.3%
Give an example of suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
Thinking their colleagues are trying to undermine them
Explain drug maintenance therapy (Methadone maintenance programs)
Treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone (an opioid)
What are the theoretical explanations for dependent PD according to behavioral theory?
unintentional clinging or loyal behavior
What will likely happen after a few weeks of using heroine?
users may become caught in a pattern of abuse (and often dependence)
Those with moderate IDD can care for themselves and benefit from ___________ training
vocational
20% are addicted to what substance?
heroine
Those with antisocial PD do not typically seek treatment unless...
they are caught and court-mandated
_____________ therapy: an approach based on classical conditioning principles where they are repeatedly being exposed to a negative stimulus right before taking the drug-> idea is to be conditioned to the point of losing cravings
aversion
______________ PD experiences social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
avoidant
When do symptoms of ASD first begin to appear?
early in life, before age 3
___________ is when symptoms are recognized emotionally as disruptive.
egodystonic
_______________ is when symptoms go unnoticed by the individual. They don't disrupt the individual's emotional system (they disrupt the emotional systems of the people around them)
egosyntonic
What is the emphasis for the criteria for antisocial PD (compared to psychopathy)
emphasis on observable behaviors
What does caffeine intoxication look like?
jittery, restless, GI problems, muscle twitching, rambling thoughts and speech
_________________ disorders are Characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
neurodevelopmental
Alcohol blocks messages between _________ which affects judgment and inhibition and then affects the central nervous system
neurons
What is the most consistent sign of an intellectual disability?
person learns very slowly
________________ Uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions
personality
personality ___________ are an enduring pattern of inner experiences and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture
personality disorder
__________ ___________ Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself
personality traits
One group of antihistamines, ___________, could be used to calm patients about to undergo surgery
phenothiazines
Severe and profound levels of IDD often appear as part of larger syndromes that include severe ___________ ____________
physical handicaps
T or F: When using antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia patients, Positive symptoms are reduced more completely, or at least more quickly than negative symptoms
true
T or F: antipsychotic drugs are more effective than any other approach used alone
true
T or F: antisocial PD patients are responsive to treatment but they are extremely difficult to treat
true
T or F: meth is equally popular among men and women
true
T or F: most personality disorders go untreated
true
T or F: no major treatments approaches have had much success for treating narcissistic PD
true
T or F: tardive dyskinesia can develop 6 months or up to a year after taking medication, even if you stopped taking it all together
true
T or F: there are neurotransmitters tied to drug tolerance and withdrawal
true
T or F: there is no single explanation that has gained broad support for the etiology of substance use disorder
true
T or F: there is no systematic proof that a specific drug is affective for any of the BPD features
true
Today, __________ is more successful in schizophrenia treatment
psychotherapy
T or F: Tolerance and withdrawal from LSD is rare
true -Because it is not typically taken continuously and is easy to stop taking
T or F: personality disorders are more subtle and less incapacitating than many axis 1 disorders
true (but that's controversial)
T or F: Research has linked mild intellectual disability mainly to sociocultural and psychological cause
true! -Poor and unstimulating environments, inadequate parent-child interactions, insufficient learning experiences, etc.
What would likely happen if someone abruptly stopped taking benzos?
they have a high likelihood of developing discontinuous syndrome-> return of anxiety, drug withdrawal (irritability, sleep disturbance, etc.)
Give an example of unusual perceptual experiences
thinking someone has walked into the room, thinking someone is whispering to them when no one is
___________ ________ is the Systematic use of operant conditions techniques used in hospital wards to change patient behaviors
token economy
Several types of chromosomal abnormalities may cause Down syndrome, but the most common is ______________ ______
trisomy 21
T or F: Barbiturates were widely prescribed for first half of 20th century
true
T or F: Borderline has a greater likelihood of diagnosis in early adulthood
true
T or F: Each opioid drug has a different strength, speed of action, and tolerance level
true
T or F: Early psychotherapeutic treatment was rare prior to emergence of antipsychotic drugs
true
T or F: In any given year, 40% to 60% of all people with Schizophrenia receive no treatment at all
true
T or F: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a severe, potentially fatal reaction to first-gen antipsychotics
true
T or F: Personality disorder onset must have an onset traces at least to adolescence or early adulthood
true
T or F: Research finds that the social therapy approach reduces rehospitalization
true
What are the 3 disorders under cluster A that we talked about?
Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
_____________ and _____________ therapy is a Mindfulness-based approach to help clients become aware of their thoughts and accept said thoughts as mere events of the mind
acceptance and commitment therapy
Give an example of inappropriate or constricted affect
acting stiff, having an inappropriate emotional response -> to the point that it impacts their interpersonal functioning
What treatment would the biological theory use to treat dependent PD?
antidepressant medication if the disorder was comorbid with depression
What is diagnosis based off of for substance use disorders?
based on a pathological pattern of behaviors related to use of the substance
Give an example of odd thinking or speech
being overly concrete or abstract, using words or concepts in unusual ways (Ex: I was not talkable at work today)
The primary causes of moderate, severe, and profound IDD are _________
biological Sometimes genetic factors are at the root of these biological problems Other biological causes come from unfavorable conditions that occur before, during, or after birth
What is dystonia?
bizarre movements of the face, neck, tongue, and back
____________ PD is characterized by Instability of relationships, self-image, and affects along with marked impulsivity
borderline PD
How does LSD produce symptoms?
by binding to serotonin receptors
In CBT, patients are taught to ______________ the inaccurate ideas of their hallucinations and reattribute or find more accurate interpretations for the hallucinations
challenge
Social Avoidant Personality Disorder has a Fear of what?
close social relationships
___________ _________ is a condition that involves confusion, clouded consciousness, and very scary visual hallucinations as a result of withdrawal from alcohol
delirium tremens
What is the second most common chromosomal cause of down syndrome?
fragile x syndrome
When does caffeine reach peak concentration in the body?
within an hour
What are the prevalence rates for ADHD?
~ 3.0-7.0 % of the childhood population and ~ 2.0-5.0% percent of the adult population
What % of people have narcisstistic PD and how does it affect men vs women
~ 6.2% of U.S. adults; affects up to 75% of men
What are the stats on people currently using LSD
~.5% (1.2 million people)
What is the prevalence rate of antisocial PD and how does it present in males vs females
~3% prevalence in community samples -Males are 4x more likely to have it
______% of US adults experience histrionic PD
~3.6%
~_____% of children with ASD remain significantly disabled into adulthood
~90%
Approximately _______ to ______% of all people with intellectual disability fall into the category of mild IDD (IQ 50-70)
80 - 85
_____% are addicted to pain relievers
80%
around _____% of ASD cases occur in boys
80%!
What are the effects of caffeine?
-Enhances physical stamina, reduces fatigue Disrupts: mood, fine motor movement, reaction time, sleep -Increased gastric acid secretion and breathing rates in high doses
What are these disturbing movement problems often referred to as and why?
-"extrapyramidal effects" -because they appear to impact the extrapyramidal areas of the brain
What are some negative features of narcissism?
-Abrasive and exploitative, disliked by others (but they may not care) -Interpersonal problems, mood fluctuations (especially anger) -Do not value empathy, compassion, or the ability to compromise
Borderline has high rates of co-morbidity with what disorders?
-Bipolar -Depression -Substance abuse -Eating disorders (Bulimia)
What are two examples of the best interventions/therapies for schizophrenia treatment?
-CBT -Sociocultural interventions (family therapy and social therapy)
What are the risks and potential side effects for second gen antipsychotics?
-Carry a risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal drop in white blood cells) -May cause weight gain, dizziness, and significant elevations in blood sugar
What are three of the most common stimulants?
-Cocaine -Amphetamines -Caffeine
What are some other examples of self-help programs/ sociocultural therapies
-Culture and gender sensitive programs -Community and prevention programs
What is the essential feature of paranoid PD?
-Distrust and suspiciousness
_____% of the world population consumes caffeine
90%
Personality disorders technically can only be diagnosed prior to the age of 18 if:
-Features have been present for at least 1 year
Borderline PD has 5 or more of the following symptoms
-Frantic efforts to avoid (real or imagined) abandonment -A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships -Identity disturbance (unstable self-image or sense of self) -Impulsivity -Recurrent suicidal behavior or threats, or self-mutilating behavior -Affective Instability -Chronic feelings of emptiness/ boredom -Inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger -Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Explain the biological view of the etiology of substance use disorders
-Genetic predisposition- parent and offspring have similar alcohol preferences. Biological parent causes higher rates in child -Abnormal form of dopamine receptor gene in people with this disorder
How does the developmental psychopathology view explain the etiology of substance use disorders?
-Genetically inherited disposition -Numerous childhood stressors -Inadequate parenting -Reward substance use experiences -Relationship with substance using peers
What are some positive features of Narcissism?
-High self-esteem, positive affect -Optimistic about future, low anxiety -Very competitive/ambitious -Independent, could be good leader -Value intelligence, assertiveness, and competence
What are some of the characteristics of schizotypal PD?
-Ideas of reference -Odd beliefs or magical thinking -Unusual perceptual experiences -Odd thinking and speech -Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation -Inappropriate or constricted affect -Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar -Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives
What is the categorical view of personality disorders?
