Abnormal Physiology Final

Rey has the diagnosis of acute stress disorder; Bob has been diagnosed as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. What is a major difference in their conditions

Bob has had the symptoms for longer than Ray

Instability in mood, unstable relationships, and difficulty being alone are all characteristics of

Borderline personality disorder

One specific difference between psychiatrists and psychologists is that psychiatrists

Can prescribe medication

If a cognitive therapist trained by Beck were treating Frances, whose depression was presented in your text, the therapist would probably

Challenge her tendency to blame herself

A straightforward example of an eclectic approach to the case Frances presented in your text would be

Combine psychotherapy with medication

A clinician is using DSM-IV-TR to arrive at a diagnosis for Michael, the case presented in your text; to justify a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the clinician will have to

Compare Michael to a specific set of criteria

According to labeling theory, a psychiatric diagnosis serves go

Create a social role that perpetuates abnormal behavior

A clinical psychologist is interviewing a client and asks a series of questions. Later the same psychologist interviews another clients and asks the same series of question in the same order. This is called projective interview

False

Fortunately, there are many psychoactive drugs that cure mental disorders without side effects

False

In Freudian theory that part of the psyche that is present at birth and houses biological drives, such as hunger, as well as two key psychological drives, sex and aggression, is known as ego

False

Joseph Wolfe developed an effective form of treatment for phobias designed to break the link/association between the object of fear and the experience of fear through counter conditioning. His therapy is known as systemic dichotomies

False

Men are significantly more likely to experience depression than women

False

Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by fear of separation from others who I looked too for advise and reassurance

False

The 4 D's for determining if a behavior is abnormal are distress, dysfunction, defiance, and dogma

False

The tendency-stress model suggests that mental disorders develop only when a stress is added on top of a predisposition

False

The two critical issues and cognitive response to stress are specificity and nonspecificity

False

Two terms particularly important to epidemiological research are incidence and premorbance

False

When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. The diagnosis that Bob has is most likely conversion disorder

Fase

In what way is fear different from anxiety

Fear occurs in the face of real danger

Which of the following is a common characteristic of acute stress disorder and post traumatic stress disorder

Flashbacks

What were some of the early indications that Tom (case described in the text) Would one day grow up to exhibit behaviors that meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder

He was often truant from school, stole items, and lied

A therapist tells a patient that he is "not being genuine, not being himself." The therapist encourages the patient to make life choices based on his true feelings. What is the therapist's most likely theoretical framework?

Humanistic

Which paradigm views human nature as basically good, attributes abnormal behavior a frustrations of society, and uses no directive therapy to treat abnormal behavior

Humanistic

Which of these people is most likely to receive the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder

Kevin, who imagined he has a serious defect in his physical appearance

According to Richard Lazarus what is the role of cognition in stress

Life events are stressors when only perceived as distressing

Generally your patient of the past two years has exhibited depression. She did, however, have one quite dramatic symptom that rules out a diagnosis of both major depressive disorder and dysthymia. This symptom is

Mania

Most forms of abnormal behavior are thought to be caused by

Multiple factors

A film critic describes a character in a film in these words: A grandiose sense of self importance, inability to emphasize with others, a preoccupation with his own achievements in abilities. At the end of the description, the critic says the character needs therapy. If the characters sought therapy, what diagnosis might be made

Narcissistic personality disorder

Hippocrates is viewed as one of the first figures in history to emphasize that psychopathology can be attributed to

Natural causes

5.1.18. One of your patients has been diagnosed with depressive disorder and alcohol addiction. Which of the following do you need to consider in this light?

a. For some people alcoholism develops first; for others, it is the depression that comes first.

70. Why are investigators interested in the fast flush phenomenon?

a. It is often seen in people of Asian ancestry and might explain why they drink less.

5.1.102. Which of the following individuals is most likely to die as a result of suicide?

a. Jim, a 60-year-old

2.1.148. In addition to the theory that living in a poor section of a U.S. city can expose children to the stress of high crime rates, what has also been suggested as a way in which poverty could add to the rate of mental disorders?

a. Living a life of poverty is inherently stressful.

3.1.92. What were the findings of the Consumers Reports survey of psychotherapy effectiveness concerning medications in treatment?

a. Medication adds little to psychotherapy.

1. Ted is taking notes in an abnormal psychology course; the topic today is the diagnosis of schizophrenia. When Ted reviews the material next week, how might he summarize the material on the symptoms used to identify schizophrenia?

a. No single symptom is indicative of schizophrenia.

54. What evidence suggests that the development of schizophrenic disorders is not entirely explained by genetics?

a. None of the twin studies have found a concordance rate that even approaches 100 percent.

60. What has research shown concerning the link between schizophrenia and the lateral ventricles of the brain?

a. On average, schizophrenics have enlarged lateral ventricles.

Miguel feels pleasure and relief after deliberately setting a fire. Why would Miguel's behavior be considered impulsive, rather than compulsive?

a. The goal of impulsive behavior is to experience pleasure.

98. As a clinician treating schizophrenia, you know that which of the following statements about second-generation antipsychotic drugs is true?

a. They are not significantly more effective than first-generation drugs for treating negative symptoms.

Which hypothesis offers an explanation for why psychopaths often do not respond normally to punishment?

a. They are preoccupied with the potential for a successful outcome.

6.1.26. How do clinical obsessions differ from normal obsessions?

a. They differ in degree rather than kind.

97. Why is the new class of antipsychotic medications called "atypical"?

a. They do not produce extrapyramidal symptoms.

10.1.43. Which is most accurate with regard to why the purging and nonpurging subtypes of bulimia nervosa were removed from DSM-5?

a. They were not supported by the research.

58. As a behavioral advisor to the World Health Organization, you are required to assess drug use and abuse in indigenous populations. You have been assigned to study the South American natives' use of coca leaves, which are part of the plant from which cocaine is derived. In reading about past findings, you discover that these native groups

a. have very few drug use problems.

3.1.9. What is a cognitive-behavior therapist likely to do in treating Frances, whose battle with depression was described in the text?

a. be very directive in getting her to look at her distorted thinking

2.1.36. According to the principles of operant conditioning, what happens when negative reinforcement is applied?

a. behavior increases

10.1.42. Which of the following diagnoses is new to the DSM-5?

a. binge-eating disorder

The definition of __________ personality disorder was heavily influenced by psychodynamic views about the origins of personality traits.

a. borderline

6.1.77. What have studies of the genetics of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder found concerning the genetic component in a model of the cause of these disorders?

a. both appear to be either modestly or moderately heritable

3.1.46. If Harry Stack Sullivan could comment on the case of Frances presented in your text, he would probably focus on

a. both her relationship with her mother and her feelings about her mother.

2.1.99. Theories that attempt to link psychophysiology to the etiology of psychopathology have implicated

a. both overarousal and underarousal.

1.1.92. The textbook suggests that one likely change in the future in the mental health professions is

a. boundaries between professions will become less rigid.

2.1.97. What are the two components of the central nervous system?

a. brain and spinal cord

2.1.71. How is information transmitted between nerve cells?

a. by release of neurotransmitters at the synapse

2.1.1. The etiology of a problem behavior is its

a. cause.

2.1.80. A police officer pulls over a driver suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. The driver is asked to exit the car and walk a straight line. This test is designed to detect the effects of alcohol on the

a. cerebellum.

1.1.95. When we adopt an historical perspective to study how other societies have viewed the problems that we consider to be mental disorders, we find that they have

a. held quite different views.

102. The major goal of most family treatment programs is to

a. help family members improve their coping skills.

1.1.124. It is likely that ________ played a role in the recurring depression of Abraham Lincoln.

a. heredity

31. Your textbook suggests that withdrawal from nicotine is on a par with withdrawal from

a. heroin.

What is one of the problems in treating patients with personality disorders?

a. high drop out rates

5.1.27. Hypomania is an episode involving

a. high energy, but less severe than mania.

8.1.14. Your teacher describes the following incident to the class: His teenage daughter called home and tearfully described getting a speeding ticket on her way to an amusement park. Her father tells her not to worry, that it was not a big deal. What is he suggesting that she do?

a. change her primary appraisal of the event

3.1.14. A straightforward example of an eclectic approach to the case Frances presented in your text would be to

a. combine psychotherapy with medication.

5.1.68. The best evidence for the influence of nongenetic factors in the cause of mood disorder is in the

a. concordance rates for MZ twins, which are less than 100 percent.

6.1.62. While walking along the road, a car drives by and honks right next to you. The car hits your leg, and you are slightly injured. A few weeks later, you hear a car horn and become very nervous. What is the horn honking in this scenario?

a. conditioned stimulus

Comparing borderline and antisocial personality disorders using the dimensional approach shows the two disorders are distinguished by the fact that a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder would also include

a. high levels of traits involving negative affectivity.

1.1.91. What type of degree is required to become a professional in the field of psychosocial rehabilitation?

a. high school or bachelor's degree

8.1.27. Cannon hypothesized that stress makes us more susceptible to illness because intense or chronic stress overwhelms the body's ________, a term he coined to mean the tendency to return to a steady state of normal functioning.

a. homeostatis

1.1.104. The improvement in conditions of mental hospitals in the 1800s was based in part on the belief that

a. humanistic care would help to relieve mental illness.

3.1.48. Which of the following is an essential feature of the experimental method?

a. hypothesis

2.1.21. According to Sigmund Freud, what are the three parts of the mind?

a. id, ego, superego

2.1.22. In psychoanalytic theory, sexual and aggressive drives are part of the

a. id.

2.1.133. Modeling is learning based on

a. imitation.

5.1.87. Among patients who respond positively to antidepressant medication,

a. improvement usually occurs within four to six weeks.

1.1.70. Investigators in the World Health Organization (WHO) predict that, relative to other types of health problems, the burden of mental health disorders will _________________ by 2020.

a. increase

19. Avolition refers to

a. indecisiveness and a lack of willpower.

8.1.68. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which group has the highest rate of new cases of HIV infection in the United States?

a. individuals who participate in high-risk heterosexual sexual intercourse

8.1.75. Which sleep-wake disorder is characterized by problems with sleep quantity or quality and may include problems in initiating or maintaining sleep?

a. insomnia disorder

What etiological link has been suggested between histrionic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder?

a. lack of inhibition

81. Research seems to show that expressed emotion tends to be more common in Western than in non-Western or developing countries. What aspect of schizophrenia has this observation been used to explain?

a. less severe long-term outcomes in developing countries

8.1.62. Today, the most common forms of disease in the United States are

a. lifestyle diseases.

8.1.78. A patient being prepared to sleep in the sleep laboratory is believed to suffer from sleep apnea. You have been given permission to observe this evening. What do you expect to observe?

a. loud snoring or pauses in breathing

21. Hypoactive sexual desire refers to a(n)

a. low sex drive.

6.1.31. During the first half of the twentieth century, psychiatrists tended to adopt a generalized position with regard to anxiety disorder. In other words they

a. lumped together the various anxiety disorders.

5.1.99. Based on outcome studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of light therapy for seasonal depressions, it appears that

a. many patients with seasonal affective disorders do respond well to light therapy.

2.1.7. The case of Meghan B. in your text illustrates

a. many plausible alternative causes.

2.1.57. The principle of equifinality, or the concept of multiple pathways, means that

a. many risk factors might be involved in a disorder's etiology.

79. Most paraphilias are exhibited by men, with the exception of

a. masochism.

2.1.82. The ________ is involved with some motor activities associated with fighting and sexual behavior.

a. midbrain

75. High rates of schizophrenia are found in groups that have

a. migrated to a new country.

2.1.77. Dualism refers to the out-of-date idea that

a. mind and body are separate.

1.1.111. What were the two categories of the causes of mental disorders described by Samuel Woodward?

a. moral and physical

3.1.44. For an assignment you are asked to create a poster that shows the similarities and differences between psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy. When you are finished, your poster shows that psychodynamic therapy is

a. more directive.

1.1.64. What two factors are combined to measure disease burden?

a. mortality and disability

2.1.19. You are reading a biography of Sigmund Freud and find that he was trained as a

a. neurologist.

8.1.71. In 1996, AIDS was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. Today, AIDS is:

a. no longer in the top 15 causes.

2.1.50. When trying to understand the cause of abnormal behavior, thinking of the different academic disciplines as representing different levels of analysis will illustrate systems theory's assertion that

a. no single academic discipline has a corner on the truth.

60. The sexual interest of a person diagnosed with partialism would focus on

a. one specific part of the body.

7. While watching a television show, you hear one of the characters, a physician, talking about narcotic analgesics. What is another name for these drugs?

a. opiates

1.1.108. A patient at the Worcester Lunatic Hospital in the mid-1800s has been excited, agitated, and even violent at times. Which of the following would Samuel Woodward most likely prescribe in this case?

a. opium or morphine

Your neighbor, who has antisocial personality disorder, told you he is going to see a psychiatrist at the mental health clinic. You are surprised by his statement and conclude that he has been

a. ordered by a judge to seek psychotherapy.

5.1.56. A good example of the type of cognitive distortions that lead to depression, according to the textbook, would include

a. over generalized conclusions about one's self based on negative experiences.

10.1.16. One early study found that young women with anorexia nervosa ____________ the size of various body parts in comparison to a normal control group.

a. overestimate

3.1.71. An argument that humanists have against psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and biological therapists is that these other therapists

a. overlook the individual's ability to make choices.

The realistic concerns of minority groups and recent immigrants about oppression could be misinterpreted and lead clinicians to make incorrect diagnoses of __________ personality disorder.

a. paranoid

3.1.81. Therapy outcome studies typically have a no-treatment control group, but results from such studies can be difficult to interpret because

a. people waiting for therapy often seek counseling and advice from others.

1.1.22. Applying the concept of harmful dysfunction to the case of Kevin Warner, we can emphasize Kevin's failures of several mental mechanisms, including

a. perception.

6.1.36. In which situation might a person exhibit a social phobia?

a. performing at a concert

5.1.65. Genetic factors seem to

a. play a stronger role in bipolar than depressive disorders.

7.1.38. What event seemed to trigger Dallae's case of dissociative fugue reported in your textbook?

a. poor grades

8.1.54. The National Research Council reported in 2013 that life expectancy in the U.S. lags behind other high-income countries for four reasons. Which of the following is one of those reasons?

a. poor health behavior like excessive smoking, drinking, and eating

9. Schizophrenic symptoms, sometimes called psychotic symptoms, that include hallucinations and delusions are known as

a. positive symptoms.

10.1.21. Priya's physician is distressed by her anorexia nervosa. Her weight loss is bad enough, but her medical tests show clear signs of an electrolyte imbalance. What is the physician's major concern?

a. possible cardiac problems

7.1.33. The term given to positive changes resulting from trauma is

a. posttraumatic growth.

You are reading the records of Paul, a 28-year-old who has been diagnosed as exhibiting ASPD. The records describe his background, history, and treatments since age 8. According to the research of Lee Robins and her follow-up research, which of the following disorders is most likely to be among those given to him at some time in his 28 years?

a. conduct disorder

3.1.62. Rewarding a patient when he/she performs desired behaviors and withholding rewards when he/she performs undesired behaviors in a psychiatric hospital is an example of

a. contingency management.

5.1.75. The endocrine system and the central nervous system may be linked in the etiology of depression through which substance?

a. cortisol

3.1.101. You are attending a convention of therapists and hear one of them talking about "improving communication and negotiation skills." What is the most likely form of therapy this person practices?

a. couples therapy

7.1.19. A psychologist is talking about the self-blame that occurs in cases of rape. What factors tend to influence such reactions to rape?

a. cultural myths that suggest women provoke rape

5.1.86. What is the focus of interpersonal therapy for depression?

a. current relationship difficulties

Long-term studies of antisocial behavior in psychopaths suggest that these behaviors tend to

a. decrease in middle age.

14. When patients who are suffering delusions are confronted with contradictory evidence, they

a. defend their beliefs with conviction.

10.1.36. Which psychological problem often occurs with bulimia nervosa?

a. depression

5.1.19. In the DSM-5 classification of mood disorders, an emphasis is placed on the distinction between

a. depressive and bipolar disorders.

8.1.60. DSM-5 follows a(n) ________ approach to classification, grouping diagnoses on the basis of similar, observed symptoms.

a. descriptive

7.1.29. Twin research shows that _______________ account(s) for IQ deficits that have been mistakenly attributed to brain damage due to trauma.

a. preexisting differences

82. In psychopathology research, groups of schizophrenic patients are sometimes compared to groups of "patient controls." In such research, patient controls are used to

a. determine whether certain factors are specific to schizophrenia or apply to other disorders.

2.1.63. What term is used to describe the pattern of behavior that is apparent before a disorder develops?

a. premorbid history

1.1.79. People who seek help for mental disorders are most likely to receive help from which of the following?

a. primary care physicians

3.1.70. Which is a treatment for borderline personality disorder that includes an emphasis on "mindfulness," an increased awareness of your feelings, thoughts, and motivations?

a. dialectical behavior therapy

1.1.97. Ancient explanations for abnormal behavior include

a. disfavor from the gods or mischief of demons.

85. For a specific test to function as a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia, it is necessary that the proposed test

a. distinguishes between those who have schizophrenia and those who do not.

1.1.14. Specific laboratory tests to confirm the presence of psychopathology

a. do not at present exist.

10.1.85. A __________ study is a research study in which neither the patient nor the therapist knows if the patient is receiving the treatment in question or the placebo.

a. double blind

18. The process in which neurons adapt to psychoactive drug use by reducing the number of receptors or by reducing their sensitivity to the drug is known __________ regulation.

a. down

23. Mary has been experiencing pain during intercourse. Mary's psychologist is likely to refer to that persistent genital pain as

a. dyspareunia.

5.1.42. Comparisons of rates of emotional disorder across cultural boundaries encounter many problems. One such problem is that

a. each culture has different words and concepts for describing illness.

3.1.45. The innovation in Freudian theory that emphasizes the person's way of dealing with reality is known as

a. ego analysis.

5.1.4. Which of the following is a clinical feature of mania?

a. elated mood

5.1.7. Euphoria is characterized by

a. elated mood.

Which of the following is part of the definition of a person's temperament?

a. emotional reactivity

3.1.74. Client-centered therapy is closely associated with the concept of

a. empathy.

7.1.108. Barbara suffers from a conversion disorder and has recently begun treatment with a Freudian therapist. What is this therapist most likely to emphasize in treating Barbara?

a. encouraging her to recall psychologically painful events

2.1.93. If you focused your research efforts on problems associated with psychophysiological arousal, you would be interested in activity within the

a. endocrine system.

8.1.52. Stress can indirectly affect our health and contribute to illness by leading people to

a. engage in more unhealthy activities.

10.1.38. Janet is making her annual visit to the dentist. As he is examining her mouth, she senses some concern. She asks if he has found cavities, and he says no. He finally comes right out and asks if she has bulimia. What clue suggested this possible diagnosis?

a. eroded dental enamel

8.1.33. According to Hans Selye, at which stage in the general adaptation syndrome does stress cause physical illness?

a. exhaustion

7.1.15. To meet the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD, an individual must not only experience a traumatic event, but he must also

a. exhibit the presence of one (or more) intrusion symptoms associated with that traumatic event.

3.1.78. The textbook lists several ways in which different forms of psychotherapy can harm clients and includes which of the following?

a. false accusations of child abuse

76. Expressed emotion refers to

a. family members being negative and intrusive.

6.1.53. In Western societies anxiety is most frequently associated with work performance, whereas in non-Western societies, anxiety is most frequently associated with

a. family or religious concerns.

57. Dean finds it impossible to reach orgasm unless he is holding and kissing a woman's shoe. This problem is a paraphilia known as

a. fetishism.

7.1.9. Which of the following is a common characteristic of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder?

a. flashbacks

90. The California Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP) was designed for men convicted of either rape or child molestation. The treatment was comprehensive using cognitive behavioral therapy and several other interventions. In a carefully controlled study, the SOTEP results

a. found no difference in subsequent sexual crimes between the treatment and the control group.

43. Follow-up studies of adults who used cannabis over a period of several years

a. found some evidence of cognitive decline associated with the drug.

10.1.74. What is the first goal of the treatment of anorexia nervosa?

a. gaining at least a minimal amount of weight

3.1.7. What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy as presented in the case of Frances in the textbook?

a. gaining insight into unconscious motivations

2.1.9. The discovery of the etiology of which disorder was an important scientific advance for the biological paradigm?

a. general paresis

7.1.105. Donna has a somatic symptom disorder. According to a cognitive behavior therapist, how is her disorder likely to be perpetuated?

a. getting attention and getting to miss work

2.1.94. The endocrine system is a collection of

a. glands.

5.1.9. The case of Cathy presented in your text is an example of major depressive disorder. One of the aspects of her case that clearly tells us her mood was more than just normal sadness is that Cathy

a. had become impaired in her ability to work.