-Individuals either have the disorder or they do not -Qualitative difference between groups and normal personality
What are the dangers of opioid use?
-Overdose -Ignorance of tolerance -Run risk of taking impure drugs -Dirty needles -> infection
What is the dimensional view of personality disorders?
-Lie on a continuum, one end being normal and the other being severely disturbed/pathological and you can be anywhere in the middle -Quantitative differences between those with a disorder and those without -Personality disorders are just extreme forms of normal personality traits
Explain the cognitive behavioral view of the etiology of substance use disorders
-Operant conditioning: temporary tension reduction is rewarding -Produces an expectancy that substances will be rewards so they are encouraged to increase use -Classical conditioning: cues or objects that are present during drug use become related to the pleasure of taking the drug
What are a few examples of OC PD
-Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, or schedules -Show perfectionism that interferes with task completion -Excessively devoted to work and productivity -Is overly conscientious and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values -Adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others -Shows rigidity and stubbornness
What are the side effects of depressants and what are some of the most widely used ones?
-Reduces tension and inhibitions, may affect judgement, motor activity, and concentration -3 most common= alcohol, sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic, and Opioids
Since most people with personality disorders do not realize they have them, how do we test for them?
-Self-report measures -Informant ratings
What are the symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome?
-Severe memory loss, confabulation (false memories), problems communicating, problems with insight, loss of interest
Patients with ASD experience Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least 2 of the following:
-Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech Ex: echolalia or pronoun reversal -Insistence of sameness, inflexible need for routine, ritualized patterns -Highly restricted interests -Hyper or hyporeactivity to sensory input
Explain the sociocultural view of the etiology of substance use disorders
-Stressful socioemotional conditions -having family that tolerate or value drug use -Regularly experiencing other kinds of stress
What brain circuits are involved in substance use disorder?
-Striatum -Hippocampus -Nucleus accumbens -Prefrontal cortex -Ventral tegmental area
Give an example of odd beliefs or magical thinking
-must be inconsistent with sub-cultural norms EX: believing they have a 6th sense, magical powers, etc.
What disorders are included in cluster c (anxious, fearful)
-obsessive compulsive PD -Dependent PD -Avoidant PD
Fewer than ____ of every 1000 live births result in Down syndrome, but this rate increases greatly when the mother's age is over 35
1 / 1000
According to the DSM-V when should people be diagnosed with IDD?
1) Intellectual functioning is well below average Confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standard intelligence testing IQ must be 70 or lower 2) Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility 3) Symptoms must appear before age 18
What are the 10 class designations of substances/drugs?
1. Alcohol 2. Canabis 3. Stimulants 4. Caffeine 5.Tobacco 6.Inhalant 7.Sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic 8.Opioid 9.Phencyclidine 10. Unknown substances
What are the last 4 possible symptoms of substance use disorder?
1. Recurrent substance use in situations that pose serious risk 2. Continued use despite knowledge that it is causing or worsening physical or psychological problems 3. Tolerance 4. Withdrawal
What are 3 symptoms listed for substance use disorder than involve social impairment?
1. failure to fulfill major role obligations 2. Continued substance use despite having recurrent social or interpersonal problems 3. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up
What are the 4 symptoms of substance use disorder that involve impairment in control?
1. larger doses or using for longer periods of time than intended 2. unsuccessful attempts to cut down 3. A great deal of time and effort spent obtaining the substance 4. Craving the substance
According to the DSM-V, a person can only be diagnosed with Antisocial PD if they have 3 or more of the following symtpoms:
1.Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest 2. Deceitfulness 3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead 4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults 5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others 6. Consistent irresponsibility 7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another
Approximately ____% of persons with IDD function at a level of moderate IDD (IQ 35-49)
10%
In order to be diagnosed with ADHD, Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age _____ and several symptoms must be present at 2 or more settings
12
Personality disorders affect around ____% of the US population at some point in their life
15%
______% of the US population has used LSD at some point in their life
15%
When was autism spectrum disorder first identified?
1943
When were the antipsychotic drugs introduced?
1950s
"Conventional" antipsychotic drugs-Developed throughout the what years?
1960's, 1970's, and 1980's
____ billion people worldwide consume alcohol
2 billion
The DSM-V requires that the patient must have _____ or more of the previous 10 listed symptoms at any time in the same 12 month period
2 or more
What happens when the two drugs in your system are doing similar actions?
2 or more drugs have similar actions (Alcohol and barbituates, etc both are depressants) could depress CNS to such a degree that it shuts off and you die.
Explain what cross-tolerance is
2 or more drugs that are similar could lead your tolerance of one drug creating a tolerance on the other drug even though you've never used it
IDD is considered being at least ____________ standard deviations below the average
2 standard deviations -So a IQ of 70 or below.