7.1.16. Which of the following variables predicted lower rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in emergency workers after Hurricane Katrina?

a. hardiness

1.1.38. A woman who is unable to achieve orgasm and who lives in a society that discourages female sexuality would probably not be given the DSM diagnosis of female orgasmic disorder because she

a. probably would not experience any distress or impairment.

100. Compared with traditional drugs, most second-generation antipsychotics

a. produce a broader range of neurochemical actions in the brain.

3.1.58. Which of the following is one of the three key elements of systematic desensitization?

a. progressive muscle relaxation

1.1.107. The large patient populations placed in mental hospitals in the 1800s are important in the history of abnormal psychology because they

a. provided physicians with an opportunity to observe and treat various types of psychopathology.

2.1.122. The observations of attachment theory and ethology suggest that ______________ has survival value.

a. proximity

8.1.26. What field investigates the relation between stress and immune function?

a. psychoneuroimmunology

1.1.100. Which of the following treatments is most consistent with the view that bodily fluids cause mental disorders?

a. purging

7.1.17. As a clinician, you would be most concerned about the probability of posttraumatic stress disorder in a victim of which of the following?

a. rape

68. A female friend of yours is expressing great concern about the possibility that she might one day encounter an exhibitionist. To help her deal with her fears, you tell her that exhibitionists

a. rarely touch or otherwise molest their victims.

6.1.12. People who worry excessively usually report that their worries are not

a. realistic.

7.1.7. Which arousal or reactivity symptom(s) most sharply differentiates acute stress disorder from posttraumatic stress disorder?

a. reckless or self-destructive behavior

91. One approach to the treatment of paraphilias involves drugs that

a. reduce the levels of testosterone.

7.1.36. Jane has been diagnosed with PTSD and has begun seeing a psychotherapist. Which of the following will be the most important strategy for her therapist to employ to achieve long-term benefit?

a. reexposure to the traumatic event

12. The incredible diversity of sexual experiences reported by his subjects led Alfred Kinsey to

a. reject the distinction between normal and abnormal sexual behavior.

3.1.34. Joseph Breuer's method of catharsis provided relief for psychological symptoms by helping patients to

a. release previously unexpressed feelings.

8.1.21. Which of the following are likely to occur during the fight-or-flight response?

a. respiration increases, blood pressure rises, pupils dilate

2.1.74. What is the process by which some neurotransmitters in the synapse return to the axon terminals of the neuron that released them?

a. reuptake

78. You have access to an fMRI facility and plan to study brain regions associated with drug addiction. You advise your team that it would be wise to focus on the

a. reward pathways of the brain.

7.1.54. What is the most common form of dissociative amnesia?

a. selective

5.1.80. The activity at the synapse of which of the following is most especially enhanced by medications like Prozac?

a. serotonin

8.1.77. Four-year-old Mary's parents rush into her bedroom when they hear her screaming in the night, but she appears to be sleeping normally when they get there. In the morning, they ask her if she had a bad dream, but she says she didn't. Mary is experiencing

a. sleep terrors.

39. As a woman gets older, how does her physiological response to sexual stimulation change?

a. slower rate of lubrication

93. Consistent with the therapy developed by Marshall is the theory that SSRIs reduce paraphilias because they reduce

a. social anxiety.

A large part of the justification for defining personality disorders as mental disorders is that they involve

a. social dysfunction.

2.1.140. What do proponents of labeling theory view as the cause of emotional disorders and abnormal behavior?

a. social expectations

3.1.100. The fact that researchers have found that clients tend to adopt beliefs similar to those of their therapists is evidence that psychotherapy is a form of

a. social influence.

2.1.145. Research suggests that one reason why many children facing troubled family circumstances are protected against the development of psychopathology is

a. social support from adults outside the family.

2.1.68. Most of a neuron's metabolism and maintenance control and performance originate from the

a. soma.

7.1.75. Which category of disorders is often associated with unnecessary medical treatment?

a. somatic symptom disorders

6.1.47. According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), which type of anxiety disorder is the most common?

a. specific phobias

95. What is an underlying notion that supports the 12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous?

a. spiritual ideas about recovery

5.1.97 A bipolar patient in therapy is learning to lead a more orderly life and to resolve interpersonal problems more effectively. With this type of therapy, mood stabilizing medication will

a. still be very important.

2.1.91. If blood vessels in the brain rupture, cutting off the supply of oxygen to parts of the brain and thereby killing surrounding brain tissue, the person is said to have suffered a

a. stroke.

1.1.122. What is one of the major uses of case studies?

a. studying unusual conditions

2. Your friend misses work and has serious family difficulties because he uses drugs. However, he is not addicted to drugs. What DSM-5 diagnosis should be made in this case?

a. substance use disorder

5.1.105. From rates of attempted and successful suicides, we can conclude that females more often attempt suicide and males more often _________.

a. succeed

6.1.15. Compared to anxiety, a panic attack tends to be

a. sudden.

10.1.39. Seiko suffers from an eating disorder characterized by frequent binges. We can be reasonably certain that she

a. suffers from bulimia nervosa.

1.1.13. A group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder is referred to as a

a. syndrome.

8.1.81. Determining that someone suffers from hypertension depends on which of the following two measures?

a. systolic and diastolic blood pressure

3.1.64. Assertiveness training and social problem solving are examples of

a. teaching clients new ways of behaving that are likely to be rewarded.

2.1.55. Assume that variables X and Y are significantly correlated the third variable problem means that

a. the corelation could be explained by their joint relation with some other factor.

6.1.39. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most controversial anxiety disorders because

a. the diagnostic reliability of GAD is lower than that of other anxiety disorders.

1.1.10. Determining the presence of disorder is based on several criteria, including

a. the duration of a person's symptoms.

8.1.15. Richard Lazarus defined stress as

a. the individual's appraisal of a challenging life event.

6.1.21. Fear is not considered phobic unless

a. the person avoids contact with the source of the fear or experiences intense anxiety in the presence of the feared stimulus.

3.1.73. A unique technique that Carl Rogers suggested for humanistic psychotherapists was

a. therapist self-disclosure.

3.1.97. Which of the following is related to positive outcomes across different approaches to therapy?

a. therapist supportiveness

5.1.107. Studies of the role of genetic factors in suicide indicate that

a. there is a genetic factor independent of the risk for depression.

Epidemiologists have a difficult time pinning down the prevalence of personality disorders because

a. there is considerable overlap among categories in these disorders.

2.1.89. Researchers are interested in the ventricles in the brain because

a. they become enlarged in some disorders.

1.1.23. What dysfunctions are considered to be disorders?

a. those resulting in significant harm to the person

84. Longitudinal studies of adolescent alcohol use and their expectancy patterns have found that

a. those with positive expectations go on to consume greater amounts of alcohol.

2.1.25. According to Sigmund Freud, what is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

a. to reduce anxiety

87. One of the controversies involving the treatment of substance use disorders is whether

a. total abstinence from drinking or drug use is the only acceptable goal.

7.1.3. You are asked to review the DSM diagnostic criteria for traumatic stress disorders. Under which category will you find these disorders?

a. trauma- and stressor-related disorders

7.1.76. Which of the following is a problem associated with somatic symptom disorders?

a. unnecessary surgery

1.1.103. What was one reason for the growth of large mental institutions during the 1800s?

a. urbanization

3.1.24. Compared to its use in the middle of the last century, today electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is

a. used far less frequently.

84. Researchers are focusing on the discovery of a specific measure, such as a biochemical assay or a psychological test, and they are interested in knowing whether it might be useful in identifying people who are predisposed to schizophrenia. These researchers are looking for what type of marker?

a. vulnerability

10.1.70. A weight level the body seems to defend by adjusting its rate of energy use is called the

a. weight set point.

6.1.18. Under what circumstances is a panic attack said to be cued?

a. when it occurs only in predictable situations

6.1.28. Compulsives can sometimes resist their compulsions, but they usually return to their compulsive behavior because they

a. will become more distressed if they do not engage in the compulsive behavior.

17. The National Health and Social Life Survey found that the percentage of

a. women who always achieve orgasm during sex is relatively small, yet the percentage who report being extremely physically satisfied is relatively high.

What are the stages of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

3.1.105. What is a widely held view among current theorists of family therapy?

altering family functioning can improve the mental health of family members.

15. From the extensive information it collected concerning patterns of sexual activity, what did the National Health and Social Life Survey reveal concerning the achievement of orgasms by men and women?

b. A larger percentage of men than women report that they always have an orgasm.

7.1.98. Which of the following is a significant problem in confirming a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder?

b. A true somatic illness will often be detected only later, after medical treatment has been exhausted.

2.1.113. Even when twin studies find that monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates than dizygotic twins, it is possible these results are not due to genetics but to the possibility that

b. MZ twins may be treated more similarly than DZ twins.

17. Metabolic tolerance involves changes in _____________ while pharmacodynamic tolerance involves changes in _____________.

b. enzymes / neurons

6.1.86. Flooding refers to the

b. exposure to highly feared objects.

3.1.56. A research finding that does not generalize to circumstances different from those of the experiment is lacking

b. external validity.

7.1.13. A psychologist is interviewing a client who reports having experienced a severe trauma; before making a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, the psychologist would want to find evidence that the client is experiencing

b. persistent symptoms of increased arousal.

6.1.92. The technique of breathing retraining provides panic disorder patients with education about the

b. physiological effects of hyperventilation.

2.1.105. Most theories developed by behavior geneticists to pin down genetic explanations for abnormal behavior assume that mental disorders are most likely

b. polygenic that is, caused by multiple genes.

47. Which best summarizes the treatment program for sexual dysfunction devised by Masters and Johnson that became very popular and successful?

b. practice makes perfect

2.1.64. You are watching a movie about a mental hospital. In one scene two mental health professionals are talking about a patient. One of them asks about the patient's prognosis. The response to this question will deal with the patient's

b. predicted course.

1.1.94. Many psychologists in the United States are pursuing the right to

b. prescribe medications.

10.1.27. In the two cases of eating disorders presented in your textbook—Serrita with anorexia and Michelle with bulimia—there was a very clear difference in their emotional reactions to their behavior. Serrita felt _________ while Michelle felt _________.

b. pride / shame

3.1.107. Which term describes efforts to improve the environment in order to prevent new cases of mental illness from developing?

b. primary prevention

78. Expressed emotion in families is thought to influence the

b. probability of relapse by schizophrenic patients.

2.1.38. John B. Watson was best known for

b. promoting behaviorism.

10.1.84. A third generation of more successful prevention efforts for eating disorders does not directly focus on body image or disordered eating. These efforts attack the thinness ideal indirectly, or focus on

b. promoting healthy eating rather than eliminating unhealthy habits.

7.1.103. What element would make for an adequate test of the hypothesized relationship between child abuse and dissociative disorder?

b. prospective research with objective measures

2.1.114. Adoption studies are important in behavior genetics because they help to

b. provide evidence on genetic versus environmental contributions.

88. You are a cognitive behavioral therapist who has started to see a client suffering from a paraphilia. What are you likely to try to do with this client?

b. provide training to help him overcome cognitive and social deficits

1.1.83. Which physician has received specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders?

b. psychiatrist

1.1.85. On a talk show last night Don described some symptoms of anxiety he has experienced during the past year. He said his therapist prescribed an anti-anxiety medication, which seems to be effective. Based on Don's description, you conclude that the therapist is a

b. psychiatrist.

3.1.106. Jason is attending a group in which he is learning specific information and skills that are designed to improve his psychological well-being. Jason is probably attending a(n)

b. psychoeducational group.

5.1.16. Depressed patients often walk and talk as though they are in slow motion; this quality is described by the term

b. psychomotor retardation.

1.1.90. Some professionals work in crisis, residential, and case management programs for people with severe forms of disorder, such as schizophrenia. They teach people practical, day-to-day skills that are necessary for living in the community. This field is known as

b. psychosocial rehabilitation.

3.1.2. Trying to determine whether and to what extent psychotherapy is effective requires

b. psychotherapy outcome research.

5.1.11. As was the case of Debbie in the textbook, it is often the case that symptoms of mania are initially

b. quite pleasant.

6.1.16. Which of the following is one of the DSM-5 criteria used to identify panic attack?

b. reaches peak intensity within 10 minutes

7.1.21. What accounts for the reports of higher incidence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in recent research?

b. recognition that traumatic stresses like rape are common

3.1.23. What is the major consideration in deciding whether to use unilateral versus bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for a patient suffering from severe depression?

b. reducing memory loss

1.1.112. Samuel Woodward's claim of a 90 percent success rate in treating the seriously disturbed patients at Worcester Lunatic Hospital

b. reflects his lack of training in scientific research.

5.1.37. The return of active symptoms in a person who has recovered from a previous episode of a disorder is known as

b. relapse.

5.1.20. Which of the following is the most typical course of depressive disorder?

b. repeated episodes of major depression

Making cross-cultural comparisons to determine how rates of personality disorders might differ around the world is difficult because

b. researchers from one culture might misinterpret the differences they find in other cultures.

8.1.48. Positive psychologists define the ability to cope well with life's challenges, even stressful ones, as

b. resilience.

8.1.93. In longitudinal studies, prospective designs are preferred to retrospective designs because

b. retrospective studies are limited by distorted memories.

7.1.109. How would a therapist use cognitive behavioral approaches to treat chronic pain?

b. reward successful coping and life adaptation

106. Institutionalized schizophrenics are sometimes helped with the use of token economies. The basis of these programs is that the patients receive

b. rewards for appropriate behavior.

13. What are delusions?

b. rigidly held, idiosyncratic beliefs

Which personality disorders are associated with the poorest long-term prognosis?

b. schizotypal and schizoid

3.1.108. Programs designed to focus on the early detection of emotional problems in order to keep them from becoming more serious are forms of

b. secondary prevention.

In reference to borderline personality disorder, splitting is

b. seeing people as all good or all bad.

To treat borderline personality disorder patients, dialectical behavior therapy helps patients to

b. seek a balance between the client's contradictory needs.

85. A team of researchers has decided to employ the high-risk research design in a longitudinal study of adolescent alcohol use. What will these researchers have to do to conduct such a study?

b. select subjects based on the presence of specific risk factors

6.1.99. Another class of antianxiety medication is known azapirones. Rather than working on GABA neurons, this antianxiety medication works on __________ transmission.

b. serotonin

5.1.50. The research by Brown and Harris on the cause of depression in women has suggested that types of events that have a greater likelihood of contributing to the cause of depression are

b. severe events that are particularly threatening.

29. A vaginal photometer and a penile plethysmograph can be used as measures of

b. sexual arousal.

24. What aspect of the symptoms of schizophrenia is described by the term "loose associations"?

b. shifting topics too abruptly

2.1.85. The reticular activating system regulates

b. sleeping and waking.

5.1.15. Which of the following is an example of a somatic symptom of depression?

b. sleeping problems

42. Which of these behaviors has a tendency to increase risk for erectile dysfunction?

b. smoking cigarettes

Avoidant personality disorder overlaps most closely with

b. social anxiety disorder.

16. Which of the following is considered one of the earliest signs that someone may eventually meet the criteria for schizophrenia?

b. social isolation

8.1.70. For those infected with HIV, ________ is associated with a more gradual onset of symptoms.

b. social support

2.1.67. What are the four major anatomic components of a neuron?

b. soma, dendrite, axon, and axon terminal

7.1.95. Which disorder is related to antisocial personality disorder and is more common in women?

b. somatic symptom disorder

49. Maria and Juan go to a therapist because they consistently have difficulty accomplishing intercourse. The therapist recommends a procedure called sensate focus, which means that Maria and Juan will be asked to

b. spend time together relaxing and holding hands.

d. anxiolytics

b. stimulants

5.1.48. A strong correlation exists between stressful life events and the onset of depression, but it is difficult to interpret this relationship because

b. stress can cause depression, but depression can cause stress.

2.1.65. Neuroanatomy focuses on brain _________ while neurophysiology focuses on brain __________.

b. structures functions

7.1.66. There is dispute about the importance of trauma as a factor in the etiology of dissociative identity disorder (DID) because

b. studies of the long-term consequences of child physical or sexual abuse have found little evidence of dissociation.

1.1.48. Which of these is an example of something an epidemiologist would do?

b. study rates of alcoholism in urban versus rural areas

1.1.45. What is one of the signs of the possible presence of bingeing and purging that was noticed in the case of Mary?

b. teeth/gum problems

3.1.112. What term is used to describe programs intended to reduce the adverse, indirect consequences of mental illness?

b. tertiary prevention

6.1.80. The two different pathways in the brain involved in the detection of danger differ from one another with respect to

b. the amount of conscious thinking and reasoning.

1.1.118. Which of the following provides the best analogy for the null hypothesis?

b. the assumption of innocence in the legal system

At a treatment planning conference, a psychologist is describing a new client who has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. The psychologist is emphasizing the ego-syntonic nature of the client's problems because

b. the client might not be motivated for treatment.

8.1.83. The immediate cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) is

b. the deprivation of oxygen to the heart muscle.

7.1.60. Some psychologists believe the increase in the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder in recent years in the United States reflects a "fad" because

b. the diagnosis is extremely rare in Great Britain.

20. According to DSM-5, it is possible for a person to be uninterested in sex or to have difficulty engaging in sexual relations and yet not be diagnosed with any sexual dysfunction because

b. the person might not experience any distress or interpersonal difficulty.

6.1.49. Among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder

b. the relapse rates are higher for women than for men.

3.1.6. In viewing the case of Frances presented in your text, a biologically oriented therapist would view her interpersonal problems as

b. the result of her depression.

43. The best predictor of schizophrenia symptom severity at follow-up is

b. the severity of psychotic symptoms at initial assessment.

7.1.61. Some epidemiological studies, using instruments like the Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), have reported high rates of dissociative symptoms, but these studies are viewed skeptically because

b. the symptoms measured by the DEQ are far less dramatic than those found in dissociative disorders.

5.1.53. With respect to the link between stress and the onset of manic and depressive episodes, it appears that

b. the types of stress tend to be different.

75. Many incest perpetrators would not be considered pedophiles because

b. their victims are often postpubescent adolescents.

10.1.72. The etiology of eating disorders underscores the importance of equifinality, which is the idea that

b. there are many pathways to developing an eating disorder.

10.1.34. Although bulimia nervosa is often referred to as the "binge-purge" disorder, this is misleading because

b. there are other ways to compensate for binges that don't involve purging.

7.1.34. With respect to the value of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD),

b. there is no evidence that CISD prevents PTSD.

6.1.2. The close relationship between symptoms of anxiety and the symptoms for depression suggests that

b. these disorders may share common etiological features.

6.1.67. Research has consistently found evidence that problems with anxiety show up at high rates in people who believe that

b. they are not in control of events.

2.1.128. Researchers have taken the hundreds of words for different feelings in the English language and have used statistical analysis to discover that

b. they can reduce the list to six basic emotions.

10.1.41. The validity of the distinction between the restricting type and the binge eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa is questioned mainly because

b. they do not differ in terms of comorbidity, recovery, relapse, or mortality.

2.1.61. A correlation may result from causation, but there are two alternatives: reverse causality and

b. third variables.

8.1.65. Which types of laboratory rats are least able to reject implanted cancerous tumors?

b. those exposed to the stress of inescapable shock

1.1.41. What are common digestive problems associated with eating problems similar to Mary's?

b. throat infections and stomach pains

3.1.104. What is a common goal in systems approaches to family therapy?

b. to strengthen the alliance between parents

3.1.39. A psychoanalyst might suggest that Frances, whose case was presented in the text, is demonstrating ______________ if she begins to treat the analyst in ways that suggest she feels about him the way she felt about her father.

b. transference

97. Which of the following is another name for gender identity dysphoria in adults?

b. transsexualism

31. DSM-5 requires a minimum of _____ symptom(s) in order to diagnose schizophrenia.

b. two

10.1.32. The DSM-5 criteria for bulimia nervosa refer to compensatory behavior. Which of the following represents this type of behavior?

b. use of laxatives after an episode of bingeing

27. Charles is administered a blood alcohol level test, and the results show 400 mg percent. Which of the following characterizes his state?

b. very intoxicated, at risk of slipping into coma

5.1.54. Severe events are clearly related to the onset of depression, but they do not provide a complete account of who will become depressed. Studies that examine factors that might explain which people are most likely to become depressed are seeking evidence for what psychologists call

b. vulnerability.

79. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is most difficult for family members to accept and tolerate?

b. withdrawal

5.1.63. A hypothesis with regard to the response style model that attempts to explain the difference in rates of depression between men and women is

b. women are more likely to respond to depression with rumination, which prolongs and intensifies the depression.