Opioid use disorder affects ______ million people in the US each year
2.6 million
What % of middle schoolers report some use of alcohol?
23%
What is the ratio of men: women who have an alcohol use disorder?
2:!
IDD (intellectual and development disabilities) occur in ____ of every 100 people
3
What % of identical twins will diagnose antisocial PD if their twin has it?
67% - very genetically based
Approximately ___-___% of persons with IDD display severe IDD (IQ 20-34)
3-4%
What fraction of those with IDD are male?
3/5
What % of college students engage in montly drinking binges?
38%
Among children the gender ratio is approximately ______ with boys more likely to have the disorder than girls
3:1
Only ______% of people with schizophrenia receive treatment
40%
Borderline PD is seen in ~____% of adults and 75-80% of these cases are diagnosed in women
5.9%
Over _____% of persons recovering from Schizophrenia live with family members
50%
What percentage of BPD patients drop out by their third session of treatment?
50%
Close relatives of someone with BPD are ____x more likely to have the condition than the general population
5x
What % of US residents over the age of 11 have used meth at least once?
6%
What % of US citizens over the age of 11 have an alcohol use disorder?
7%
White Americans, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans display rates between _________% and ________%
7.0% and 8.2%
About ______% of all teens and adults in the U.S. have a substance use disorder
7.8%
What are the most common self-help programs? What is the purpose of these programs?
AA (Alcoholics anonymous) -Offers peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines to help people overcome alcoholism Another examples is Narcotic Anonymous (NA)
_______________ shows a pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
ADHD -attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder
What are the theoretical explanations of antisocial PD?
Absence of parental love leads to lack of basic trust (Psychodynamic) Antisocial symptoms learned through operant conditioning, modeling, imitation (Behavioral) Difficulty with recognition of others' viewpoints (Cognitive) Biological predisposition; lower serotonin activity; dysfunctional brain circuits
What do assertive community treatment programs do?
Address all areas of need for people with severe mental disorders-cognitive, emotional, and social functioning to mastery of everyday skills
Which substances lower GABA production?
Alcohol and benzo's
What are some laboratory- manufactured stimulant drugs?
Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine
Some ASD patients have Savant performance. Explain
An exceptional ability in a highly specialized area of functioning (typically involves artistic, musical, or mathematical skills).
Which drugs serve as adjuncts to psychotherapy for patients with BPD?
Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, or antipsychotic
______________ PD is characterized by a Disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
Antisocial
What disorders are in cluster B (dramatic, emotional)?
Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic
What is the one personality disorder than cannot be diagnosed before 18 regardless of how long they have been showing symptoms?
Antisocial personality disorder
What is cluster C characterized by?
Anxious and fearful
What are the dangers of cocaine?
Aside from its behavioral effects, cocaine poses significant physical danger The greatest danger of use is the risk of overdose Excessive doses depress the brain's respiratory function, and stop breathing Cocaine use can also cause heart failure Pregnant women who use cocaine have an increased likelihood of miscarriage and of having children with abnormalities
Levels of impairment are closely tied to the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood. List the BAX %'s and their related effects
BAC = 0.06: Relaxation and comfort BAC = 0.09: Intoxication BAC > 0.55: Death ->Most people lose consciousness before they can drink this much
What are the treatments for schizotypal PD?
Assist the client with reconnection to the world and recognition of thinking limits Recognize unusual thoughts and magical prediction; social skills training May benefit from low doses of antipsychotic drugs
What are some additional characteristics of avoidant PD?
Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations, views self as socially inept, unappealing, or inferior to others
What are some characteristics of narcissistic PD?
Believes one is "special" and unique; can only associate with other special or high-status persons Requires excessive admiration Grandiose sense of self-importance Has sense of entitlement Is interpersonally exploitative Often envious of others or believes others are envious of them Lacks empathy
____________ are Safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions
Benzodiazepines
What are antagonist drugs?
Block or change the effects of the addictive substance Ex: antabuse taken with alcohol causes feelings of nausea, etc. Nalaxen taken with opioids can stop or prevent an overdose.
Caffeine is absorbed by the body and serves as a ____________ stimulant
CNS -Triggers release of dopamine, serotonin, and norephinephrine in the brain
What is likely to happen after taking long-term high doses of heroine?
Chronically lethargic and lose motivation to remain productive
____________ is the most powerful natural stimulant known, produces a euphoric rush of well-being
Cocaine
What are the effects of high doses of cocaine?
Cocaine intoxication Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder Depression-like letdown (crashing)
Which drugs lower endorphine production?
Cocaine or amphetamines
What is the biosocial explanation for Bipolar PD?
Combination of internal and external factors Internal: Inability to identify and regulate emotions External: Invalidating environment
What are the 3 possible presentation specifiers for ADHD?
Combined presentation, Predominantly inattentive presentation, or Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
What treatment would the Cognitive Behvaioral theory use to treat dependent PD?
Combo of interventions including assertiveness training and practicing challenging and changing incompetence and helplessness assumptions
_______________ PD has an excessive need to be taken care of that leads to sub-missive and clinging behavior and fears of separation.
Dependent
What is the treatment of choice for BPD?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Explain synergistic effects
Different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply, or potentiate, each other's effects
To be categorized as having Inattention: 6 (or more) of the symptoms have persisted for at least six months
Difficulty sustaining attention; often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli; often forgetful in daily activities; often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly; often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes
What is cluster B characterized by?
Dramatic, emotional
What are the most common treatment plans for ADHD?
Drug therapy, behavioral therapy, or a combination
What are some early withdrawal symptoms of heroine? What are the later symptoms?
Early withdrawal symptoms include anxiety and restlessness; later symptoms include twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, and weight loss from dehydration
What is echolalia?
Echolalia is the automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person
What are the dangers of using meth?
Serious negative effects on physical, mental, and social life Linked to increased ER visits May cause neurotoxicity
T or F: antisocial PD is the same thing as psychopathy
False They are similar notions, but have important distinctions and should NOT be used interchangeably
What are the theoretical explanations of narcissism?
Focus on cold, rejecting parents; focus on grandiose self-presentation; self-sufficiency replaces warm relationships (Psychodynamic) Treated too positively in early life; overvalue self-worth (Cognitive-behavioral)
What treatment would be used for someone with histrionic PD?
Focus on lack of substance and extreme suggestibility Vain, dramatic, and selfish behavior may be an exaggeration of femininity as culture once defined it
What are the possible theoretical explanations for avoidant PD
Focus on shame and insecurity traced to childhood experiences (Psychodynamic) Harsh criticism in early childhood leads to expected rejection; failure to develop effective social skills (Cognitive-behavioral)
One goal of CBT is cognitive remediation for schizophrenia patients. What does this look like?
Focuses on difficulties in attention, planning, and memory -Provides a build up of computer tasks until planning and social awareness are reached
Alcohol helps ________ to shut down the neurons and relax the person consuming alcohol
GABA
What is the biological explanation for ADHD?
Genetic predisposition: Heritability estimates = 80% Prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco smoke, prematurity of delivery and significantly low birth weight Abnormal dopamine activity and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain
What is akathisia?
Great restlessness, agitation, and discomfort in the limbs
Give a few examples of supervised residences used in the community approach of treating schizophrenia
Halfway houses or group homes -Provide shelter and supervision for patients who are unable to live alone or with their families
What does a cocaine-induced psychotic disorder look like?
Hallucinations or delusions
Cannabis is drugs produces from varieties of hemp plants. What are two types?
Hashish: Solidified resin of the cannabis plant Marijuana: Mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops
What is the essential feature of substance use disorders?
Having cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms that indicates they continue to use the substance despite having significant substance-related problems
What do amphetamines do in high doses?
High doses = rush, intoxication, and psychosis. Could lead to confusion or heart failure
What group has the highest rates of substance use disorders? Which has the lowest?
Highest = native Americans Lowest= Asian Americans
Explain the twin studies done on the etiology of substance us disorders
Identical twins= 50% likely to develop is one has this disorder Fraternal= 30% likely
What are the dangers of MDMA?
Immediate psychological problems, cognitive impairment, unpleasant and potential dangerous physical symptoms
Cognitive remediation provides moderate improvement, explain what improvements are found
Improvements in attention, planning, memory, and problem-solving surpass those with other interventions
What are the theoretical explanations of schizoid PD?
Linked to an unsatisfied need for human contact; parents believed to have been unaccepting or abusive (Psychodynamic) Tied to deficiencies in thinking; inability to interpret emotional cues (Cognitive-behavioral)
What are the theoretical explanations for paranoid personality disorder?
Linked to patterns of early interactions with demanding parents (Psychodynamic) Tied to broad maladaptive assumptions (Cognitive-behavioral)
What does ABA do for ASD?
Intensive behavior modification using operant conditioning techniques Focus on specific symptoms: Communication deficits, lack of self-care skills, and self-stimulatory or self-destructive behavior Emphasizes very specific and small goals
What cause of down syndrome applies to males only
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY Syndrome) -Causes female characteristics
__________ syndrome neurological disorder caused by a lack of thymine (vitamin b-1) in the brain
Korsakoff's
_______________ is one of the most powerful hallucinogens and is derived from ergot alkaloids
LSD
What are the theoretical explanations of Borderline PD?