7.1.40. The name "hysteria" (Greek for "uterus") reflects the erroneous idea that somatic symptom and dissociative disorders were caused by

b. women's frustrated desires to have children.

2.1.16. What is the assertion of the psychodynamic paradigm?

behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early childhood experience.

What is the primary concept in operant conditioning

behavior is determined by its consequences

38. Which category of drugs is made up of those used to treat anxiety disorders and sleeping problems?

benzodiazepines

Robert has just experienced an episode of mania. Which diagnostic label best describes his condition?

bipolar mood disorder

There is some evidence to support the idea that __________ personality disorder is more prevalent in women than in men.

borderline

2.1.39. Mary and Jim took their two-year-old to the supermarket this past week. For more than an hour all Little Jimmy did was yell and scream because in the past this would have obtained him an ice cream cone. Jim managed to ignore him. Finally, Little Jimmy stopped yelling and screaming. What operant conditioning concept is illustrated by this story?

b. extinction

3.1.60. The technique of flooding in the treatment of phobia uses what learning principle?

b. extinction

A psychologist is studying individuals who have been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. The research involves hooking up physiological devices near the eye. What is this researcher investigating?

b. eye blink startle responses

6.1.64. One important element in the development of social phobias may be a biologically-based preparedness to fear

b. faces that appear angry or rejecting toward us.

10.1.58. Which of the following characterizes the concept proposed by Minuchin of the enmeshed family?

b. family members are overly involved in one another's lives

1.1.84. You were asked to find the number of various professionals providing mental health services in the United States. Which group will top the list?

b. family physician

10.1.13. Which of the following is a defining symptom of anorexia nervosa?

b. fear of gaining weight

10.1.45. Which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for binge-eating disorder?

b. feeling embarrassed while eating

55. Paraphilias have been compared to addictions because both of these problems involve

b. feelings of compulsion.

58. Sam is looking for a job to earn money and put him near the stimuli he uses to achieve sexual excitement. He is offered what he views as the "ideal job" at a shoe store; but he is fired when his interactions with customers provide evidence that he has a paraphilia known as

b. fetishism.

5.1.90. Compared to tricyclics and MAO inhibitors, what is a major reason for the popularity of newer antidepressant drugs such as Prozac?

b. fewer side effects

10.1.28. What types of food are individuals with bulimia nervosa most likely to consume during an episode of binge eating?

b. foods they do not ordinarily eat

42. Your textbook suggests that there is a great irony involved in research on schizophrenia, noting that

b. for over 100 years, we have known that the diagnostic category we now recognize as schizophrenia may well be composed of many different kinds of mental disorders.

1.1.109. To Samuel Woodward, superintendent of Worcester Lunatic Hospital in the 1800s, heavy drinking, masturbation, overwork, faulty education, and excessive ambitions were viewed as

b. frequent causes of mental disorders.

63. In a study of identical twins by the National Institute of Mental Health, when one twin had schizophrenia and the other did not, the schizophrenic twin always showed reduced activity in which lobe of the brain when compared to the unaffected co-twin?

b. frontal

2.1.141. What is an example of a social influence on abnormal behavior?

b. gender roles

8.1.28. Canadian physiologist Hans Selye developed the concept of the _________, which consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

b. general adaptation syndrome

5.1.60. Robert strikes out during a softball game, causing his team to lose the game. He begins to brood about his failure, and concludes that not only is he a failure in sports, but in all areas of his life. How might we describe Robert's attribution style?

b. global

10. Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

b. hallucinations

11. During an interview, a patient says he frequently hears the voice of his sister coming from his image in the bathroom mirror. The psychologist who is conducting the interview most likely writes that the patient presents evidence of

b. hallucinations.

6.1.81. Brain imaging studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show that OCD

b. has neurological foundations different from other anxiety disorders.

3.1.18. The discovery of both a specific biological cause and an effective cure for general paresis

b. has not been followed by similar success stories.

10.1.17. One reason why individuals with anorexia steadfastly deny problems with their weight seems to be because they

b. have a distorted body image and do not perceive their appearances accurately.

51. A physician prescribes Viagra to treat a patient's erectile dysfunction and advises him to be aware of possible side effects such as

b. headaches and altered vision.

8.1.79. Cardiovascular disease is a group of disorders affecting the ________ system.

b. heart and circulatory

6.1.68. According to D.M. Clark's research, people with anxiety sensitivity would likely be frightened most by

b. heart palpitations.

51. Cross-cultural studies of the rate of schizophrenia show

b. higher rates in rural populations.

Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality, attention-seeking behavior, and inappropriate seductiveness?

b. histrionic

8.1.89. In assessing your patients for risk of heart disease, you would be most concerned about discovering which of these Type A behavior characteristics?

b. hostility

2.1.43. Which paradigm views human nature as basically good, attributes abnormal behavior to frustrations of society, and uses nondirective therapy to treat abnormal behavior?

b. humanistic

3.1.12. A therapist tells a patient that he is "not being genuine, not being himself." The therapist encourages the patient to make life choices based on his true feelings. What is the therapist's most likely theoretical framework?

b. humanistic

3.1.15. Dr. Mallord empathizes with her patient, but is passive and nondirective in the sessions. She does encourage the development of emotional awareness. What general technique is Dr. Mallord using to treat her patient?

b. humanistic

36. A proposal was submitted, and ultimately rejected, to add __________ to DSM-5. Among other features, individuals present symptoms such as reckless and uncontrolled sexual behavior.

b. hypersexual disorder

7.1.83. When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was the first sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of several other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What mental disorder might Bob's behavior indicate?

b. illness anxiety disorder

1.1.102. In Europe during the Middle Ages, the mentally ill and mentally retarded were often

b. imprisoned or placed in almshouses for the poor.

1.1.54. If a disorder is short-term and typically has a high rate of recovery, then lifetime prevalence rates for that disorder will be ____________ one-year prevalence rates.

b. much higher than

The personality disorder with the lowest prevalence rate is

b. narcissistic.

2.1.46. The paradigms presented in your text make assumptions about the causes of abnormal behavior that can be too

b. narrow.

Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a(n)

b. need for admiration.

7.1.77. The symptoms of conversion disorder often resemble

b. neurological diseases.

2.1.75. Chemicals that may be released from neurons or from endocrine glands and that affect the functioning of neurotransmitters are known as

b. neuromodulators.

You are reading for a part in a play. The description of the part describes the character as exhibiting a pervasive pattern of intense and unstable interpersonal relationships, an unstable self-image, and repeated suicidal gestures. You conclude that this character would meet the criteria for __________ personality disorder.

borderline

5.1.51. What did Brown and Harris find when they followed women over a one-year period to study the link between depression and stressful life events?

c. Although life events and depression were related, most people who experienced such events did not become depressed.

5.1.94. Which of the following summarizes the research evaluating psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression?

c. Antidepressants and cognitive therapy are both effective forms of treatment.

6.1.6. Which of the following statements about anxiety is true?

c. Anxiety can be adaptive at low levels.

6.1.46. Studies of the long-term course of obsessive-compulsive disorder indicate that which of the following is true?

c. Approximately 50 percent of patients still show symptoms after 30 years.

2.1.58. Which of the following best illustrates reciprocal causality?

c. Parents influence their children and children influence their parents.

8.1.53. Why can stress indirectly cause illness?

c. People under a great deal of stress are less likely to engage in actions that promote good health.

Which of the following is typical of Terrie Moffitt's category of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior?

c. People whose behavior fits this category express their antisocial personality through different problem behaviors at different ages.

5.1.31. Which of the following patients exhibits depression with psychotic features?

c. Pete, who believes his digestive tract is dust and hears voices telling him he is evil

3.1.84. Why are double-blind studies of medication effectiveness necessary?

c. Physicians' expectations can influence patients' expectations.

3.1.16. _____ medication is used to treat many psychological conditions. It is generally effective, but it is not a "cure" for any disorder.

c. Psychotropic

5.1.46. What do the results of the epidemiological studies tell us about changes over time in the frequency of depression?

c. Rates of depression appear to be increasing and with earlier onset.

10.1.10. DSM-5 does not contain a formal cutoff as to how thin is too thin. What does it suggest as a useful indicator in adults?

c. a BMI below 18.5

3.1.63. Contingency management involves changing the relationship between

c. a behavior and its consequences.

71. Current neurochemical hypotheses regarding schizophrenia focus on

c. a broad array of neurotransmitters.

1.1.21. In the term "harmful dysfunction," the word "dysfunction" refers to

c. a disruption of thought, feeling, or perception.

89. What is Antabuse?

c. a drug that blocks the breakdown of alcohol

8.1.95. A community group wants to reduce the rate of CHD. It's important to them to only follow a method that has been proven to work. Which of the following do they choose?

c. a media campaign focusing on diet and exercise

50. Which of the following must a person exhibit in order to be diagnosed with alcohol use disorder in DSM-5?

c. a problematic pattern of use

1.1.11. Sam displays symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia she feels ill after eating her lunch two days in a row. One of her symptoms is a paranoid belief that her coworkers are poisoning her. This type of belief is associated with

c. a psychosis.

5.1.29. Melancholia is a term for

c. a severe type of depression.

1.1.37. Olivia grew up in a society where mourners pull out their hair, go into an emotional frenzy, and speak in tongues. On a visit to the United States, she did these things in public when she heard that a relative had died. According to DSM-5, her behavior would be considered

b. not psychopathological, because it is part of her culture.

2. What was the basis of the descriptions of the human sexual response cycle offered by William Masters and Virginia Johnson?

b. observations of people engaging in sexual activities

Comorbidity of personality disorders, where people meet the diagnostic criteria for more than one personality disorder,

b. occurs at least half the time.

Based on the clusters of personality disorders listed in DSM-5, which of the following sets of characteristics is associated with paranoid personality disorder?

b. odd or eccentric

Which of the following defines one of the clusters of personality disorders in DSM-5?

b. odd or eccentric behaviors

1.1.7. According to the textbook, the line dividing normal from abnormal is

b. often one of degree.

47. According to DSM-5, brief psychotic disorder refers to psychotic symptoms lasting how long?

b. one day to one month

32. In order to diagnose schizophrenia, DSM-5 requires that active-phase symptoms be present for a significant portion of time during a period of

b. one month.

3.1.87. According to the text, what is the best estimate of the number of people with a mental disorder who improve without any professional treatment?

b. one-third

61. Based on the results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), what areas of the brain have been found to be smaller in people with schizophrenia as compared to those without the disorder?

b. parts of the limbic system

11. In recent years, the term addiction is being used to describe other kinds of impulsive behavior problems, including

b. pathological gambling.

71. A person with a paraphilia that entails recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a young child is suffering from

b. pedophilia.

6.1.65. Research has suggested that a factor contributing to the development of some anxiety reactions is that

b. people apparently learn to avoid certain stimuli if they observe other people showing a strong fear response to those stimuli.

42. Cannabis intoxication is often accompanied by temporal disintegration. This means that

b. people have trouble retaining and organizing information.

105. Gambling disorder was moved to the chapter on substance-related and addictive disorders because

b. people with serious gambling problems often suffer from substance use disorders.

2.1.134. Some forms of psychopathology are associated with errors in attribution. Such errors involve

b. perceived causes.

6.1.66. As a cognitive psychologist, you hypothesis that many factors can contribute to the cause of an anxiety disorder, but the following are especially important:

b. perceptions, memories and attention.

1.1.12. In what terms are mental disorders defined?

b. persistent maladaptive behaviors

5.1.83. A group of rats was exposed to the uncontrollable stress associated with being forced to swim for 15 minutes in cold water from which they cannot escape. What did researchers notice when they observed these animals?

d. The rats that exhibited symptoms similar to depression had altered neurotransmitter levels.

7.1.94. In a family with somatic symptom disorder, the male relatives are at increased risk for antisocial personality disorder. What are the underlying characteristics that tie these disorders together?

d. absence of inhibition and high negative emotion

5.1.8. Which one of these characteristics of clinical depression helps to distinguish it from normal sadness?

d. accompanied by a cluster of signs and symptoms, including cognitive features

7.1.8. The medical records of a patient at the local mental health center indicate that she has experienced a general numbing of responsiveness or detachment from others. Based on this symptom, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in her case?

d. acute stress disorder

1.1.57. Which disorder is more common in men than women?

d. alcohol abuse/dependence

22. The police find a man in a seedy part of town; he looks in "bad shape," so they call for an ambulance. On the way to the hospital, the paramedic calls the hospital base with the following description: approximately 50-year-old white male, heavy sweating, hand tremors, seems delirious, and appears to be experiencing hallucinations. When the patient arrives at the hospital, the emergency room physician suspects that the patient is experiencing

d. alcohol withdrawal delirium.

6.1.79. The brain pathway that operates as a "short cut" in the detection of danger

d. allows some threats to be responded to very quickly.

54. Although the course of alcoholism is different in every individual, nearly all cases of alcoholism involve

d. alternating periods of heavy use and abstinence.

5.1.73 To conduct linkage studies, researchers attempt to find evidence for

d. an association between a disorder and another trait within the same family.

8.1.39. Which of the following correctly describes emotion-focused coping?

d. an attempt to alter internal distress

83. A component or trait that lies somewhere on the pathway between the genotype, which lays the foundation for the disorder, and full-blown symptoms of the disorder is known as

d. an endophenotype.

28. What is a blackout?

d. an inability to remember what has happened

5.1.57. What is a schema?

d. an organized cognitive representation of prior experience

2.1.34. According to Ivan Pavlov's ideas on classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer presented with

d. an unconditioned stimulus.

92. Which of the following types of drugs have been used to treat paraphilias?

d. antianxiety drugs

3.1.32. Ted wants to learn about the effects of the drug Prozac. Under what category of medications would he find the drug listed?

d. antidepressant

2.1.142. A child overhears her teacher call her a "troublemaker." This label may play a key role in the child's development of

d. antisocial behavior.

7.1.96. The Williams family is sitting down for Thanksgiving dinner. Mary Williams starts describing her many different somatic complaints. Then, Aunt Helen adds her own long list of complaints. Somatic symptom disorder seems to run in the female members of this family. The male relatives in this family may have an elevated risk for which disorder?

d. antisocial personality disorder

9. Which term describes central nervous system depressants that are used to relieve anxiety?

d. anxiolytics

1.1.5. Which is the best description of abnormal psychology?

d. application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders

2.1.47. Systems theory acknowledges that multiple contributions are important to causality and that they also

d. are interdependent.

87. Research on the relationship between dysfunctional smooth-pursuit eye movement and schizophrenia has suggested that this dysfunction may be

d. associated with a predisposition to schizophrenia.

6.1.69. Several lines of research have clarified the basic cognitive mechanisms involved in generalized anxiety disorder, as well as in panic disorder. Experts now believe that a factor that plays a crucial role in the onset of this process is

d. attention.

2.1.87. Which of the following is most likely to be affected by a tumor on the hypothalamus?

d. basic biological urges

1.1.43. Why are Mary Childress and Kevin Warner's behaviors considered abnormal?

d. because both of their behaviors fits the criteria for one of the DSM-5 categories and they each suffered from a dysfunction

1.1.119. If the null hypothesis had influenced how psychiatrists thought about inducing fevers and carrying out lobotomies in the 1920s and 1930s, they would have

d. been skeptical of these treatments unless more scientific proofs of their value were established.

2.1.42. Humanistic psychologists objected to the biological, psychoanalytic, and behavioral theories of abnormal behavior because these other approaches assume that

d. behavior is predictably determined.

19. In one type of tolerance, cues that are regularly associated with the administration of a drug begin to function as conditioned stimuli and elicit a conditioned response that is opposite in direction to the natural effect of the drug in the process of __________ conditioning.

d. behavioral

1.1.8. The case of Kevin Warner was presented in the text as an example of the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Which of Kevin's symptoms strongly suggested that he had lost touch with reality, which is the defining feature of schizophrenia?

d. belief that people were poisoning him

5.1.58. According to the hopelessness theory of depression, what are depressed persons likely to do?

d. believe that aversive events will occur regardless of what they do

In his perception of himself and others, Andy displays what a psychologist describes as paranoid beliefs. We can assume that Andy

d. believes that others are trying to exploit or harm him.

3.1.80. Spontaneous remission refers to a patient getting

d. better without therapy.

2.1.4. What approach do the authors use when considering the etiology of various mental disorders?

d. biopsychosocial

Instability in mood, instability within relationships, and difficulty being alone are all characteristics of __________ personality disorder.

d. borderline

45. What diagnostic category is used to describe individuals who experience transient symptoms of schizophrenia and then complete recovery?

d. brief psychotic disorder

1.1.125. What is one of the primary limitations of case studies?

d. can be viewed from many different perspectives

1.1.60. The only medical condition with a higher incidence than mental disorders is

d. cardiovascular disease.

8.1.85. Ann is studying the different ways in which people respond physically to stress. While increased blood pressure and heart rate are normal reactions, researchers have long observed that some people exhibit different ________ to stress, for better or worse.

d. cardiovascular reactivity

8. What type of drug is alcohol?

d. central nervous system depressant

6.1.61. After Harriet was in a bicycle accident, she became fearful of riding bicycles. Which theory of the development of phobias would explain this fear?

d. classical conditioning

3.1.96. Research comparing behavioral and psychoanalytic therapies has found that

d. clients see the therapist-clent relationship as most important to outcome in both types of therapy.

1.1.89. George completed five years of graduate school that led to a Psy.D. degree. He is now completing a one-year internship at a mental health clinic. What type of mental health professional is George?

d. clinical psychologist

10.1.77. In one study, ___________ lead to a 70 to 80 percent reduction in binge eating and purging.

d. cognitive behavior therapy

10.1.78. Frances suffers from bulimia nervosa and is seeing a therapist who is focusing on normalizing her eating patterns and addressing her dysfunctional attitudes. Which form of therapy is her therapist providing?

d. cognitive behavior therapy

2.1.62. Developmental psychopathology is a new approach to abnormal psychology that emphasizes the importance of analyzing behavior in terms of

d. comparisons of individual behavior to age-based norms.

68. Evidence for the role of the environment in the etiology of schizophrenia is

d. compelling.

The plant manager needs to fill a newly created position. He tells the Director of Human Resources that he wants someone who is well organized, reliable, dependable, and punctual. The director intends to screen applicants using scores on the five-factor model of personality. High scores on which factor should mark applicants as having the desired characteristics?

d. conscientiousness

53. What do studies of concordance rates for schizophrenia in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins show?

d. consistent evidence of higher concordance in MZ than DZ

5.1.5. Mary has had two episodes of major depression with no other periods of psychological disturbance. What is the appropriate description of her symptoms?

d. depressive disorder

2.1.8. The search for explanations of the etiology of abnormal behavior dates to ancient times. It was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that three major advances occurred: the work of Sigmund Freud, the discovery of general paresis, and the

d. development of academic psychology.

10.1.4. Some experts suggest that a better term than "eating" disorder would be "___________" disorder.

d. dieting

17. Monty, who has been diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, shows only the slightest smile when happy or the slightest frown when upset. His limited emotional expressiveness is called

d. diminished emotional expression.

With regard to the number of basic dimensions of temperament and personality, experts

d. disagree about how many there are.

7.1.47. After Linda witnessed a violent crime, she could not recall anything that happened before the trauma. Linda's experience is an example of

d. dissociative amnesia.

1.1.66. In order to compare the disability associated with different conditions, epidemiologists had to assume that the burden associated with certain mental disorders was equivalent to that associated with diseases and injuries. Which of the following is a correct association of a mental disorder with a medical condition?

c. depression: blindness

7.1.64. What disorder did Kenneth Bianchi (the "Hillside Strangler") feign in his attempt to explain his participation in several murders?

d. dissociative identity disorder

30. "Schizophrenia" refers to the splitting of mental associations. As an unfortunate result of this choice of terms, laypeople often think "schizophrenia" refers to

d. dissociative identity disorder.

7.1.57. Multiple personality disorder is now known as

d. dissociative identity disorder.

3.1.88. When we ask whether the results of therapy outcome research under carefully controlled conditions will be the same as the results that people experience in the real world, we are taking into account the difference between

d. efficacy and effectiveness.

2.1.131. Emotions come to us without intention, desire, or

d. effort.

8.1.49. A study of 200 Latinos with arthritis found that their religion

d. encouraged active coping.

7.1.112. What is the major recommendation for the medical management of patients with somatic symptom disorder?

d. establish a strong and consistent physician-patient relationship

1.1.36. How often is the official diagnostic manual for mental disorders revised by the American Psychiatric Association?

d. every 15 to 20 years

3.1.95. Many studies show that different forms of treatment often appear to work equally well this point can be attributed to the fact that

c. different treatments still share many common factors.

45. Which of the following is likely to be experienced while under the influence of MDMA, also known as ecstasy?

c. difficulty regulating body temperature

3.1.69. You are asked to compare Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET) and Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy. After comparing the two you note that one difference is that the therapist in RET is likely to

c. directly challenge the rationality of the client's beliefs.

2.1.28. You get a paper back and briefly feel angry at the low grade you received, but this feeling is upsetting because you like the professor so much. You quickly turn your attention to other matters. Later that day you pick a fight with your roommate because of the unfair manner in which the week's chores were divided. This fight could be an example of a defense mechanism called

c. displacement.

3. What are the phases of the human sexual response cycle described by Masters and Johnson?

d. excitement, orgasm, and resolution

7.1.43. Epstein has suggested that we have two systems of information processing: a rational system that uses abstract, logical knowledge and a(n) ________________ system that uses intuitive knowledge to respond more quickly.

d. experiential

2.1.150. According to your text, poverty is linked with many stressors, including gruesome trauma and

d. exposure to chemical toxins.

7.1.90. You overhear several students discussing a news report on Munchausen syndrome. Because you are taking a course in abnormal psychology, you recognize this syndrome to be an example of a(n)__________ disorder.

d. factitious

5.1.52. Research shows that depression is often preceded by stressful life events, although not all such events lead to depression. What characteristics of a stressful life did Brown and Harris identify as more likely to lead to depression?

d. feeling trapped and devalued

10.1.20. A patient's medical chart includes the word lanugo. You can tell from the chart that the patient has anorexia nervosa. What will you expect to observe when the patient is examined?

d. fine, downy hair on her face and trunk

2.1.70. A synapse is a

d. fluid-filled gap between neurons.

1.1.19. Which of the following is a rare form of psychopathology?

d. gender identity disorder

31. Dyspareunia refers to

d. genital pain associated with sexual intercourse.

41. The long-term prognosis for patients who experience brief psychotic disorder is

d. good.

10.1.54. Which of the following occupations is associated with an elevated risk for developing eating disorders?

d. gymnast

91. Which of the following symptoms is likely to show the most improvement with the use of antipsychotic medication?

d. hallucinations

8.1.51. Optimism can have an influence on health because optimists:

d. have a more effective coping style.

7.1.1. Which of the following is a good definition of dissociation?

c. disruption of the mental processes of memory, consciousness, identity, and perception

10.1.66. Research participants have been asked to identify with a figure within a series of schematic figures of women ranging from very thin to very obese. What is the subject of this research?

c. dissatisfaction with body image

10.1.14. An inaccurate perception of body size and shape is known as

c. distorted body image.

5.1.64. What two response styles are emphasized by Nolen-Hoeksema in her research designed to understand the duration and severity of depression?

c. distracting and ruminative

1.1.17. A problem with defining abnormal behavior in terms of deviation from statistical norms is that this definition

c. does not specify how unusual the behavior must be to be considered abnormal.

5.1.38. Other than the presence of manic episodes in bipolar mood disorder, what is the main distinguishing factor between depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder?

c. earlier onset and more episodes in bipolar mood disorder

3.1.20. Which form of treatment for certain mental disorders produces retrograde amnesia?

c. electroconvulsive therapy

7.1.46. What is a cause of dissociative amnesia?

c. emotional distress

8.1.87. In developing prevention programs with the goal of reducing heart disease in women, the health department should especially target which of the following groups?

c. employed women with children

8.1.56. Social support affects health because it can

c. encourage positive health behavior and create more adaptive immune system functioning.

4. Some of the most dramatic physiological changes during sexual excitement are due to vasocongestion, which refers to

c. engorgement of blood vessels.

2.1.110. Similar concordance rates for a given trait in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins suggests that the trait may be due to

c. environmental causes.

8.1.82. There is no single, identifiable cause for ________ hypertension, which accounts for approximately 85 percent of all cases of high blood pressure.

c. essential

3.1.3. A clinician who uses research to select the most effective form of treatment is practicing _________________ psychotherapy.

c. evidence-based

10.1.35. Which of the following symptoms is a diagnostic criteria for both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

c. excessive emphasis on body shape and weight

6.1.71. Cognitive psychologists believe that people whose threat schemas contain a high proportion of "what-if" questions

c. experience a dramatic increase in negative affect.

8.1.41. Shana is under a lot of stress, but she is not acknowledging any anxiety and seems to be repressing unpleasant emotions. Evidence suggests that, as a result, Shana will probably

c. experience heightened psychophysiological reactions to stress.

10.1.56. The tendency to develop eating disorders seems related to which of the following variables?

c. exposure to popular media

6.1.85. Systematic desensitization involves

c. exposure to the feared item while maintaining relaxation.

2.1.125. Which of the following is one of the five major personality traits that have been the focus of recent research?

c. extraversion

7.1.86. What part of the body is the most frequent preoccupation of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder?

c. facial features

8.1.17. Recognizing the adaptive, evolutionary aspects of stress, Walter Cannon viewed stress as the activation of the

c. fight-or-flight response.

5.1.36. Andy has just experienced his first episode of major depression; if Andy is average for someone with depressive disorder, how many additional episodes is he likely to experience in his lifetime?

c. five or six

5.1.49. A researcher investigating the link between stressful life events and depression has decided to use a prospective research design. This means that the researcher will have to

c. follow subjects over time to see if stress predicts the onset of depression.

37. Mood disorders present ________ need not be ruled out for a DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia.

c. for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness

59. You have been asked to design a targeted drug prevention program. Your task is to decide on which sex, if any, should receive more attention. You decide that it depends on which drug or drugs are under consideration and that

c. for drug abuse, in general, the focus should be on men, who have the highest rate.

92. Most studies find that about half of the patients who receive antipsychotic medication are rated as being much improved after what length of time?

c. four to six weeks

1.1.49. Epidemiology is the scientific study of the

c. frequency and distribution of disorders.

5.1.106. According to Schneidman, the most common stressor in suicide is

c. frustration of psychological needs.

8.1.64. What is the leading cause of death in the United States, taking more than 100,000 additional lives compared to the second leading cause?

d. heart disease

Based on a longitudinal study conducted by Robins, what was one factor that predicted which boys would receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in adulthood?

d. history of theft or aggressive behavior

66. Sexual sadism involves sexual arousal associated with

d. hurting or humiliating someone else.

44. In sharing her history, your client makes several remarks that indicate that her parents had quite negative attitudes regarding sexual behavior. As you continue to explore issues of sex with this client, you will be on the look out for indications of

d. hypoactive sexual desire.

10.1.73. Although extremely rare, eating disorders have been linked to lesions in the

d. hypothalamus.

5.1.74. Failure to suppress production of the hormone cortisol in response to the dexamethasone suppression test has implicated a dysfunction of which system in the etiology of depression?

d. hypothalamus—pituitary—adrenal axis

8.1.90. The new boss is supposed to be on the job today. The word is that he is "a real Type A." Because you are not sure what this means, you ask a fellow worker. She tells you to expect the new boss to be

d. impatient and competitive.

28. Melissa begins giggling when discussing a recent car accident in which her brother was killed, and she cries when telling a joke she heard on television. What term do we for this behavior?

d. inappropriate affect

30. What is the physiological basis of the short-term effects of nicotine?

d. increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine

40. Which of the following characterizes the effect of very low levels of testosterone in males?

d. inhibited response to sexual fantasies

3.1.94. According to research, what types of clients are most likely to improve?

d. intelligent, successful people, in the first few months

5.1.59. Mary fails a calculus exam. Although other students who failed the same exam complain that the exam was too hard and that the professor has a reputation for tough grading, Mary is convinced that she failed because she is incapable of understanding the material. How might we characterize Mary's attribution style?

d. internal

Unlike obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves

d. intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behavior.

6.1.23. What are compulsions?

d. irrational, repetitive behaviors

95. Sexual predator laws allow states to

d. keep a sexual predator in either a prison or mental hospital for life.

3.1.52. In an experiment, a researcher gives some patients psychotherapy, gives others medication, and puts others on a waiting list. The researcher then measures how depressed the patients are feeling after six months. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

d. kind of treatment received

2.1.101. Genes are small units of DNA, carriers of genetic information and

d. located on chromosomes.

8.1.88. A ________ research design involves studying people repeatedly over time.

d. longitudinal

8.1.47. The perception of control can actually increase stress when the person

d. loses control over a stressor that was previously controllable.

5.1.26. For the past two weeks Barbara has experienced serious symptoms including weight loss, feelings of worthlessness, insomnia, and difficultly in concentrating. She is also experiencing depressed mood and loss of interest in doing much of anything. What is the DSM-5 term for what Barbara is experiencing?

d. major depressive episode

1.1.15. Nate is a clinical psychologist and is trying to determine if Jennifer has schizophrenia. In what way will he make this determination?

d. making observations of Jennifer's behavior and her descriptions of personal experience

19. With regard to DSM-5, failure to achieve orgasm

d. may be considered indicative of a disorder if the person in question is distressed by it.

8.1.5. One reason that a list of psychosomatic illnesses was not included in DSM-5 is because

d. medicine now takes a more holistic view of illness, including both the body and mind.

6.1.94. Which category contains the drugs known as benzodiazepines?

d. minor tranquilizers

5.1.3. Which of the following is the term that psychologists use for a pervasive and sustained emotional response that can color the person's perception of the world?

d. mood

8.1.55. What percentage of patients fail to fully adhere to medical advice?

d. more than 90 percent

2.1.3. Most forms of abnormal behavior are thought to be caused by

d. multiple factors.

6.1.93. A psychiatrist prescribes a benzodiazepine for a patient suffering from an anxiety disorder. Which of the following symptoms are most likely to respond to this treatment?

d. muscle tension and palpitations

At the drop of a hat, Pete will tell you, in as many ways as one can imagine, that he is the most talented salesperson in the company. He often boasts about his ability to "size up" customers and to close deals. He says he has not been promoted to manager because his work is not really appreciated. He resents those who have been promoted and views them as self-promoters. He expects others to meet his wishes, but he is insensitive to their needs. Pete's behavior represents ___________ personality disorder.

d. narcissistic

A film critic's description of a character in a film uses these phrases: a grandiose sense of self-importance, the inability to empathize with others, and a preoccupation with his own achievements and abilities. At the end of the description, the critic says the character needs therapy. If the character were to seek therapy, which diagnosis might be made?

d. narcissistic personality disorder

7.1.99. The diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder is sometimes mistakenly made in cases where there are actually undetected physical illnesses, especially

d. neurological diseases.

3.1.1. Most mental health professionals today identify themselves with

d. no single paradigm.

6.1.63. The preparedness model of phobic acquisition holds that phobias develop in response to

d. objects and situations that are fear-relevant.

A psychologist has developed a series of personality inventories and wants to determine if they are valid. One of the scales measures perfectionism, so he asks a colleague for advice on how to establish the validity of this scale. The colleague tells him that if he were to find a sample of people with __________ personality disorder, these people would obtain high scores on a scale that measures perfectionism.

d. obsessive-compulsive

Which personality disorder is most strongly related to the dimension of conscientiousness in the five-factor model of personality?

d. obsessive-compulsive

6.1.51. What is the only anxiety disorder that does not exhibit a significant gender difference?

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

6.1.89. Exposure and response prevention is most effective in the treatment of

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

36. To diagnose an illness as schizophrenia, DSM-5 requires that ________ be ruled out.

d. other medical conditions that could cause the disturbance

1.1.6. What is the literal meaning of the word "psychopathology"?

d. pathology of the mind

1.1.31. What is the emphasis of the definition of abnormal behavior in the DSM 5?

d. personal distress or impairment in social functioning

6.1.10. Worry is a relatively uncontrollable sequence of negative emotional thoughts and images concerned with

d. possible future threats or dangers.

8.1.43. In a study of stress, rats showed a smaller stress response when a flash of light signaled an impending shock than they did when the shock was not signaled. This demonstrates the importance of ________ in coping with stress.

d. predictability

8.1.37. What are the two basic types of coping that were identified by Lazarus and Folkman?

d. problem-focused and emotion-focused

7.1.101. In psychoanalytic theory, the symptoms of somatic symptom and dissociative disorders provide primary gain. This means that the symptoms

d. protect the conscious mind from painful conflicts.

3.1.8. Which form of treatment aims to gain insight into defenses and unconscious motivations and relies on the interpretation of defenses?

d. psychodynamic

7.1.85. Frank is experiencing a lot of pain. His condition would be classified as a somatic symptom disorder in DSM-5 if

d. psychological factors are judged to be significant.

2.1.138. In their stage theories, Sigmund Freud focused on ________ stages while Erik Erikson focused on _________ stages.

d. psychosexual psychosocial

1.1.87. Which approach to providing services for those with mental disorders is represented by this description: will work in crisis and case management programs for people with severe disorders will teach practical day-to-day skills to clients high school education or bachelor's degree needed.

d. psychosocial rehabilitation

5.1.96. Bonnie has been diagnosed with a mental disorder and is currently receiving medication. If the prescription is for anticonvulsant drugs, what is the most likely mental disorder?

d. rapid cycling bipolar disorder

The proposed dimensional model places primary emphasis on

d. ratings of maladaptive traits.

2.1.27. When we are around someone we dislike intensely we often "bend over backward" to be nice to this individual. Which defense mechanism is illustrated here?

d. reaction formation

6.1.40. What must a person demonstrate in order to be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

d. realization that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable

87. Michael is ordered to undergo aversion therapy for pedophilia. What will this treatment entail?

d. receiving electrical shock when sexually aroused by pictures of children

5.1.84. Which of the following characterizes a cognitive therapy approach to the treatment of depression?

d. reducing patients' self-defeating thoughts

2.1.49. The idea that ultimate explanations for abnormal behavior are found when problems are analyzed in terms of their smallest components is known as

d. reductionism.

7.1.69. What is the main objective in treating patients with dissociative identity disorder?

d. reintegrate the different personalities into a whole

16. Tolerance for a psychoactive substance refers to

d. requiring more of the substance to achieve the same effect that lower doses once achieved.

6.1.54. Cultural anthropologists have recognized many different cultural concepts of distress that, in some cases,

d. resemble very closely disorders listed in the DSM-5.

8.1.101. Successful intervention to teach Type A patients how to respond to stressful interactions with less hostility often uses ________, so the patient can try out new, less hostile ways of responding.

d. role playing

34. If a person displays psychotic symptoms for at least one month but less than six months, the DSM-5 diagnosis would be

d. schizophreniform disorder.

A patient at the mental health center talks in a vague and disjointed manner. His behavior, perceptions, and dress are considered odd. However, he does not report any delusions or hallucinations. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

d. schizotypal personality disorder

8.1.97. Relaxation training for patients with high blood pressure is an example of

d. secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.

6.1.104. A group of mental health professionals specialize in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Based on current empirical evidence, these professionals would be well advised to

d. select specific treatments according to specific symptoms exhibited by their patients.

5.1.85. Your boss just praised you effusively for a superior job on a marketing report; he also said he liked the presentation you gave at the regional meeting. As you walk out the door, he says you might want to try wearing another tie. You spend hours mulling over that last comment and find yourself becoming depressed. Your reaction to the comment was, "I am washed up as an employee; they want someone to replace me." Your conclusion is an example of

d. selective abstraction.

5.1.89. What are the most frequently prescribed antidepressant medications?

d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

2.1.137. Socialization is a process that leads a child to develop

d. self-control.

74. Genetic factors in the cause of alcohol abuse could be somewhat indirect. It has been suggested, for example, that genes that influence __________________ may cause a person to be more likely to risk alcohol dependence.

d. sensation seeking

12. The feature that hallucinations in schizophrenia share in common is

d. sensory experience.

101. Patients who do not respond to traditional antipsychotic drugs may respond to new antipsychotic drugs like clozapine, which has a major effect on

d. serotonin systems.

6. Polysubstance abuse refers to abuse of

d. several types of drugs.

54. What is the central problem in paraphilias?

d. sexual arousal is detached from a reciprocal, loving adult relationship

52. Which of the following is characteristic of a man with a paraphilia?

d. sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation

2.1.112. What is the most likely cause of a disorder if both monozygotic and dizygotic twins show a high concordance rate?

d. shared environmental experiences

48. People who stop taking hallucinogens after continued use

d. show no withdrawal effects.

6.1.3. In which of these situations would an agoraphobic be most likely to exhibit avoidance or fear?

d. sitting in the middle of a row in a crowded theater

7.1.88. Which of these disorders is as much as 10 times more likely to occur in women than men?

d. somatic symptom disorder

10.1.1. What is the primary characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

d. starving oneself

7.1.23. What is the single most common traumatic event that can lead to PTSD?

d. sudden unexpected death of a loved one

7.1.53. The essential feature of behavior that will lead to diagnosis of dissociative fugue is

d. sudden unexpected travel.

2.1.23. According to Freudian theory, what part of the mind is roughly equivalent to the conscience?

d. superego

3.1.19. When biological treatments are used for various mental disorders without knowing the specific cause of the problem, such treatments focus on

d. symptom alleviation.

96. What is one common problem with prolonged use of traditional antipsychotic medications for treating psychosis?

d. tardive dyskinesia

2.1.124. While visiting your niece in the hospital, you see several other very young children. You observe one young child who is placid and smiles often, whereas another child seems to be very active and fussy. Such differences in style are often described as reflections of

d. temperament.

2.1.90. The region of the brain responsible for the regulation of emotion and some aspects of learning, memory, and language reception is called the

d. temporal lobe.

15. You are designing a research study to test the effectiveness of a new type of treatment program for alcohol use disorder, and you want to be able to assess changes in your subjects' craving for alcohol. Which of the following would be a good index of their craving?

d. the amount of time they spend planning to drink

7.1.30. Research on social factors and the risk for PTSD focuses primarily on the nature of the trauma, the individual's level of exposure to it, and __________________.

d. the availability of social support following the trauma

6.1.32. The impact of the current shift in classification in the DSM-5 is increased precision. This means that

d. the essential features and diagnostic boundaries of these conditions have been clarified.

44. Schizoaffective disorder involves

d. the overlapping of symptoms of schizophrenia with those of mood disorder with psychotic features.

98. The cognitive behavioral model of relapse prevention is concerned with the abstinence violation effect. What is the abstinence violation effect?

d. the pattern of going back to chronic drinking if one slips up even a little

5. Kevin has just reached orgasm and finds that he is unable to get an erection again. Although this concerns him greatly, it is actually a normal phenomenon called

d. the refractory period.

2.1.48. Holism is the idea that

d. the whole is more than the sum of its parts.

3.1.75. In client-centered therapy the bond between therapist and client that is seen as central to the process of therapy is known as the

d. therapeutic alliance.

6.1.43. In the debate between "lumpers" and "splitters" regarding anxiety disorders, the splitters argue that

d. there are a number of separate disorders.

103. Comprehensive reviews of the research literature regarding treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse tell us that

d. there is little evidence to suggest that one form of treatment is more effective than another.

2.1.83. Changes in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease have been found, but they are of limited value because

d. they are only seen during autopsy.

Repetitive behaviors can be described as either compulsive or impulsive, depending on whether the original goal was

d. to experience pleasure or avoid anxiety.

7.1.68. Iatrogenesis refers to

d. treatment that causes, not cures, a disorder.

2.1.115. A strong piece of evidence that genes alone do not cause the vast majority of mental disorders is that genetic studies

d. typically find concordance rates for MZ twins far below 100 percent.

10.1.55. You have been asked to design a targeted prevention program of eating disorders. Which group would receive the most focus in your program design?

d. upper-class 16- to 20-year-old white females

5.1.93. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has ruled that care should be taken when prescribing some SSRIs to children because of the possible side effects of

d. violent or suicidal thoughts or behavior.

2.1.11. The correct biological explanation for general paresis

d. was only discovered after more than 100 years of study.

Studies of antisocial personality disorder in biological and adoptive families have found that the highest rates of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are found in children

d. who are raised in adverse environments and whose biological parents had ASPD.

25. The police found a man along the highway. They immediately transported him to the emergency room where it was determined that his alcohol concentration was 600 mg percent. The police report probably described him as

dead

10.1.37. When thinking about comorbid conditions in regard to a client just diagnosed with bulimia nervosa, you are most concerned about the possibility of

depression

2.1.5. A researcher described her approach to understanding mental disorders as biopsychosocial. When you ask her to explain what she means, what is she likely to say?

e most fruitful avenue for discovering the cause of most mental disorders.

2.1.37. Your neighbors are playing loud music late at night and it annoys you. You ask them to turn down the music and they do. The next time they play loud music, you call them even sooner. B. F. Skinner would say this happens because

eased noise negatively reinforced your assertiveness.