Lack of early acceptance by parents or abuse/neglect by parents (Psychodynamic) Low serotonin levels; genetic predisposition; abnormal brain structure/circuitry activity
What are some of the personality traits someone with psychopathy would have?
Lack of remorse or shame Constricted display of emotion Failure to show empathy, use of others for one's gains Superficial Charm Pathological interpersonal relationships/manipulative Irresponsibility
Approximately 50% of children with ADHD struggle with:
Learning or communication problems Poor school performance Difficulty interacting with other children Misbehavior Mood or anxiety problems
Around 7.9% of adult population is affected by obsessive compulsive PD. What is the ratio of men to women with this disorder?
Men are twice as likely as women (2:1)
What are 2 natural hallucinogens?
Mescaline and Psilocybin
What are the effects of cannabis at low doses vs high doses?
Low= joy and relaxation or anxiety, paranoia, irritability High- odd visual experiences or mental issues like memory problems
What are three synthetic hallucinogens?
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) MDMA (Ecstasy) Phencyclidine (PCP)
____________ disorders that affect intelligence and development are typically caused by the pairing of two defective recessive genes (one from each parent)
Metabolic disorders Ex: Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Tay-Sachs disease
___________ ___________ involves Institutions create a social climate that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility
Milieu therapy
How much caffeine would lead to caffeine intoxication?
More than 2 -3 cups of brewed coffee, 6 cans of cola, or 3 cans of Red Bull can lead to caffeine intoxication
What are the theoretical explination for schizotypal PD?
Symptoms are often linked to family conflicts and to psychological disorders in parents Linked to some of the same biological factors found in schizophrenia (e.g., high dopamine activity)
T or F: sociopathy is a real term
Not a real term, should not be used. Psychopathy is the preferred term but it is not a diagnosis
What treatment is used to treat paranoid PD?
Object relations therapists (Psychodynamic) Social skills education; role-playing, exposure techniques; group therapy (Behavioral) Development of more realistic interpretations of words and actions (Cognitive)
To be categorized as having hyperactivity and impulsivity: 6 (or more) of the symptoms have persisted for at least six months
Often fidgets; often talks excessively; often blurts out answers; difficulty waiting one's turns; often interrupts or intrudes on others
What is the treatment option for OC PD?
Often respond well to psychodynamic or cognitive therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
What are the theoretical explanations of OC PD?
Overly harsh toilet training during anal stage; anal retentive and fixated (Freud) Illogical thinking processes (Cognitive-behavioral)
What would occur at behavioral therapy for ADHD?
Parents and/or teachers learn to apply operant conditioning techniques to change behavior Very important component Behavior modification in the classroom and parent training in child behavior management methods Often helpful, especially combined with drug therapy
What are the symptoms of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Symptoms include muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and improper functioning of the autonomic nervous system
What is the most common extrapyramidal symptom that they produce?
Parkinsonian symptoms like muscle tremors and rigidity, dystonia, and akathisia
What was the theory for psychological causes of ASD?
People with autism have a central perceptual or cognitive disturbance Fail to develop a theory of mind: Fail to appreciate that other people have a point of reference that differs from their own Deficiencies in joint attention
What is the main criteria for antisocial PD?
Pervasive pattern must have been present started by age 15 and on ward.
What are two factors responsible for patients not receiving treatment for schizophrenia
Poor coordination of services Shortage of services
Explain nonverbal communicative behaviors
Poor or no eye contact, no gestures, poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication (tone, where am I looking, volume of voice, facial expressions, gestures, etc.)
Explain the psychodynamic view of the etiology of substance use disorders
Powerful dependency needs can be traced to early childhood years -Display substance use "personality" -> early impassivity (this is only correlational in nature and can't really be verified)
What are some examples of social therapy
Practical advice, problem solving, decision making, social skills training, medication management, employment counseling, financial assistance, and housing
What are some other causes of IDD?
Prenatal and birth related causes like physical problems with the pregnant mother, birth complications like a lack of oxygen, etc. -Childhood problems like lead poisoning, head injuries, infections, etc.
What is the least used "treatment" plan for substance use disorder?
Prison or Jail (288,000 people current using this tactic)
What treatments are used for schizoid PD?
Psychodynamic and behavioral treatment foci/techniques similar to treatment of Paranoid Personality Disorder Presenting and evoking memories of pleasurable experiences (Cognitive)
What treatment would be used for narcissism?
Recognize and work through basic insecurities and defenses (Psychodynamic) Focus on self-centered thinking and redirection (Cognitive-behavioral)
What happens in the two drugs in your system are having opposite (antagonistic) effects?