A clinician who uses research to select the most effective form of treatment is practicing _________________ psychotherapy.

evidence based

80. According to the classification scheme for sexual offenders developed by Knight and Guay, what category would describe a man who is preoccupied with nonviolent sexual fantasies, shows deficits in his ability to process social cues from women, and has feelings of inferiority?

nonsadistic

6.1.22. Repetitive, unwanted, intrusive cognitive events in the form of thoughts, images, or impulses that intrude suddenly into consciousness are called

obsessions

Repetitive, unwanted, intrusive cognitive events in the form of thoughts, images, or impulses that intrude suddenly into consciousness are called

obsessions

2.1.6. A distinguished researcher reviewed the current findings on the etiology of mental disorders. Which of the following is the best summary of the consensus of opinion?

ot currently know all of the specific causes of most mental disorders.

2.1.2. Which term is used for a set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test a theory?

paradigm

3.1.57. Under which of the following circumstances would a study of the effectiveness of different forms of psychotherapy have high internal validity?

patient improvement can be attributed to the psychotherapy and not to other factors.

3.1.40. Therapeutic neutrality is viewed as a key component of

psychoanalysis

Which form of treatment aims to gain insight into defenses and unconscious motivations and relies on the interpretation of defenses

psychodynamic

6.1.37. Bill worries about a long list of concerns. He finds himself constantly thinking about these topics at work, when he exercises, and as he tries to sleep. He is easily fatigued, can't concentrate, and is often restless. He has been worrying like this for the past year. Bill seems to meet the criteria for the diagnosis of

c. generalized anxiety disorder.

6.1.97. Benzodiazepines are most effective for treating

c. generalized anxiety disorder.

10.1.71. With respect to the role of genetics in eating disorders, it is most likely that

c. genetics might influence some personality characteristics that increase the risk for eating disorders.

52. Cross-cultural studies of the rate of schizophrenia in various types of communities found that clinical outcomes were significantly better in developing countries such as Nigeria and India. What aspect of life in these cultures has been hypothesized to account for these outcomes?

c. greater tolerance and acceptance of people with schizophrenia

23. Based on reports from people who use drugs, which psychoactive substance is least associated with tolerance and withdrawal effects?

c. hallucinogens

8.1.73. The goal of pain management programs is to

c. help people to cope with pain in a way that minimizes its impact on their lives, even if the pain cannot be eliminated or controlled entirely.

37. A research participant in a study of drug effects has experienced a brief, intense, dreamlike euphoria with a sense of increased visual and auditory sensitivity. The brief sense of pleasure is very powerful. Which drug has this subject likely received?

c. heroin

2.1.53. The correlation between scores on a measure of hostility and age at death is -.64. We could conclude from this correlation coefficient that people who have

c. high hostility scores tend to die younger.

What is one of the factors that complicates treatment of antisocial personality disorder?

c. high rates of comorbid alcoholism and other substance dependence

1.1.77. Epidemiological evidence suggests that which of the following factors is an important ingredient in establishing risk for developing an eating disorder?

c. holding particular sets of values related to women's appearance

5.1.108. According to Schneidman, the most common emotion in suicide is

c. hopelessness.

2.1.95. Chemical substances that affect the functioning of distant body systems and sometimes act as neuromodulators are known as

c. hormones.

3.1.13. During therapy to treat the depression experienced by Frances as described in your text, which type of therapist would be nondirective but would focus the sessions on emotional issues?

c. humanistic

7.1.6. Your textbook discusses the case of Stephanie, who is a victim of rape. For months after her assault, Stephanie was constantly on the lookout for new threats. This condition is called

c. hypervigilance.

2.1.136. Erikson's concept of _________ is an integrated sense of individuality, wholeness, and continuity.

c. identity

3.1.53. In an experiment, a researcher gives some patients psychotherapy, gives others medication, and puts others on a waiting list. The researcher then measures how depressed the patients are feeling after six months. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

c. improvement in depression

3. The most common age when symptoms of schizophrenia may initially appear is

c. in adolescence and early adulthood.

86. Under what set of circumstances do men with paraphilias usually enter treatment?

c. in order to receive a reduced sentence for a crime

2.1.121. According to attachment theorists, why do anxious attachments develop during the first year of life?

c. inconsistent and unresponsive parenting

8.1.40. Andy is a middle school student who is being bullied regularly after school. He hasn't told his parents or teachers because he thinks that he should be able to control the situation by himself, which is not true. This belief will

c. increase his stress level.

Schizoid personality disorder is often characterized by

c. indifference to other people.

8.1.61. In the early twentieth century, the most common forms of disease in United States were

c. infectious diseases.

5.1.100. Durkheim's classification of suicides focused on a person's social circumstances in terms of high and low levels of social

c. integration and regulation.

What impulse control disorder is defined by aggressive behaviors resulting in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property?

c. intermittent explosive disorder

10.1.80. Which form of therapy is emerging as an effective treatment for bulimia nervosa because patients continue to improve after the end of therapy?

c. interpersonal therapy

32. What is vaginismus?

c. involuntary muscle spasms that prevent intercourse

8.1.76. Your uncle returns home after visiting a sleep clinic. He says the sleep specialists diagnosed him as suffering from narcolepsy. Which of the following sets of symptoms probably led to his decision to seek an evaluation at the sleep clinic?

c. irresistible sleep attacks and sudden loss of muscle tone for brief periods of time

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by

c. irresponsible behavior.

98. People suffering from gender dysphoria are likely to dress up in the clothing of the opposite sex because

c. it helps them to adopt the role of the gender with which they identify.

1.1.4. The point of view of this textbook is that

c. it is likely that everyone will be touched by the problems associated with mental illness at some point in their life.

65. Your textbook describes the masochistic behaviors of Daphne Merkin, but then the authors remark that Daphne might not necessarily qualify for a diagnosis of sexual masochism because

c. it is not clear that she experienced subjective distress or social impairment.

84. Several background factors have been observed repeatedly among people who engage in atypical sexual behaviors, including

c. lack of a consistent parenting environment.

8.1.7. Evidence indicates that learning more adaptive ways of coping can

c. limit the recurrence or improve the course of many physical illnesses.

5.1.95. The first choice for treating bipolar disorders is

c. lithium.

10.1.65. Efforts to understand the relationship between depression and eating disorders have focused on which of the following depressive symptoms?

c. low self-esteem

5.1.22. Generally your patient of the past two years has exhibited depression. She did, however, have one quite dramatic symptom that rules out a diagnosis of both major depressive disorder and dysthymia. This symptom is

c. mania.

2.1.104. Suppose that researchers discover the gene responsible for manic behavior. Assume that the alleles of the gene are represented by M and m and the gene is dominant/recessive. Which of the following represents the phenotype?

c. manic behavior

86. The treatment of alcoholism and other types of substance use disorders is an especially difficult task because

c. many people with substance use disorders do not acknowledge their difficulties.

85. Money described the development of paraphilias using a geographic metaphor for a mental picture representing a person's ideal sexual relationship that he called a love

c. map.

66. The neurological impairments found in schizophrenic patients have also been studied in the unaffected twins of schizophrenic patients. Compared to the neurological impairments of "well" twins, the neurological impairments in their schizophrenic twins are

c. marked by a smaller hippocampus and amygdala.

7.1.14. Acute stress disorder (ASD) was not included in early editions of DSM. Its inclusion in DSM-5 was justified in part because ASD

c. may predict future PTSD.

10.1.53. Which of the following falls within the typical range for the onset of eating disorders?

c. middle adulthood

56. Which problems commonly occur along with alcoholism?

c. mood disorder and antisocial personality disorder

1.1.98. Hippocrates is viewed as one of the first figures in history to emphasize that psychopathology can be attributed to

c. natural causes.

2.1.73. A report of research on physiological psychology contains a description of a substance that can influence communication among neurons and can act some distance from where the substance was released. What is the topic of this report?

c. neuromodulators

2.1.117. Dr. Andrew Wakefield has speculated that the measles/mumps/rubella vaccination may be responsible for 12 cases of autism. A Danish study of half a million children found

c. no evidence to support this theory.

5.1.79. Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?

c. norepinephrine

6.1.82. Research from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has suggested a model called the pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection, or PANDAS, which has

c. not yet been supported or refuted by strong evidence.

1.1.50. An epidemiologist studies rates of depression in a community over a one-year period. Her calculation of incidence will be based on the

c. number of new cases that developed during that year.

5.1.2. Which of the following describes the term affect?

c. observable behaviors associated with subjective feelings

3.1.26. A medical records clerk was reviewing patient files when he came across one that had the name of a procedure he did not recognize: cingulotomy. When he looked up the procedure he found that it is a surgical procedure used in cases in which the diagnosis is

c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

3.1.33. Current evidence on the effects of psychotropic medications indicate that they

c. offer symptom relief but not a cure.

1.1.61. Comorbidity exists when

c. one person has more than one condition within the same period of time.

78. "Crossing" of paraphilic behaviors refers to the fact that

c. people who exhibit one paraphilia often exhibit others.

45. What is one of the most important psychological factors that can contribute to impaired sexual arousal?

c. performance anxiety

6.1.8. Which of the following is typically associated with an anxious mood?

c. pessimistic thoughts and feelings

51. Tolerance and withdrawal are considered the __________ criteria included in the definition of alcohol use disorder.

c. pharmacological

88. The real test of any potential vulnerability marker for schizophrenia will be its ability to

c. predict the later appearance of schizophrenia.

65. Measures of blood flow in various areas of the cerebral cortex show that while working on various tasks, schizophrenic patients do not show expected increases in blood flow to the

c. prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes.

37. What is the most frequent form of male sexual dysfunction?

c. premature ejaculation

68. Which of the following are you most likely to find among the elderly in the United States?

c. prescription drug abuse and dependence

1.1.44. In addition to incidence, what other term is particularly important in epidemiological research?

c. prevalence

6. In January, Rita was beginning to perform poorly at work; she was neglecting her appearance, becoming withdrawn, and exhibiting odd behaviors. In June, Rita showed the full‑blown symptoms of schizophrenia. Her behavior in January can be considered part of which phase of the disorder?

c. prodromal

44. While out in the wild, a group of vacationers pick some mushrooms. Later in the day, they use them in cooking the evening meal. Several members of the group begin to experience strange sensations and even hallucinations. The drug in the mushrooms was most likely

c. psilocybin.

5. What term is used to describe chemicals that can alter a person's mood, perception, or brain functioning?

c. psychoactive substances

1.1.3. The symptoms and signs of mental illness are known as

c. psychopathology.

1.1.75. Which category of disorders seems less affected by culture?

c. psychotic

7.1.39. Which symptom of dissociative fugue can be used to distinguish fugue from the other dissociative disorders?

c. purposeful, unplanned travel

1.1.65. In research on disease burden, the disability associated with schizophrenia is considered to be comparable to that associated with

c. quadriplegia.

2.1.92. A patient has just undergone a complete examination of the brain using the most sophisticated imaging tools available. The neurosurgeon found a tumor in the frontal lobe. Which of the following is most likely to be affected by this tumor?

c. reasoning and planning

69. Which of the following characteristics are strong predictors of adolescents' initial experimentation with drugs?

c. rebelliousness and extroversion

100. What is one of the documented benefits of sex reassignment surgery?

c. reduced anxiety and depression

8.1.42. Research studies have shown that when people are encouraged to recount very stressful experiences, they show

c. reductions in psychophysiological stress indicators.

7.1.113. Norman's primary care physician is convinced that his symptoms are due to a somatic symptom disorder, and the physician is encouraging Norman to accept a referral to a mental health professional. Norman is likely to

c. reject the referral despite negative test results.

8.1.94. Social ecology refers to

c. relationships between the individual and the social world.

1.1.88. The major difference between Ph.D. and Psy.D. degrees in psychology involves the degree of emphasis on training in

c. research methods.

7. The phase of schizophrenia in which the most dramatic symptoms of psychosis have improved, but in which the person continues to be impaired in various ways, is labeled

c. residual.

6. What is the final phase of the human sexual response cycle?

c. resolution

3.1.55. In most psychology experiments a research finding is considered to be statistically significant if the

c. result would occur no more than 5 percent of the time by chance.

3.1.36. What did Sigmund Freud believe was the "true benefit" of free association?

c. reveals aspects of the unconscious mind

70. A person with a paraphilia known as frotteurism is likely to do which of the following?

c. rub up against someone in a crowded bank

1.1.59. According to the textbook, some disorders, such as __________, are found in virtually every culture social scientists have studied.

c. schizophrenia

74. According to the social selection hypothesis, the rate of schizophrenia is higher in the lower classes in the United States because

c. schizophrenics are less able to find or hold good jobs.

3.1.111. Several women who have been victims of rape establish a crisis line for rape victims. What type of prevention program does this crisis line represent?

c. secondary

8.1.16. Imagine you have failed a class. You have evaluated this situation and decided that failing the class is stressful and important enough to make you upset. You also realize, however, that you have the option to repeat the class in summer school. This realization is an example of

c. secondary appraisal.

2.1.81. Evidence that effective treatments for depression inhibit the reuptake of a neurotransmitter links a depletion of that neurotransmitter to mood disorders. That neurotransmitter is

c. serotonin.

5.1.91. Which of the following are the most troublesome side effects of the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

c. sexual dysfunction and weight gain

1.1.62. How has research on comorbidity changed the focus of epidemiological research?

c. shifted the focus from counting the number of people with a disorder to measuring the functional impairment associated with the problems

6.1.87. Alex suffers from agoraphobia, and while in treatment he is asked to repeatedly confront places like crowded shopping malls and theaters that he has been avoiding. The treatment he is receiving is

c. situational exposure.

33. DSM-5 states that continuous signs of the disturbance, which can include prodromal or residual symptoms as well as active-phase symptoms, must persist for at least _____ month(s) in order to diagnose schizophrenia

c. six

24. Which of the following are signs of alcohol intoxication according to DSM-5?

c. slurred speech, lack of coordination, and nystagmus

1.1.80. The largest group of clinically trained professionals providing mental health services in the United States are

c. social workers.

7.1.73. The sudden onset of paralysis in one arm without a clear biological cause is an example of

c. somatic symptom disorder.

7.1.81. A flippant lack of concern about symptoms, called "la belle indifference," is sometimes observed in patients with

c. somatic symptom disorder.

7.1.82. A history of multiple, somatic complaints in the absence of organic impairments is characteristic of

c. somatic symptom disorder.

14. You have come to the part of your Abnormal Psychology textbook that covers the sexual dysfunctions, where there are several case studies presented. Which of the following might well be the subject of one of those cases?

c. someone whose sexual desire is inhibited

5.1.14. People who are clinically depressed frequently note that their thinking is slowed down, while manic patients commonly report that their thoughts are __________.

c. speeded up

8.1.57. To understand the relationship between stress and health, it is important to realize that

c. stress can affect health, and health problems can create stress.

73. What does the social causation hypothesis propose as the cause of the high rate of schizophrenia in the lower classes in the United States?

c. stressful events and poor health care

4. Previous versions of the diagnostic manual used the term ____________________ to describe substance use disorders that were at least moderate in severity.

c. substance dependence

8.1.20. The __________ system is activated during the fight-or-flight response.

c. sympathetic nervous

2.1.98. In the autonomic nervous system, increased arousal and energy expenditure are associated with activation of the

c. sympathetic nervous system.

7.1.25. A person with acute stress disorder is most likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder when

c. symptoms of numbing, depersonalization, and reliving the trauma are present.

3.1.35. Free association refers to

c. talking freely about whatever thoughts cross the mind.

3.1.103. Parent management training is designed to

c. teach parents new skills for rearing troubled children.

82. Which part of the brain has been implicated in some paraphilias?

c. temporal lobes

8.1.100. In designing a public health prevention program, you plan to target a group that has already experienced the problem you aim to prevent. Your program is called what type of prevention program?

c. tertiary

3.1.109. As a community psychologist you have been hired to design a violence prevention program for a local school district. Your target population includes teenagers who have been convicted of violent crimes. Therefore your program will, by necessity, involve

c. tertiary prevention.

8.1.10. The case of Bob Carter, as presented in your textbook, is important because it shows

c. that complex interactions between behavioral choices and outside stressors impact a person's health.

10. What new social attitude about sex led to the belief that sexual dysfunctions are a legitimate topic of psychological inquiry?

c. that sex fosters marital intimacy and is a source of pleasure

5.1.13. Betty believes she is less capable than her coworkers, even though she has won many awards for her performance. She often feels lonely and believes no one wants to be her friend. Her future seems empty and meaningless. These traits characterize

c. the "depressive triad."

1.1.86. What is the best description of clinical psychology?

c. the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders

1.1.25. On what does the DSM-5 place primary emphasis?

c. the consequences of certain behavioral syndromes

1.1.123. Abraham Lincoln suffered through periods of profound depression throughout his life. What do some historians believe his mood disorder can be traced to?

c. the death of his mother when he was nine years old

2.1.60. Some researchers view alcoholism as the result of having a genetic predisposition to alcohol addiction while also having to cope with difficult life circumstances. This type of analysis is an example of

c. the diathesis-stress model.

6.1.73. A person with social phobia can perform a particular task when alone but not in front of an audience; according to Barlow's model of anxious apprehension, this is due to

c. the distraction of self-focused attention.

61. A drag queen who is gay and who cross-dresses would probably not be diagnosed with transvestic disorder because

c. the drag queen will not be sexually aroused by cross-dressing.

In personality theory, neuroticism refers to

c. the expression of anxiety and depression.

2.1.107. The major problem with family incidence studies that ask whether diseases "run in families" is that even when they find a higher prevalence of a certain illness in families with one ill proband,

c. the finding is consistent with both genetic and environmental causation.

1.1.42. What vital organs are affected by eating disorders?

c. the heart and kidneys

3.1.93. What factor best predicts when treatment is more or less likely to be effective?

c. the nature of the client's problems

13. Which of the following offers a useful basis for distinguishing between people who are dependent on alcohol and those who are not?

c. the number of problems due to drinking

81. Some theorists associate alcoholism with exaggerated activation of an endogenous system in response to alcohol stimulation. Which system do they suggest?

c. the opiod system

3.1.65. What is an attribution?

c. the perceived cause of something

104. Successful long-term outcome for the treatment of alcoholism is best predicted by

c. the person's coping resources and available social support.

88. Detoxification refers to

c. the removal of a drug on which a person is dependent.

34. Prolonged use of amphetamines has been linked to an increase in violent behavior, but it is not easy to interpret this link because

c. the violence could be due to a drug user's lifestyle, not the drug itself.

34. Traditional definitions of dyspareunia and vaginismus focus exclusively on problems that occur during intercourse, but some experts suggest

c. these disorders should be viewed as genital pain disorders rather than forms of sexual dysfunction.

21. What is another term for disorganized speech?

c. thought disorder

2.1.88. Your patient shows signs of restlessness, agitation, and anxiety. One of the first disorders to test for would be Graves' disease, so you order tests of

c. thyroid function.

2.1.45. What is the purpose of the enigma written by Lord Byron that was included in the text?

c. to reveal how paradigms can either help or hinder our search for answers

59. Which of the following is characterized by sexual arousal when dressing in clothing of the opposite gender?

c. transvestic disorder

7.1.2. An event that involves actual or threatened death, or serious injury to self or others, and creates intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror is defined by DSM-5 as involving

c. traumatic stress.

7.1.41. Jean Charcot influenced the thinking of Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet. Specifically, Freud and Janet were influenced by Charcot's

c. use of hypnosis to treat and induce hysteria.

10.1.33. Bulimia nervosa almost always involves purging. This means that individuals with bulimia nervosa

c. use various means to eliminate the food that they have consumed during their binges.

1.1.35. Culture is defined in terms of the

c. values, beliefs, and practices shared by a specific group of people.

You have a client who is diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. As a result, you are concerned because she is also at risk of developing

c. various anxiety disorders.

81. According to Knight and Guay's categorical system of rape motivations, an individual who appears to be intent on directing violence exclusively toward women would be classified as what type of rapist?

c. vindictive

8.1.59. In the past year, Alice's mother and two friends died. Because she has been laid off several times, Alice has moved and currently lives in an unsafe neighborhood. Alice reports that she has a lot of pain, but the physician is unable to find a specific cause. Following the criteria in DSM-5, the physician diagnoses her with

c. a somatic symptom disorder.

35. Martha has been diagnosed as having vaginismus. Besides intercourse, in what other scenario would Martha experience the difficulty associated with this condition?

c. a vaginal examination

7.1.52. Neisser and Harsch interviewed people about how they learned about the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger, and what they were doing at the time. They interviewed people at the time of the explosion, and then three years later. What did they find at the three-year follow-up?

c. about one-third had vivid but inaccurate memories

94. What is the first step of Alcoholics Anonymous's 12-step program?

c. admitting that one is powerless over alcohol

57. In the search for genetic contributions to schizophrenic disorders, attention is being paid to a form of the COMT gene (called the Val allele), which seems to

c. affect the transmission of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.