Red bull + Vodka (stimulant+ depressant) could cause a build up of drugs to a lethal level. Stimulates could cause alcohol to not be metabolized.
In Milieu therapy the patients lives in a therapeutic community that focuses on what?
Respect, support, and openness
Explain the biological views Incentive-sensitization theory
Reward center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances when repeatedly stimulated by the substances
What is Reward-deficiency syndrome
Reward center not readily activated by "normal" life events; thus, person uses drugs to stimulate the pleasure pathway Defects in D-2 receptors cited as possible cause
Histrionic PD has 5 or more of the following symptoms at a given time:
Seeks to be center of attention Exhibits sexually provocative or seductive behaviors Displays shifting and shallow emotions Uses physical appearance to draw attention Style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail Is dramatic; exaggerated expression of emotion Is suggestible; i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances Misjudges the intimacy in a relationship
Explain how neurotransmitters are involved in the etiology of substance use disorder
Substance causes an increase in NT, but body slows down the natural production of these NT's. therefore, when they stop taking the drug, their body is not making enough of the NT and the person either has to start using in order to increase the levels or suffer the withdrawal until body increases production again
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) tested on patients with psychosis lead to what?
Sharp symptom reduction
What are the short term consequences of LSD vs the long term?
Short term consequences are unknown because it is difficult to study Long term= self-injury, flashbacks days or even months post use could potentially trigger psychosis, a mood disorder, or anxiety disorder
What are the treatment options for avoidant PD?
Similar to treatment of social anxiety disorder and anxiety in general Group therapy provides practice in social interactions Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are sometimes helpful
T or F: Diagnosticians cannot rely solely on a cutoff IQ score of 70 to determine whether a person has an intellectual disability
TRUE
______________ _____________ is a Extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements caused by first generation antipsychotics. It is a late-appearing movement disorder and is difficult to eliminate
Tardive dyskinesia
What is the major active ingredient of cannabis?
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -Potency is influenced by environmental conditions -Produces mix of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects (aka cannabis intoxication)
What is the best explanation for the etiology of substance use disorders?
That it is a combination of factors
What were the theorized scoiocultural causes of ASD?
Theorists initially thought that high degree of family dysfunction, environmental, stress, and social stress were key factor **Research does not support this theory
What is parent training for ASD families?
Train parents to apply conditioning and skills-building techniques at home
What treatment would the psychodynamic theory use to treat dependent PD?
Transference of dependency needs
What makes antisocial PD so hard to treat?
Treatments are not addressing unique developmental mechanisms underlying their antisocial behavior Need for comprehensive AND individualized treatment No desire to change (no incentives) Premature drop-out
Explain social-emotional reciprocity
Trouble engaging with others, sharing thoughts and feelings, abnormal social approaches, could manifest in failure to engage in normal back and forth dialogue. Reduced affect, reduced sharing of interests, failure to initiate or respond to social interactions
T or F: Many approaches have been used to treat substance-related disorders. Although these treatments sometimes meet with great success, more often they are only moderately helpful
True
T or F: Marijuana now is 4x more powerful than it was in to 70's
True
T or F: a complete biological explanation has not been developed for ASD
True
What chromosomal cause of down syndrome only applies to females
Turner syndrome -Missing or partially missing X chromosome
What is an important characteristic of substance use disorders?
Underlying change in brain circuits that may persist beyond detoxification
What are the theoretical explanations of histrionic PD?
Unhealthy relationships with cold, controlling parents in childhood; feelings of being unloved and fear of abandonment (Psychodynamic) Sense of helplessness fuels search for others to meet needs (Cognitive-behavioral) Partially influenced by cultural norms or expectations
What are the theoretical explanations for dependent PD according to the psychodynamic theory
Unresolved conflicts during oral stage Early parental loss or rejection prevents normal attachment and separation Overinvolvement or overprotection
Around what age does antisocial PD start to decrease?
age 40
Similar to cocaine, _____________ increase energy and alertness and lowers appetite when taken in small doses
amphetamines
What is the contingency management method?
an approach based on behavioral principles of operant conditions. Rewarded for successfully doing something like going an afternoon without a drink or submitting a clean urine sample.
What is the gold standard for treating ASD?
applied behavior analysis
When do neurodevelopmental disorders typically manifest?
at birth or early childhood -onset in developmental period
What percentage of adults have avoidant PD and how does it affect men vs women?
at least 2% of adults have this PD, similar rates among men and women
Personality disorders are patterns manifested in 2 or more of the following:
cognitions, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and/or impulse control
What are the treatment options for ASD given that there are no know treatments that reverse this pattern and no medication that is considered effective
cognitive-behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration
What 3 things do they have to look at to solidify a IDD diagnosis?
conceptual/ academic ability (language, memory, reading, etc.) social abilities (awareness of others feelings, empathy, etc.) practical abilities (knowing difference between dime and nickle, job responsibility, behavior management, etc.)