2.1.123. The two broad categories of social behaviors studied by ethologists are

c. affiliation and dominance.

Two of the most important motives for understanding human personality and personality disorders are

c. affiliation and power.

2.1.96. Which of the following would be most likely observed in a patient whose thyroid gland is secreting too much of the hormone thyroxin?

c. agitation and anxiety

6.1.34. Which of the following are contained in the current DSM categories of phobias?

c. agoraphobia, social, and specific

12. Ernest Hemingway, whose case is presented in your textbook, suffered from

c. alcohol use disorder.

2.1.103. Genes have alternative forms known as

c. alleles.

8.1.92. Which of the following is a benefit of longitudinal research?

c. allows one to rule out reverse causality

62. Alcohol-related disorders are

c. among the most common forms of mental disorders in the United States.

6.1.74. What is thought suppression?

c. an active attempt to stop thinking about something

1.1.20. According to Jerome Wakefield, one essential component of the definition of a mental disorder is

c. an individual's subjective distress.

10.1.3. Individuals who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from

c. anorexia nervosa.

6.1.5. Anxiety is a reaction to

c. anticipated future problems.

6.1.84. Your textbook presents the case study of Ed, a 38-year-old lawyer diagnosed with OCD. What was the first form of treatment Ed received for this disorder?

c. antidepressant medication

7.1.35. Which of the following types of medication is most often prescribed for PTSD?

c. antidepressant medications

6.1.48. Prospective studies of the relationship between drinking problems and anxiety disorders suggest that

c. anxiety disorders can lead to heavy drinking, and heavy drinking can lead to anxiety disorders.

1.1.101. How did people trained in the Hippocratic tradition view disease?

c. as a unitary concept

6.1.24. How do patients typically view their compulsions?

c. as senseless and irrational

5.1.33. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is characterized by

c. at least four episodes of mania, hypomania, or major depression within a year.

5. When does the prodromal phase of schizophrenia occur?

c. before active psychotic symptoms are present

2.1.35. What is the primary concept in operant conditioning?

c. behavior is determined by its consequences

8.1.8. What multidisciplinary field includes both medical and mental health professionals who investigate psychological factors in the symptoms, etiology, and treatment of physical illness and chronic disease?

c. behavioral medicine

10.1.31. What are the primary characteristics of bulimia nervosa?

c. binge eating and purging

99. One action that all antipsychotic drugs share is that they

c. block dopamine receptors.

What is the most common personality disorder found among persons in inpatient and outpatient treatment settings?

c. borderline personality disorder

Various forms of abuse and frequent witnessing of domestic violence have been reported by adolescent girls diagnosed with

c. borderline personality disorder.

6.1.56. Current theories regarding the evolutionary significance of anxiety and fear suggest that

c. both emotional responses are adaptive in some circumstances.

8.1.2. Stress is caused by

c. both minor hassles and major events.

40. In terms of duration, schizophreniform disorder falls between ________ and schizophrenia.

c. brief psychotic disorder

A difficult temperament

c. can be adaptive or maladaptive, depending on social circumstances.

93. In the long term treatment of alcoholic patients, SSRIs

c. can be helpful with patients who also have a diagnosis of major depression.

Mental health professionals who are actively involved in treating people with mental disorders view personality disorders as important because personality disorders

c. can interfere with the treatment of disorders such as depression.

39. If the physiological effects of a drug of abuse are involved in the disturbance, the DSM-5 diagnosis

c. cannot be schizophrenia.

6.1.29. You are starting a research project in which you wish to compare the everyday compulsive behavior of individuals not diagnosed with a mental disorder with the most common forms of compulsive behavior found in those diagnosed with OCD. What are the two most common forms of compulsion found in those so diagnosed?

c. checking and cleaning

36. The active substances in opium are

c. codeine and morphine.

97. Barbara is seeing a therapist to help her with her drinking problem, and her therapist is trying to improve Barbara's social skills and ability to solve problems. This therapist is probably a

c. cognitive behavior therapist.

50. In their therapy for sexual dysfunctions, Masters and Johnson thought that, in addition to sensate focus, it was also important to include

c. communication training.

94. The U.S. Congress and all 50 states have passed laws that are intended to protect society from people who have been convicted of violent or repeated sexual offenses. One set of laws, sometimes called Megan's laws, are actually called

c. community notification laws.

1.1.58. The presence of more than one condition within the same time period is known as

c. comorbidity.

7.1.67. What is the basis for the controversy about the role of trauma in the etiology of dissociative identity disorder?

c. concern about the validity of retrospective reports

2.1.33. Beth received a painful shock while turning on her television. Now she reacts with fear whenever she sees a television. What is the television in this example?

c. conditioned stimulus

8. Marvin has a long history of schizophrenia. His doctors say that he is currently in the residual phase; from this we can conclude that he

c. continues to be impaired in various ways.

7.1.78. Terry is unable to see, even though a medical examination reveals no physical problems with her eyes or brain. What is the most likely diagnosis?

c. conversion disorder

8.1.23. Which of the following is known as the "stress hormone"?

c. cortisol

1.1.93. According to the text, managed care in the United States puts a high premium on

c. cost containment.

5.1.28. A chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder is

c. cyclothymia.

6.1.91. A therapist asks a patient to describe what he believes would happen if his worst-case scenario became reality. The patient says, "If I fail this test, I'll never get into graduate school." What cognitive aspect is the therapist working with?

c. decatastrophizing

Which of the following is part of Cleckley's description of the psychopath?

c. deceitful, intelligent, unreliable

5.1.77. Using brain imaging techniques to examine activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in depressed patients, researchers have reported finding

c. decreased activity in some PFC regions and increased activity in others.

8.1.99. Findings from the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) suggest that the most important factor in lowering high blood pressure is

c. weight loss.

7.1.48. While in his bedroom, Zack suddenly feels as if he is in a strange and unfamiliar place. Later, he experiences the feeling that his body does not belong to him. What is Zack experiencing?

c. depersonalization

5.1.10. What is dysphoric mood?

c. depressed mood

10.1.63. Researchers are finding an increased rate of which mental disorder in both victims of eating disorders and their family members?

c. depression

5.1.34. What is the most typical seasonal pattern in mood disorders?

c. depression in winter, recovery in spring

7.1.93. People who suffer from somatic symptom disorder also commonly suffer from

c. depression.

7.1.91. Hannah's doctors are convinced that her physical symptoms are not real, but they cannot decide whether this is an instance of malingering or factitious disorder. What factor will best help them to choose between these two possibilities?

c. whether she is achieving some specific external gain

7.1.27. Research on social factors and the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder suggests a role of social support in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It was found that veterans

c. who did not receive social support on their return had high rates of PTSD.

1.1.99. Which of the following is one of the bodily fluids that Hippocrates included in his explanation of abnormal behavior?

c. yellow bile

67. Which age group has the highest prevalence rates for alcohol dependence?

c. young adults

Mental health professionals who are actively involved in treating people with mental disorders view personality disorders as important because these disorders

can interfere with the treatment of disorders such as depression.

2.1.146. Which of the following is an example of how gender roles may influence psychopathology?

carolas been dependent on others for most of her life and has recently developed depression.

3.1.50. What is a major difference between a psychoanalytic approach and a cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy?

cognitive-behavior therapy focuses on change without offering a theory of human personality.

The presence of more than one condition within the same time period is known as

comorbidity

16. From the extensive information it collected concerning patterns of sexual activity, what did the National Health and Social Life Survey reveal concerning the physical and emotional satisfaction of men and women?

d. Men and women did not differ significantly in their satisfaction.

3.1.86. What occurs in a double-blind study of medication?

d. Neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the medication is a placebo.

2.1.66. The study of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology is the domain of a multidisciplinary field of what research?

d. Neuroscience

79. What evidence has been cited by scientists who propose that alcoholism is related to endogenous opioid production?

d. Opioid-antagonists can reduce the subjective "high" of drinking.

7.1.24. Which of the following is the best description of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

d. PTSD results from the interaction of a traumatic event occurring to individuals with certain risk factors such as a history of mental disorder or a susceptibility to PTSD.

10.1.59. What have researchers found concerning the relationship between eating disorders and an individual's report of sexual abuse?

d. The rate of reports of sexual abuse among those with eating disorders is similar to that found in other pathologies.

1.1.52. Which is the most accurate statement about the lifetime prevalence rates for bipolar disorder in the United States?

d. The rates for this disorder are the same for men and women.

77. According to the results of a study on coercive sex, conducted by Edward Laumann and his colleagues, it was estimated that _____ percent of women had been forced to participate in a sexual act against their will.

20

1.1.68. The World Health Organization estimates that all mental disorders combined account for _____ percent of all disability worldwide.

28

1.1.2. In the United States and other developed countries, mental disorders are the ___leading cause of disease-related disability and mortality.

2nd

1.1.78. Specialized mental health professionals treat _____ percent of those who seek help for mental disorders.

40

7. What is the major difference between men and women in the sexual response cycle?

7. What is the major difference between men and women in the sexual response cycle?

What broad definition of dress has been offered by scientist

A challenging event that requires behavioral, coginitive, and physiological adaption

The DSM-IV-TR uses a multiaxial system; each person is rated on five speedster axes, which of the following is NOT a concern of one of these axes?

A description of the individuals psychosexual history

To say that panic is like "false alarm" means that panic is

A normal fear response triggered at an inappropriate time

What is phenotype

A set of observable traits

Which of these is a characteristic of clinical depression that helps to distinguish it from normal sadness

Accompanied by a cluster of signs and symptoms, including cognitive and somatic features

According to Albert Ellis emotional disorders are caused by irrational beliefs

According to Albert Ellis emotional disorders are caused by irrational beliefs

When he perceived threat is registered in the brain cortex, it sends a signal to the part of the brain responsible for activating the stress response known as the

Amygdala

At work a group of coworkers is discussing psychosomatic disorders. Which of them has the best understanding of the term

Anna, who says, " The mind and the body sometimes work together to produce a disease"

While reading a medical article you come across the category of minor tranquilizers. The writer then gives the term benzodiazepines as an example of the chemical group of drugs. What type of drugs are being prescribed

Anti-anxiety

Which is the best description of psychology

Application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders

lifetime prevalence = 11

B

What multi-disciplinary field include both medical and mental health professionals who investigate psychological factors in the symptoms, etiology, and treatment of physical illness and chronic disease?

Behavioral medicine

An epidemiologist studies rates of depression in a community over a one-year period. Her calculation of incidence will be based on the

Number of new cases that developed during that year

Which of the following is not one of the clusters of personality disorders in the DSM

Out of contact with reality and delusional

Which term is used for a set of shared assumptions that include both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test a theory

Paradigm

Which of the following best illustrates reciprocal causality

Parents influence their children and children influence their parents

One advantage of a dimensional system of classification is that it allows scientist to

Record subtle distinctions

Which of the following characterizes a cognitive therapy approach to the treatment of depression?

Reducing patients' self-defeating big thoughts

Two clinical psychologists each interview and diagnose a group of patients. The extent to which they agree on the diagnosis of each patient is called

Reliability

How do you contemporary theories of the relationship of stress and illness view the influence of stress

Stress plays a role in the onset or exacerbation of all physics illnesses, from a cold to AIDS

Which symptom of dissociative fugue can be used to distinguish fugue from the other dissociate disorders

Sudden, unplanned travel

Activation of which bodily system is responsible for the flight or fight response

Sympathetic nervous system

In the autonomic nervous system, increase arousal and energy expenditure are associated with activation of the

Sympathetic nervous system

Free association refers to

Talking freely about whatever thoughts cross the mind

Which of the following events would fit the DSM description of situations that could lead to post-traumatic stress disorder

The car Ted was driving spun out of control and almost fell off a bridge as he waited helplessly to be rescued

Determining the presence of disorder is based on all but which one of the following

The presence of a specific system in isolation

Which of the following is characteristic of somatoform disorders

They have no clear biological cause

35. Alex is listening to a lecture on the history of opiate drugs, and he learns something that he finds very surprising. What has he heard the lecturer say?

a. "Heroin is a synthetic opiate made from morphine."

A movie producer wants to make a film about the life of a person with borderline personality disorder. She asks you for some suggestions concerning possible titles. Which of the following titles would fit the diagnostic hallmark of this disorder?

a. An Identity Disturbance

A psychologist is describing the different personality disorders. When she comes to avoidant and schizoid personality disorders, the students look puzzled. How will she distinguish these two personality disorders

Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality want to be liked by others but are afraid of even minimal signs of disapproval.

An event that involves Actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others and creates intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror is defined by the DSM as involving

Traumatic stress

Affiliation and empower are two of the most important motives for understanding human personality and personality disorders

True

Altruistic suicide occurs when the rules of a society or social group dictate that an individual must sacrifice their life for the good of the group

True

Behavioral coding systems focus on the frequency of specific behavioral events during assessment

True

Bulimia could possibly listed as a culture-bound syndrome

True

Culture is defined in terms of the values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by a specific community or group of people

True

Equifinality has a mirror concept, the principle of multi finality which says that the same event can lead to different outcomes

True

In Western societies anxiety is most frequently associated with work performance whereas non-western societies, anxiety is most frequently associated with family or religious concerns

True

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is the only anxiety disorder that does not exhibit a significant gender difference

True

The most important distinction in types of coping that Lazarus and Folkman identifies were problem-focused and emotion-focused

True

dissociative and somatoform disorders both involve a degree of dissociation

True

Which of the following describes the term affect

Which of the following describes the term affect

What is a diagnosis?

a description of behavior as fitting the criteria for a particular type of disorder

5.1.98. The family of a patient about to undergo electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is concerned about how the treatment will affect their loved one's memory. They meet with the psychiatrist and ask questions. What is the psychiatrist likely to tell them?

a. "Memory problems are typically of short duration."

8.1.19. An expert on human physiology and stress responses is giving a public lecture on the history of the fight-or-flight response and its effectiveness in ancient and modern times. What is a good title for this presentation?

a. "When an Adaptive Response Becomes Maladaptive"

2.1.52. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest association between two variables?

a. -0.74 Answer: a. closest one to -1 or 1

49. Worldwide, how many people out of every 100 will experience or display symptoms of schizophrenia at some time during their lives?

a. 1

5.1.66. Studies suggest that the heritability factor for bipolar disorder is approximately

a. 20 percent.

10.1.7. According to the National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, at any point in time ___ percent of high school females are attempting to lose weight, as compared with ___ percent of males.

a. 44 / 15

10.1.22. A film producer wants to make a movie describing several cases of young women who have been diagnosed as suffering from anorexia nervosa. He is especially interested in exploring some of the psychological dynamics related to the disorder. Which of the following titles might be the best choice for the film?

a. A Struggle for Control: Anorexia Nervosa

56. Which of the following situations is an example of necrophilia?

a. A man has sexual contact with a corpse.

5.1.109. The state legislature is considering enacting measures that will have an impact in reducing suicide rates. Which of the following individuals who are testifying before a legislative committee will be able to provide the most empirical support for his or her suggestion?

a. Al, who wants to reduce access to guns

1.1.73. Which of the following can be concluded from cross-cultural studies?

a. All mental disorders are shaped, to some extent, by cultural factors.

6.1.98. Which of the following is considered a drug of choice for panic disorder because it produces clinical improvement more quickly than antidepressants?

a. Alprazolam (Xanax)

63. How does the rate of alcohol problems compare in men and women?

a. Although the difference in the rates is narrowing, the rate is still much higher among men.

1.1.74. Which individual is most likely to suffer bulimia nervosa?

a. Amy, a 19-year-old college student

7.1.63. Why did some experts doubt the claim that Kenneth Bianchi, the "Hillside Strangler," had multiple personality disorder?

a. An expert in hypnosis tricked Bianchi into feigning new symptoms.

38. Which of these individuals is most likely to receive the diagnosis of delusional disorder?

a. Beverly, whose behavior is normal apart from the fact that she believes the pope is trying to poison her food

5.1.39. Despite differences among epidemiological surveys in samples, methods, and definitions of mental disorders, what is one common finding concerning mood disorders?

a. Bipolar disorder occurs in fewer people than major depressive disorder.

7.1.5. Ray has the diagnosis of acute stress disorder; Bob has been diagnosed as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. What is a major difference in their conditions?

a. Bob has had symptoms for longer than Ray has had symptoms.

10.1.48. What have epidemiologists found concerning the frequency of eating disorders?

a. Bulimia nervosa is more common than anorexia nervosa.

Dr. Patel has just determined that his new client meets the criteria for a personality disorder. What would you tell Dr. Jones about the possibility that there could be a comorbid diagnosis involving some other kind of mental disorder?

a. Comorbid mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders are very common.

48. What is the rationale for sensate focus in sex therapy?

a. Couples need to focus on erotic sensations rather than performance demands.

2.1.130. What conclusion follows from the finding that emotions are controlled primarily by subcortical brain structures?

a. Emotional response may be more basic than cognition.

20. Which statement is true about anhedonia?

a. It is found in schizophrenia and also in severe depression.

6.1.96. Which neurotransmitter is affected by benzodiazepine drugs?

a. GABA

5.1.69. A report in a research journal describes the symptoms of a mental disorder along with information on its etiology, including a heritability of 50 percent. How should this finding be interpreted?

a. Genetic factors and the environment contribute about equally to this disorder.

22. Which of the following individuals exhibits behavior that would be described by the term disorganized speech?

a. Harold, who uses words in peculiar ways

27. Mark is a patient who has been diagnosed with catatonic behavior. Which of these symptoms might characterize his condition?

a. He appears frozen, like a mannequin.

7.1.106. The medical records of a patient contain the word alexithymia. Assuming the word is accurate, what can we conclude about this patient?

a. He has difficulty recognizing and expressing emotions.

During a case conference, one of the staff describes a patient as experiencing an "ego-dystonic" disorder. What is the most likely description of this patient?

a. He is distressed by his symptoms.

8.1.38. Lucas is feeling increasingly stressed because a coworker has been belittling his contributions and spreading gossip behind his back ever since he declined her offer to go out for drinks after work. Which of the following behaviors is an example of Lucas's problem-focused coping?

a. He makes an appointment with the Human Resources office to file a harassment complaint.

8.1.36. Health psychologists asked newly married couples to engage in 30-minute discussions of marital problems. What did the psychologists find when they compared couples who were hostile and negative with those who had more positive conversations?

a. Hostile interactions were associated with immunosuppression.

10.1.82. __________ is a form of treatment that does not address eating disorders directly and was actually used as the placebo treatment in several early studies. Still, this form of treatment has been found to be more effective after 12 months than therapies that are directed at eating disorders.

a. Interpersonal therapy

27. Why do psychologists consider sexual arousal to be a hypothetical construct?

a. It cannot be measured directly.

47. You are a psychologist for a drug treatment program aimed at adolescents. In evaluating new clients, you would be most concerned about the long-term continuous use of which substance?

a. PCP

6.1.55. What was the major result of the Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study?

a. Panic disorder occurs in all countries studied.

10.1.29. Assume that each of the following individuals has a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Which one of them is most likely to engage in an episode of binge eating at this point?

a. Penelope, who is upset over failing two exams and just had an argument with her parents

96. What is one principal assumption of Alcoholics Anonymous?

a. People cannot recover on their own.

10.1.62. An expert on eating disorders describes those with such disorders as "lacking interoceptive awareness." Which of the following characterizes this lack?

a. People with eating disorders do not recognize internal cues, including emotional states and hunger.

76. Why is rape not included as a paraphilia in DSM-5?

a. Rape is not always sexually motivated.

7.1.110. Which group of medications has been found to produce more relief from the symptoms of body dysmorphic and pain disorders than placebo?

a. SSRIs

30. Which of the following characterizes a woman whose orgasmic impairment is generalized?

a. She has never achieved orgasm by any means.

5.1.61. Meredith is depressed. According to the concept of depressogenic attributional style, what is a likely description of Meredith?

a. She makes internal, stable, and global causal attributions.

10.1.40. Ann has the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, the restricting type. What does this diagnosis mean to the team of professionals that is going to treat her?

a. She rarely engages in bingeing or purging.

10.1.23. Janice suffers from anorexia and is extremely careful about how much she eats. How does she probably feel about this?

a. She takes great pride in her control and self-denial.

8.1.29. Which best describes the current thinking about stress response and the immune system?

a. Short-term stressors enhance immune responses that are quick, while chronic stressors create immunosuppression.

8.1.24. Stress affects ________, which fight off antigens like bacteria or viruses.

a. T-cells

7.1.4. Which of the following events would fit the DSM description of situations that could lead to posttraumatic stress disorder?

a. The car Ted was driving spun out of control and almost fell off a bridge; in the car, Ted waited helplessly to be rescued.

2.1.51. A newspaper headline heralds a finding that an excess of a particular brain chemical is the cause of a certain mental disorder. The article is not convincing to you. What potential flaw do you note in the report?

a. The chemical change could be due to other variables.

104. What is the key to the assertive community treatment programs for schizophrenia?

a. The clinicians seek out the patients to provide services.

At a conference on the treatment of borderline personality disorder, a group of psychiatrists is discussing the available drug treatment options. What is the consensus on drug treatment of this disorder?

a. The entire spectrum of psychoactive medications has been used, but no substantial evidence marks any one of them as effective to holistically treat the disorder.

8.1.63. To a health psychologist, what interesting observation can be made when comparing the top 10 causes of death in the United States in 1900 to the top 10 causes of death in the United States in 2000?

a. The leading causes of death today are lifestyle diseases.

62. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have found diminished size of structures in the limbic systems of schizophrenics' brains. Why is this finding potentially important?

a. The limbic system integrates cognition and emotion.

6.1.45. Which of the following is true as to the course of anxiety disorders?

a. The long-term outcome of individuals with anxiety disorder is mixed and unpredictable.

10.1.83. How do long-term outcomes for the treatment of anorexia nervosa compare to long-term outcomes for the treatment of bulimia nervosa?

a. The long-term success is greater for bulimia nervosa.

1.1.117. You are a member of a research team that is about to begin research on the effectiveness of a drug called Relax on the symptoms of anxiety. One of the researchers asks you to describe the null hypothesis for this study. What will you say?

a. The null hypothesis states that the drug's effect will not differ from no treatment.

You are arguing with another student about whether personality disorders occur more frequently in women. Which of the following is the most accurate position to take?

a. The overall prevalence is approximately equal.

3.1.83. Which best summarizes the views of the authors of the text about the placebo effect?

a. The placebo effect is itself a treatment—one that heals psychologically.

1.1.72. Which of the following is most true regarding bulimia?

a. The prevalence is higher in Western nations than other parts of the world, and the number of cases increased during the latter part of the twentieth century.

6.1.52. How does the prevalence of anxiety disorders among the elderly compare to the prevalence among other age groups?

a. The prevalence rate is lower among the elderly.

6.1.75. According to Wegner, what typically happens when people prone to anxiety disorders try to rid their mind of distressing or unwanted thoughts?

a. The thoughts actually become more associated with emotions.

7.1.100. What was Sigmund Freud's original conclusion concerning reports of child sexual abuse by patients with conversion disorders?

a. The trauma causes conversion.

5.1.1. You were asked to give a talk to illustrate the problems caused by depression for youth as compared to their parents' generation. Which of the following could be an accurate way to start your talk?

a. The younger generation is experiencing rates of depression higher than previous generations.

58. What have researchers discovered from their examinations of the pregnancy and birth records of people who later develop schizophrenia?

a. Their mothers experienced more complications at the time of labor and delivery.

7.1.50. One of the greatest controversies in psychology today is the issue of recovered memories. Some individuals argue that such memories reveal past sexual abuse; others disagree. What is one of the concerns for those who raise questions about recovered memories?

a. Therapists may be suggesting the existence of such memories to their clients.

What was one of the reasons why the categorical model remained the official approach to personality disorder diagnosis as opposed to implementing the dimensional model?

a. There are not adequate data to support the switch.

102. What is the general conclusion on research designed to match certain types of patients to particular alcohol treatment programs?

a. There is little evidence for the effectiveness of matching.

What is one of the reasons that the category of personality disorders is controversial?

a. These disorders are difficult to identify reliably.

32. Why are cocaine and amphetamines called stimulant drugs?

a. They activate the sympathetic nervous system.

In the case of Tom, which is described in your textbook, what were some of the early indications that he would one day grow up to exhibit behaviors that meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder?

a. Tom was often truant from school, stole items, and lied.

6.1.30. Amy loves collecting coffee mugs and has been collecting them for years. At the drop of a hat, she will launch into a discussion of her collection, the price of mugs, and her plans for purchasing more mugs. Her friends say she must have obsessive-compulsive disorder. You disagree. What do you say to her friends when they ask why you disagree?

a. Unlike an obsessive-compulsive, Amy derives pleasure from this activity.

c. The individual is a Native American, and in their culture, they expect to hear from the spirits of dead relatives.

a. We should avoid culturally biased interpretations.

10.1.49. Which of the following is a reason frequently given by scientists to explain the much higher rate of eating disorders among females?

a. Women are much more likely than men to base self-image on body image.

8.1.35. Which of the following is the best automotive analogy for Han Selye's theory of chronic stress?

a. a car that has run out of gas and is damaged because stress keeps turning the key

1.1.121. What is the best definition of a case study?

a. a detailed description of one person

83. According to Marshall and Seidman, the core feature of unusual sexual behavior is not deviant sexual arousal but

a. a failure to achieve intimacy in adult relationships.

5.1.67. Studies of the concordance rates for depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins suggest

a. a larger role of genetic factors in bipolar mood disorder.

6.1.14. To say that panic is like a "false alarm" means that panic is

a. a normal fear response triggered at an inappropriate time.

8.1.32. How could we describe the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

a. a period of physiological activation

73. Sexual activity between which of the following would be referred to as incest?

a. a stepfather and his stepson

8.1.12. According to the conceptualization of stress used in the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, an outstanding personal achievement would be viewed as

a. a stressful event.

7.1.70. What term is used to describe the emotional reliving of past traumatic experiences?

a. abreaction

6.1.20. Which of the following is appropriately matched?

a. acrophobia: fear of heights

2.1.126. In addition to conscientiousness and extraversion, what is one of the "big five" dimensions of temperament?

a. aggressiveness

5.1.17. Harold has just been diagnosed as suffering from major depressive disorder. In planning his treatment, the mental health professionals will discover that he has a comorbid condition. Which of the following is the most likely comorbid condition?

a. alcoholism

2.1.12. Confirming a specific biological cause of general paresis was greatly aided by eventually discovering that

a. all such patients had a history of syphilis.

5.1.78. Brain imaging studies have identified elevated levels of resting blood flow and glucose metabolism in which area of the brain?

a. amygdala

What did the term schizotypal originally mean?

a. an abbreviation for schizophrenic phenotype

2.1.76. What has been suggested as a way that neurotransmitters could play a role in abnormal behavior?

a. an oversupply of a certain neurotransmitter

18. What term is used to describe patients who feel no joy or excitement, even while doing things they formerly enjoyed?

a. anhedonia

8.1.25. What do we call substances like bacteria that invade the body?

a. antigens

1.1.27. Beliefs and actions that are shared by religious, political, or sexual minority groups are not considered evidence of a mental disorder because such behaviors

a. are voluntary.

6.1.78. Twin studies of anxiety disorders indicate that generalized anxiety disorder has a heritability of

a. around 20 to 30 percent.

How does Terrie Moffitt view the antisocial behavior of adolescents?

a. as usually time-limited and often adaptive

64. A study was done in the Netherlands following World War II that looked at the causes of schizophrenia. Based on the finding of this study, a logical social policy would be one that

a. assisted pregnant mothers with nutrition.

3.1.61. Sid wants to end his habit of smoking three packs of cigarettes a day Ted wants to stop his serious drinking problem. Which treatment might be used for both individuals?

a. aversion therapy

2.1.147. The possession of both female and male gender role characteristics in one person is known as

androgyny

Anxiety is a reaction to

anticipated future problems

3.1.31. You are reading a case study of a patient who has been prescribed the following: Haldol, Clozaril, and Thorazine. You recognize these drugs as belonging to the category called

antipsychotic

a. The entire spectrum of psychoactive medications has been used, but no substantial evidence marks any one of them as effective to holistically treat the disorder.

antisocial

3.1.54. Random assignment is important to an experiment to ensure that

any differences found between the groups are caused by the independent variable.

Fear is not considered phobic unless

avoids contact with the source of the fear or experiences intense anxiety in the presence of the feared stimulus

A newspaper reporter is given the job of reporting on the survey of adolescents designed to determine the prevalence and stability of personality disorders. Which of the following would be the best headline for the reporter's story?

b. "Adolescents' Personality Disorders: Not Rare and Not So Stable"

10.1.64. An expert on eating disorders is giving a talk about the relationship between eating disorders and depression. Which of the following would be an appropriate title for this talk?

b. "Depression: Both Cause and Effect"

3.1.90. A reporter for the local newspaper is deciding on a headline for an article describing the Consumer Reports study of psychotherapy. Which of the following titles would most effectively capture the findings?

b. "Psychotherapy: Consumers Generally Satisfied"

8.1.50. Which of the following would be a good title for an article in a health journal that reviews the relationship between optimism and health?

b. "Optimism: A Road to Good Health"

1.1.96. Your instructor has invited to today's class an actor who plays the role of famous historical figures. This actor is going to portray Hippocrates. What would be a good title for today's presentation?

b. "The Humors That Control Our Behavior"

5.1.103. What percentage of patients with mood disorders will eventually kill themselves?

b. 15-20 percent

6.1.1. According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), in any given year, what percent of adults suffer from at least one type of anxiety disorder?

b. 18 percent

60. Out of all men and women who have ever used alcohol, approximately ____ percent will develop serious alcohol related problems.

b. 20

5.1.40. According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the approximate percentage of individuals diagnosed with a major mood disorder in the past 12 months who received adequate treatment for that disorder was

b. 20 percent.

89. While antipsychotic medication does relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia in many cases, approximately _____ percent of schizophrenic patients do not improve with the use of classical antipsychotic drugs.

b. 25

71. The lifetime prevalence of alcoholism among families of alcoholics is higher than in the general population, by a factor of about

b. 3 to 5.

10.1.15. About _____ percent of people with anorexia nervosa are estimated to die of starvation, suicide, or medical complications stemming from their extreme weight loss.

b. 5

The rate of antisocial personality disorder in men and women is

b. 5 percent for men; 2 percent for women.

7.1.22. A national study found that approximately ___ percent of the people in the United States suffered from PTSD at some point.

b. 7

26. What is the legal limit of alcohol concentration for driving in most states, as measured in the number of milligrams (mg) of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood (percent)?

b. 80 mg percent

67. The newspaper contains a report of a research team in Europe that has found a brain area in a group of schizophrenic patients that is smaller than the same area in normal individuals. The article was written by a well-known science writer who has a keen understanding of schizophrenia. What is he likely to conclude?

b. A complex disorder such as schizophrenia is not likely to be traced to a single brain site.

48. After reviewing the results of the follow-up research conducted by Manfred Bleuler, what conclusion could we reach concerning the outcome of schizophrenia?

b. About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will either recover or exhibit at least some significant improvement.

10.1.9. According to the textbook, European American and Latina women report higher rates of body dissatisfaction than

b. African American women.

29. Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between death and the misuse of alcohol?

b. Alcohol related deaths due to injury are more common among young men.

3.1.5. Therapists representing the biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic orientations are discussing the case of Frances from the text. What common feature will these therapists see in this case of depression?

b. All note her tendency to blame herself for troubles in her relationships.

1.1.29. Which organization publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)?

b. American Psychiatric Association

7.1.58. For a class assignment, students are required to read the book The Three Faces of Eve. The professor says he will offer extra credit to any student who can point out one of the inaccuracies in the book. Which of these students is going to earn extra credit?

b. Andy says that Eve had more than three personalities.

8.1.4. At work, some coworkers are discussing psychosomatic disorders. Which one of them has the best understanding of the term?

b. Anna, who says, "The concept of psychosomatic disorders is outdated. The mind and body both affect physical illness."

10.1.46. Which of the following statements about the prevalence of eating disorders is most accurate?

b. Anorexia is rare in the general population but common among certain segments.

__________ personality disorder in adulthood is predicted by conduct disorder in childhood.

b. Antisocial

8.1.72. Researchers have discovered an association between depression, anxiety and pain. How do they explain this association?

b. Anxious and depressed people are more sensitive to pain and less able to cope with it.

10.1.75. In establishing an eating disorder clinic, your group of professionals is keen to include all of the therapies that are currently being used to treat these disorders. You will likely include several different therapies, including

b. Bruch's psychodynamic therapy.

3.1.91. Your friend is considering seeking psychotherapy and asks your advice on the type of therapist she should consider. Based on the results of the Consumer Reports survey, what would you tell her?

b. Consumer satisfation was equal with the three major types of mental health professionals.

What is DSM's position regarding the role of culture in the diagnosis of personality disorders?

b. Cultural standards for appropriate behavior must be taken into account.

5.1.92. Sal's psychiatrist wrote a prescription for him and warned him not to eat a long list of foods, including cheese and chocolate. If Sal's diagnosis is depression, what type of drug is likely to have been prescribed?

b. MAO inhibitors

2.1.139. What is an important characteristic of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

b. Development does not end in adolescence.

1.1.32. What principle guided developers of the DSM-5 as they wrote definitions of mental disorders?

b. Disorders should be associated with distress or disability.

77. What conclusion is warranted concerning the causal role of disturbed communication in families?

b. Disturbed communication does not cause people to develop schizophrenia.

5.1.25. What is one way that dysthymia differs from major depression?

b. Dysthymia usually lasts longer.

8.1.74. Rebecca is suffering from recurrent chronic pain; she is referred to a psychologist who talks in terms of pain management. What can Rebecca expect when the psychologist begins treatment?

b. Efforts will be made to help her cope in ways that minimize the pain's impact on her life.

3.1.21. What erroneous assumption led to the development of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

b. Epileptic seizures prevented schizophrenia.

83. A researcher is using the balanced placebo design to investigate the effects of alcohol on aggression. What has this research added to our knowledge of alcohol?

b. Expectations play an important role in the effects attributed to alcohol.

6.1.7. In what way is fear different from anxiety?

b. Fear occurs appropriately in the face of real danger.

80. Several genes that affect the reception of which neurotransmitter have been seen to correlate with the risk of alcohol dependence?

b. GABA

8.1.91. Marvin has answered "Yes" to the following question: "Have you felt so sad, discouraged, hopeless, or had so many problems that you wondered if anything is worthwhile?" What can we say about Marvin's risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) compared to the general population?

b. He is twice as likely to suffer CHD.

90. What is likely to occur if Javier takes Antabuse and then has a shot of whiskey?

b. He will become violently ill.

7.1.51. George Franklin was convicted of the murder of an 8-year-old that occurred over 20 years earlier. What aspect of this case is of interest to psychologists?

b. His daughter's recovered memories were the basis for Franklin's conviction.

2.1.17. How did Jean Charcot treat patients with hysteria?

b. Hypnosis

8.1.80. Why is hypertension often called the "silent killer"?

b. It produces no obvious symptoms.

96. Which of the following individuals is most likely to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder?

b. Mary, who looks like a female, but feels herself to be more like a male

18. Based on the results of the National Health and Social Life Survey, which of the following is accurate?

b. Masturbation was very common in women.

50. Rich always heard that there are no gender differences in the rate of schizophrenia; however, he has just been told that closer inspection yields certain differences of interest. Which of the following describes some of those differences?

b. Men develop the disorder earlier and have a more chronic course.

2. What is the long-term outcome for people with schizophrenia?

b. Most people do not recover completely.

15. How do positive and negative symptoms compare in terms of their course over time?

b. Negative symptoms are more stable.

66. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

b. Older people do not drink as much alcohol as younger people drink.

38. Which of the following describes the sexual performance of men between the ages of 70 and 74?

b. Over 60 percent of these men are sexually active.

8.1.84. Which of the following illustrates the relationship between stress and cardiovascular disease?

b. Over the long run, stress can damage the heart.

10.1.60. The A&E cable channel is presenting the biography of Dr. Hilde Bruch. The presentation includes interviews with Dr. Bruch, who is asked to explain her theory of the development of eating disorders. What does she say?

b. Overly compliant young women use dieting as a means to wrest some control from their parents.

46. What hallucinogen, at high doses, can induce psychotic behavior, including delusional thinking, catatonic behavior, manic excitement, and sudden mood changes?

b. PCP

8.1.66. Jane has been diagnosed with cancer; her prognosis is not good and she needs to decide about her treatment. She is considering joining a support group. What does the evidence suggest about this option?

b. Participating in support groups can increase quality of life but not longevity.

2.1.15. In 1910, what German microbiologist developed an arsenic-containing chemical that destroyed bacteria that caused syphilis and prevented paresis?

b. Paul Ehrlich

99. What can we conclude from the ease with which pseudohermaphrodites adopt a male gender identity at adolescence?

b. Prenatal hormones affect later gender identity.

Which of the following plays an important role in justifying the inclusion of personality disorders in DSM?

b. The presence of pathological personality traits in adolescence is associated with the development of other mental disorders.

2.1.132. In addition to motivations and temperament, what, by some degree, can be modified by learning?

b. emotions

3.1.77. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the results of outcome research on different forms of psychotherapy?

b. Psychotherapy is effective, and many types of psychotherapy share key "active ingredients."

5.1.32. Jane has recently become very depressed, and her doctor is explaining to her that she has a mood disorder with postpartum onset. If her doctor is correct, what do we know about Jane?

b. She has given birth within the past four weeks.

Roberta has been diagnosed as having avoidant personality disorder. She is timid, does not like to go to parties, and she is extremely anxious in most social situations. Why does Roberta feel this way?

b. She wants to be liked but is afraid of criticism.

2.1.56. A study has found a positive correlation between smoking cigarettes and schizophrenia. What is a possible explanation for this finding?

b. Some property of nicotine could be part of the cause of schizophrenia.

6.1.90. Which of the following is one of the reasons why it is important to distinguish between statistical significance and clinical importance of treatment outcome studies?

b. Statistical significance could be based on relatively trivial changes in the patients' adjustment.

8.1.98. Carol suffers from coronary heart disease and is trying to decide between stress management and antihypertensive medication. Based on current research findings, how would you advise her?

b. Stress management might be a useful adjunct to medication.

8.1.13. Which of the following is an example of why some researchers object to instruments such as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

b. Stressors can be positive or negative.

7.1.26. The National Comorbidity Study found that the course of posttraumatic stress disorder is best described as follows:

b. Symptoms tend to diminish gradually.

72. Which of the following describes the relationship between the rate of schizophrenia and social class found in studies done in Chicago over 70 years ago?

b. The highest rates are found in the lower classes.

7.1.59. Research suggests many reasons to disbelieve the claims that dissociative disorders are prevalent but overlooked. Which of the following reasons presented in your textbook supports disbelieving these claims?

b. The increase in the frequency of the diagnosis correlated with the release of a popular book and movie.

10.1.69. A medical technician looks up from the microscope and says to his supervisor, "I think we have a case of hyperlipogenesis here. " What would this information tell the physician about the patient whose tests the technician just analyzed?

b. The patient's body is storing an abnormally large amount of fat in fat cells.

8.1.45. Consider a study in which two different groups of rats are being exposed to exactly the same amount of painful shock. One group is able to stop the shock by pressing a bar, while the other group can do nothing to stop the shock. What would you expect to happen in regard to the rats' stress response?

b. The rats that have control will have a lower stress response.

7.1.65. To test the role-playing hypothesis of dissociative identity disorder (DID), Nicholas Spanos and colleagues conducted analogue experiments in which they asked college students to play the role of an accused murderer. What have these studies shown?

b. The symptoms of DID can be induced through hypnosis

76. Which of the following conclusions about the genetics of alcohol use disorders can be legitimately drawn from adoption studies?

b. There appears to be a strong association between genetics and the etiology of alcohol use disorder.

57. Why are amphetamines the most serious drug problem in Japan?

b. There is a limited amount of land for cultivation of plant-based drugs; since amphetamines are synthetic drugs, they are more easily available.

59. What is one of the indirect lines of evidence supporting the hypothesis that viral infections play a role in the etiology of some cases of schizophrenia?

b. There is a slightly elevated rate of schizophrenia among people born in the winter months.

10.1.51. A cross-cultural researcher is investigating the relationship between body weight and wealth in Third World countries. Which of the following is most likely to summarize the relationship?

b. There is a strong positive relationship between body weight and wealth.

7.1.111. What is one reason for the limited research on the psychological treatment of somatic symptom disorders?

b. These people tend to see physicians, not psychologists.

7.1.49. While, in DSM-5, fugue and dissociative amnesia are in the category of dissociative disorders, and ASD and PTSD are classified as trauma- and stressor-related disorders, many psychologists believe there is an important link between these separately categorized disorders. Which of the following provides evidence of such a link?

b. They all usually involve a clear and sudden trauma that, for most people, would be followed by a rapid return to normal psychological functioning.

8.1.11. How did the developers of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale measure the amount of stress caused by each of the items on the scale?

b. They assigned the items life change units based on the judgments of a large group of normal adults.

105. What have outcome studies found regarding the value of assertive community treatment programs for schizophrenia?

b. They can effectively reduce the number of days that patients spend in psychiatric hospitals.