____________ ___________ is where Community mental health centers provide medications, psychotherapy, and inpatient emergency care
coordinated services
___________ is a biological treatment with two strategies: either a gradual withdrawal by tapering off doses or to induce a withdrawal but use medications to block symptoms
detoxification
Which drug type Slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)
depressants
___________ therapy Includes techniques that address social and personal difficulties in the clients' lives
social
Social Anxiety Disorder has a Fear of what?
social circumstances
What is the most common chromosomal disorder?
down syndrome
What are other areas of difficultly for someone with IDD?
difficulty with attention, short-term memory, planning, and language
____________ enhancing drugs can be used to address/ treat neuroleptic malignant syndrome
dopamine enhancing drugs
T or F: Second-generation antipsychotic drugs are less effective than first-gen and they cause more extrapyramidal side effects
false -They are equally as effective and often more effective than first gen, especially for treating negative symptoms -Cause fewer extrapyramidal side effects
T or F: there is an official DSM diagnosis for psychopathy
false- it is not a diagnose condition
___________ therapy Address such family issues, creates more realistic expectations and provides psychoeducation about the disorder
family -Families may also turn to family support groups and family psychoeducation programs
Patients receive Psychoeducation about biological causes of _____________ and learn to identify events and triggers of their ____________
hallucinations (x2)
Stimulants __________ the activity in the central nervous system. What are some symptoms?
increase -Rapid behavior and thinking -Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness
Benzos have a lower potential of a ________ __________(compared to barbiturates)
lethal overdose
Dependent PD affects less than __% of the population and is equal between men and women
less than 1%
What are the theoretical explanations for dependent PD according to cognitive theorists
maladaptive cognitions
Which drug reduces anandamide production?
marijuana
Schizoid personality disorder affects 3.1% of US adults and is slightly more common in _____
men
What does benzo intoxication look like?
mirrors state of intoxication from alcohol
Paranoid personality disorder affects 4.4% of US adults and is ________ common in men than women
more common in men
More than ______ of US residents drink alcohol
more than half
Conventional antipsychotic drugs sometimes produce disturbing _________ problems
movement
Opioids are known collectively as what?
narcotics
Which disorder has a Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
obsessive compulsive PD
What is cluster A of personality disorders labeled by?
odd and eccentric
Approximately _______ of the homeless people in America have a severe mental disorder, commonly Schizophrenia
one-third
What percentage of people with substance use disorders receive treatment?
only 18%
____________ Includes both natural (opium, morphine, heroin codeine) and synthetic (methadone) compounds
opioids
Personality disorders have high rates of comorbidity with....
other personality disorders and with Axis 1 disorder (I.e. depression, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, etc.)
What is mentalization?
our capacity to understand our own and others emotional states
__________ _____________ is a day center program used when patients needs fall between the need of full hospitalization and outpatient care
partial hospitalization
About 1-2% of persons with IDD fall into the category of _______ IDD (IQ below 20)
profound
With ____________ ___________ training, clients are taught to plan ahead for high-risk situations with the over all goal being to gain control over substance-related behaviors
relapse-prevention training
Sedative-Hypnotic drugs (Depressants) produce feelings of ____________ and _____________. Explain the difference between low doses and high doses
relaxation and drowsiness -Low doses= calming or sedative effect -High doses= sleep inducer or hypnotics
3.9% of US adults have ________ PD, it is slightly more common in men than women
schizotypal
Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, and Geodon are all examples of what kinds of drugs?
second-generation antipsychotic drugs
What is the most commonly used treatment for substance use disorder?
self-help groups (1.9 million patients current using this)
________________ ____________ is where After a couple weeks, patients are released to after-care programs for follow-up in the community
short-term hospitalization
In most cases, the drugs produce the maximum level of improvement within the first ______ months of treatment
six
_________________ therapies believe that Psychological problems emerge in a social setting and best treated in a social context
sociocultural therapies
What does cocaine do to you physically and what are the results?
stimulates the central nervous system and decreases appetite Increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels
_____________ ____________ Cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances
substance intoxication
Antisocial PD is highly co-morbid with what disorder?
substance use disorder
____________ _______ _____________ Maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use
substance use disorders
Those with severe IDD require careful __________ and can perform only basic work tasks
supervision -Very rare for them to live alone and function independently
What does cocaine intoxication look like?
temporary state-> experience paranoia, mania, and impaired judgement