5.1.81. What is the primary advantage of analogue studies in research on mood disorders?

b. They can employ an experimental procedure.

11. Which of the following was characteristic of the interviews Alfred Kinsey conducted between 1938 and 1956 about sexual behavior?

b. They focused on experiences that resulted in orgasm.

7.1.71. Which of the following is characteristic of somatic symptom disorders?

b. They have no clear biological cause.

2.1.120. You are watching a video of John Bowlby in which he discusses his views on attachment. Later you are to write a summary of Bowlby's comments and include the major reason why he believes that attachments form. What will you write?

b. They have survival value.

8.1.6. In what way do contemporary researchers' views on psychosomatic illness differ from views held earlier?

b. They now believe that every physical illness is a product of the interaction between the mind and body.

7.1.37. Your friend has just come from a therapist who has recommended eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder. Because you are taking a course in abnormal psychology, your friend asks what you think. Based on the literature, what would you say?

b. This technique does not seem to have a theoretical basis, and the limited effectiveness it does show may be due to the fact that it involves exposure.

55. What pattern of drinking-related behavior was reported by Vaillant in his longitudinal study of males?

b. Those who remained abstinent for six years were unlikely to relapse.

1.1.63. An epidemiologist is about to testify to Congress on the findings of comorbidity. Which of the following points will she want to make after reviewing research on comorbidity?

b. Those with severe impairment often have more than one disorder.

6.1.95. Which of the following are examples of the benzodiazepine class of drugs?

b. Valium and Xanax

41. Which of the following characterizes the association between testosterone levels and men's levels of sexual appetite?

b. Very low levels of testosterone predict inhibited desire.

7.1.31. Following September 11, New York City college students had lower rates of PTSD if they were better at enhancing and suppressing emotional expression. This is an example of what psychologist Edna Foa calls emotional processing, which involves three key stages. Which of the following is one of her stages?

b. Victims must engage emotionally with their traumatic memories.

7.1.12. On what group was the first focus of research on posttraumatic stress disorder as the aftermath of traumatic events?

b. Vietnam War veterans

91. What is one of the major problems in treating alcoholism with Antabuse?

b. Voluntary compliance with drug taking is low.

5.1.101. The highest suicide rate in the United States is among

b. White males over 50 years old.

2.1.29. Who is credited with beginning the modern science of psychology at the University of Leipzig?

b. Wilhelm Wundt

10.1.47. A researcher discussing the prevalence of eating disorders makes reference to what she says is a cohort effect for these disorders. What does this mean?

b. Women born after 1960 have a higher rate of bulimia nervosa than women born prior to 1960.

64. Dwayne and Rhonda each weigh 150 pounds. They go out drinking and each has three beers. According to your textbook, why does Rhonda become intoxicated sooner?

b. Women's bodies have lower water content.

A novelist wants to write a book centered on a character described as suspicious and on guard all of the time. The character has difficult relationships with friends and relatives as a result of a distrustful nature, he overreacts to minor events that may lead to aggression, and he is delusional. What advice would you give to the novelist?

b. You have accurately described paranoid personality disorder, except that the disorder does not involve delusions.

8.1.34. Which of the following is the best automotive analogy for Walter Cannon's theory of chronic stress?

b. a car in which the engine continues to race instead of idling down after running fast

8.1.1. What broad definition of stress has been offered by scientists?

b. a challenging event that requires behavioral, cognitive, and physiological adaptation

3.1.82. Which of these is an example of a placebo in medicine?

b. a pill with inactive ingredients

2.1.59. What is a diathesis?

b. a predisposition

2.1.102. What is a phenotype?

b. a set of observable traits

10.1.44. Which of the following individuals would meet the common criteria for defining obesity?

b. a veteran with a BMI greater than 30

1.1.113. An emphasis on masturbation as a cause of mental disorder, or the deliberate injection of mentally ill patients with malaria, can be viewed as examples of

b. a willingness to accept ideas that are not backed by scientific proof.

10.1.19. What is amenorrhea?

b. absence of menstruation

53. The compulsive and inflexible features of paraphilias make them similar to

b. addictions.

8.1.31. What are the stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

b. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

8.1.30. Marcus is explaining Hans Selye's concept of stress to the class. He correctly states that the first stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome is

b. alarm: the mobilization of the body in reaction to threat.

1. According the World Health Organization, ______ use was responsible for 5 percent of the total burden of disease and disability worldwide in 2004.

b. alcohol

c. DSM requires a recurrent pattern of problematic use.

b. alcohol use disorder.

33. In your role as a police officer, you sometimes come across individuals who seem to be hallucinating and have delusions of persecution. In addition to the possibility that these individuals may have a mental disorder or be under the influence of various hallucinogenic drugs, you must also consider the possibility of

b. amphetamine use.

8.1.22. When a person's brain perceives a threat, the cortex sends a signal to the part of the brain responsible for activating the stress response known as the

b. amygdala.

7.1.104. Which of the following is an example of a retrospective report?

b. an adult describing what high school was like

To meet the definition of a personality disorder in DSM-5, one must meet the criteria of

b. an enduring pattern of behavior that differs considerably from one's culture.

1.1.116. What type of hypothesis is a new prediction called?

b. an experimental hypothesis

3.1.29. While reading a medical article you come across the category of minor tranquilizers. The writer then gives the term "benzodiazepine" as an example of the chemical group of drugs. What type of drugs is being described?

b. antianxiety

2.1.13. General paresis was virtually eliminated because

b. antibiotics were developed to treat syphilis.

3.1.30. For an assignment you are asked to look up a group of drugs known as major tranquilizers. You consult a drug handbook and find that another term for these drugs is

b. antipsychotic.

3.1.49. John B. Watson's behaviorism can be seen as the forerunner of modern

b. cognitive-behavior therapy.

3.1.72. Rogers viewed three qualities as essential in a therapist. Which of the following is one of those qualities?

b. empathy

Mark has a longstanding pattern of deceitful and manipulative behaviors. He has an arrest record that traces back to his high school days. He has been arrested for driving while intoxicated, for using cocaine, and for petty larceny. Each time he has been arrested, he has been able to explain his behavior in such a way that he has been put on probation. However, those who know him well are certain that he has no real remorse for his actions. If Mark received a diagnosis, which of the following is most likely?

b. antisocial personality disorder

1.1.53. Which of the following disorders is more common in women than men?

b. anxiety disorders

2.1.119. According to the concept of sexual selection, those characteristics that give males greater access to mates

b. are likely to become more common over successive generations.

2.1.135. People's beliefs about cause-effect relations are called ___________ in cognitive psychology.

b. attributions

21. Which of the following might a person suffering from alcohol withdrawal delirium experience?

b. auditory hallucinations

Chris is a painfully shy 24-year-old woman who usually stays at home and rarely interacts with others outside of her immediate family. At work she stays away from other people, preferring to remain in the stock room as often as possible. She rarely initiates conversations at work or at home. Chris seems to exhibit __________ personality disorder.

b. avoidant

The personality disorder in which individuals are fearful of any involvement with other people and are afraid of being publicly embarrassed is referred to as __________ personality disorder.

b. avoidant

3.1.113. The authors of your text express their strong belief that the choice of treatment should

b. be determined by the client's problems.

As a forensic psychologist working for a federal prison system, you have been asked to design a treatment for antisocial personality disorder. You are aware that most programs have limited success at best, but you also know that there are some positive findings with regard to

b. behavioral programs originally designed for the treatment of deviant sexual crimes.

1.1.33. The DSM definition of mental disorder excludes which of the following?

b. beliefs and actions shared by a religious group

10.1.5. The chief characteristic of bulimia nervosa is

b. binge eating.

5.1.23. Henry has a serious episode of depression that is diagnosed as major depressive disorder. A year later he experiences an episode of mania. What is his diagnosis after this event?

b. bipolar I disorder

5.1.24. For several years, Greg has experienced alternating episodes of very severe depression and episodes of hypomania. What is the most appropriate DSM diagnosis?

b. bipolar II disorder

5.1.71. Which of the following lists mood disorders from the one with the highest degree of heritability to the one with the smallest degree of heritability?

b. bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymia

1.1.56. Which disorder is about equally common in men and women in the United States?

b. bipolar mood disorder

5.1.6. Robert has just experienced an episode of mania. Which diagnostic label best describes his condition?

b. bipolar mood disorder

5.1.104. Deliberate self harm is listed in DSM-5 as one of the symptoms of

b. borderline personality disorder.

3.1.37. According to Freudian psychoanalysis it is sufficient to cure mental illness if the therapist were to

b. bring unconscious material into conscious awareness.

2.1.26. According to Sigmund Freud, how does a boy resolve forbidden sexual desire for his mother?

b. by identifying with his father

1.1.82. One specific difference between psychiatrists and psychologists is that psychiatrists

b. can prescribe medication.

1.1.69. Which of the following is the correct listing of the disease burden associated with the top three illness categories?

b. cardiovascular conditions, all mental disorders, all malignant diseases (cancer)

6.1.70. A patient with panic disorder tends to interpret the rapid beating of his heart as a heart attack; a cognitive psychologist would call this

b. catastrophic misinterpretation.

26. Tania suffers from schizophrenia, and hospital staff have observed that she has been purposelessly pacing back and forth and rubbing her hands together in a special pattern for several hours. Tania is exhibiting

b. catatonic behavior.

3.1.68. If a cognitive therapist trained by Beck were treating Frances, whose depression was presented in your text, the therapist would probably

b. challenge her tendency to blame herself.

3.1.28. When you walk into your next class you see the term "psychotropic medications" written on the blackboard. You never know when such information might come in handy, so you look it up and find that it refers to

b. chemical substances that affect our psychological state.

3.1.59. Systematic desensitization is based on the principles of

b. classical conditioning.

95. Mabel is taking an antipsychotic to treat her schizophrenia. Which of the following drugs would be expected to cause Mabel to gain the most weight?

b. clozapine (Clozaril)

103. A comprehensive, integrated program aimed at the improvement of the cognitive abilities of schizophrenic patients, including those that are concerned with social cognition and performance on laboratory tasks, such as attention, working memory, and problem solving, is known as

b. cognitive enhancement therapy.

5.1.82. Some clinicians have argued that mental disorders cannot be studied using laboratory animals as subjects, because

b. cognitive symptoms cannot be measured in animals.

3.1.51. Which therapy emphasizes empirical evaluation and the application of psychological science to treating clinical problems?

b. cognitive-behavior therapy

3.1.11. At a retreat for therapists, the group leader decides to use a few warm-up exercises to help everyone get to know each other. She says, "I want all of the therapists who view their roles as active and directive in the back of the room." When she looks at the back of the room she finds that most of the people back there follow which treatment approaches?

b. cognitive-behavioral and biological

3.1.10. These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably

b. cognitive-behavioral.

2.1.109. In twin studies the key comparison involves determining how many pairs of twins either have the same disorder or are free of the disorder this involves the calculation of

b. concordance rates.

2.1.32. Ivan Pavlov rang a bell every time he fed meat powder to dogs. After repeated trials, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the bell, even if there was no food in sight. According to Pavlov, the dogs' salivation in the absence of food, following the ringing of the bell, is called the

b. conditioned response.

2.1.143. What two relationship problems have researchers found that are associated with various mental disorders?

b. conflict and anger

10.1.57. Compared to families of individuals with anorexia nervosa, which of the following are you more likely to find in families of individuals with bulimia nervosa?

b. conflict and rejection

8.1.44. What are two critical components that allow humans to better cope with stressful events?

b. control and predictability

Which personality disorder is characterized by a fear of separation from others who are looked to for advice and reassurance?

b. dependent

7.1.11. Marjorie has just experienced a traumatic event; she is feeling cut off from herself and her environment and reports feeling like a robot. A mental health professional would say that Marjorie is experiencing

b. depersonalization.

10.1.24. People diagnosed with anorexia who do not also binge eat or purge are generally less __________, when compared to those who exhibit these symptoms.

b. depressed

Which disorder commonly occurs with borderline personality disorder?

b. depression

10.1.25. Which of these are likely to be comorbid with anorexia nervosa?

b. depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder

3.1.67. Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy was developed specifically as a treatment for

b. depression.

1. What was the major contribution made by William Masters and Virginia Johnson?

b. describing the human sexual response cycle

6.1.33. DSM-5 approach to classifying anxiety disorders is based primarily on

b. descriptive features of each disorder.

26. Identifying the boundaries for defining premature ejaculation has been problematic for clinicians. What is the preferred way to address this difficulty?

b. determine if orgasm occurs before the person wishes it

8.1.9. Which of the following is LEAST likely to take place in a behavioral medicine clinic?

b. dialysis for patients with renal failure

1.1.28. Conditions like albinism or fused toes are physical dysfunctions but would not be regarded as mental disorders because they

b. do not cause any harm.

Generally, personality disorders tend to be ego-syntonic in nature, which means that people with personality disorders

b. do not see their disorders as problems.

75. In the absence of other etiological factors for alcohol use disorder, being raised by an alcoholic parent

b. does not appear to be a critical consideration in the development of the disorder.

2.1.78. Which of the following neurotransmitters was first implicated in the development of schizophrenia?

b. dopamine

70. One of the first neurochemical theories of schizophrenia focused on altered activity of which of the following systems?

b. dopamine

77. Scientists who study the biological basis of addiction have devoted considerable attention to understanding the rewarding properties of drugs. Much of this attention has focused on

b. dopamine.

86. The identification of deficits in working memory is particularly interesting with regard to schizophrenia because it links to other evidence regarding brain functions and this disorder. Processes that are associated with central executive processing are associated with brain activity located in the ________ area of the prefrontal cortex that seems to be dysfunctional in schizophrenia.

b. dorsolateral

5.1.76. You are running a clinical trial on a method of stimulating regions of the brain in order to relieve symptoms of depression. Given the evidence that underacting in this region is associated with depression, you decide to start clinical trials in the

b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

82. Traditional learning theory has held that people drink because

b. drinking is reinforced by stress reduction.

14. Which of the following is an example of psychological dependence on alcohol?

b. drinking to relieve negative moods

5.1.21. For the past two years, Nick has experienced poor appetite, insomnia, fatigue, and several other symptoms. These symptoms have kept him from feeling happy, and yet they do not indicate a major depressive episode. When assessing Nick, what disorder is the psychologist most likely to consider?

b. dysthymia

2.1.24. According to Freudian theory, the reality principle is the framework of operation for the

b. ego.

The pattern associated with a personality disorder must be evident in two or more specific domains that include

b. emotional responses.

1.1.51. In a nearby town, two people had anxiety disorders in the past but not now. Three people developed anxiety disorders four or five years ago, and continue to have an anxiety disorder now. Six people developed anxiety disorders this year and continue to be so diagnosed. Which of the following might an epidemiologist write in her report concerning the rate of mental disorders in this community?

b. incidence (this year) = 6

1.1.106. Over the course of the 1800s the number of mental hospitals in the United States and the number of patients in those hospitals

b. increased dramatically.

2.1.40. Though easily confused, negative reinforcement and punishment are quite different. With negative reinforcement, behavior __________ when the aversive stimulus is ____________, and with punishment, behavior __________ when the aversive stimulus is ____________.

b. increases removed decreases introduced

67. Another common term for exhibitionism is

b. indecent exposure.

2.1.106. What is another name for a proband?

b. index case

People diagnosed with a personality disorder exhibit behavior that is described as

b. inflexible and pervasive.

43. The abuse of alcohol and other drugs can lead to

b. inhibited orgasm in both men and women.

25. The condition in women that is characterized by sexual desire that is not accompanied by physiological responses necessary to achieve intercourse, such as vaginal lubrication, is known as

b. inhibited sexual arousal.

5.1.88. How do SSRI drugs produce their antidepressant effect?

b. inhibiting reuptake of serotonin

6.1.60. What type of attachment has been reported to be associated with the development of agoraphobia?

b. insecure

1.1.18. If a person with an abnormal behavior is unable to or unwilling to appreciate the extent of their problem or the impact it had on other people, what would psychologists say that person lacked?

b. insight

3.1.98. Which of the following did Jerome Frank see as essential to the process of the persuasion that he suggested was an essential part of therapy?

b. instilling hope

6.1.88. Pamela experiences frequent unexpected panic attacks. A treatment that could help her to reduce her fear of bodily sensations that seem to trigger her panic attacks would be

b. interoceptive exposure.

6.1.35. A differential diagnosis between social and specific phobia is a bit tricky. You need to look for the most important difference between social phobia and specific phobia, which is that social phobia

b. involves both the element of performance and interpersonal interactions.

3.1.110. Many prevention programs in the field of mental health face an insurmountable obstacle in the field's

b. lack of a specific understanding of the cause of most mental disorders.

10.1.30. In the middle of an episode of binge eating, how is a woman likely to describe how she feels?

b. lacking control

2.1.86. Which region of the brain plays a key role in regulating emotion?

b. limbic system

6.1.44. Research on the long-term outcomes for people experiencing anxiety disorders indicates that

b. long-term outcomes tend to be quite mixed and unpredictable.

5.1.62. Some research evidence suggests that persons who show a ruminative style by writing in a diary or talking extensively with friends about their depressed moods show

b. longer and more severe depressed moods.

8.1.86. Which of the following situational traits would describe a job with the highest level of stress?

b. low decisional control with high psychological demands

6.1.42. In the theoretical debate around the nature of anxiety disorders, those who suggest that all anxiety disorders should be seen as the same disorder are sometimes referred to as

b. lumpers.

1.1.55. Based on the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) Study, which disorder has the highest lifetime prevalence in the United States?

b. major depression

8.1.18. Cannon observed that the fight-or-flight response is

b. maladaptive to modern day stress.

93. For patients with schizophrenia being treated with antipsychotic drugs, the real-world rates of relapse are significantly higher than best-case rates because

b. many patients stop taking their medication to avoid unpleasant side effects.

101. Comprehensive reviews of the research literature regarding treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse tell us that

b. many people improve for a while, but relapse is common.

2.1.149. Race and poverty are closely linked to

b. marital status.

7.1.32. When people with PTSD are able to integrate the experience of trauma and find some broader reason or higher value for enduring it, they are engaging in the task of

b. meaning making.

28. An operational definition is based on

b. measurable characteristics of a phenomenon.

1.1.46. What was the focus of the underlying dysfunction in the case of Mary's bingeing-purging-eating disorder?

b. mechanisms that regulate appetite

2.1.30. The authors of your text view Freud's ideas as

b. metaphors.

69. The current emphasis on using brain imaging procedures with patients suffering from schizophrenia is based on the belief that such procedures

b. might help identify the neuropathology that causes schizophrenia.

25. Catatonic behavior refers to disturbances in

b. motor function.

94. Extrapyramidal symptoms, common side effects of traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia, are disturbances in

b. motor functions.

5.1.45. You are given the topic of age and mood disorders for a term paper in abnormal psychology and instructed to write the paper in the format of a newspaper report for the general public. Which of the following titles would be the best choice?

c. "High Rates of Depression in the Elderly: Correcting a Myth"

10.1.18. Agnes, who suffers from anorexia, is dangerously thin but has been steadfastly refusing to eat enough to gain weight. If Agnes could honestly explain to you why she doesn't eat, what would she probably say?

c. "I am intensely afraid of becoming fat."

1.1.105. How might a practitioner of moral treatment describe this approach?

c. "Providing a humane and relaxed environment would bring about positive changes."

10.1.79. Paula suffers from bulimia nervosa and is considering treatment with an antidepressant medication. Knowing that you have been studying this issue, she asks your opinion. What should you tell her?

c. "Relapse is common when medication is stopped."

2.1.127. What acronym will help you remember the "big five" dimensions of temperament?

c. OCEAN

In studies of community-based samples of adults, the overall lifetime prevalence rate for at least one personality disorder of any type is approximately

c. 10 percent.

10.1.6. For both anorexia and bulimia, the rate of occurrence in females compared to in males is about

c. 10 to 1.

65. According the National Comorbidity Study, the lifetime prevalence of nicotine dependence is approximately ______ percent.

c. 24

10.1.12. The average victim of anorexia nervosa is ____ percent below normal body weight.

c. 25

61. According to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, the lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse is approximately what percentage of the general population?

c. 30

7.1.20. A recent study found that ____ percent of rape survivors had thoughts of suicide?

c. 33

6.1.100. Approximately what percentage of patients who have used a benzodiazepine for more than six months will experience withdrawal effects if they discontinue use of the drug?

c. 40 percent

10.1.8. A national survey found that almost _____ percent of American women have a negative body image, particularly concerning their waists, hips, and/or thighs.

c. 50

6.1.50. One study found that ___ percent of people who met the criteria for one anxiety disorder also met the criteria for at least one other form of anxiety disorder or mood disorder.

c. 50

5.1.70. What is the estimated heritability for depressive disorder?

c. 50 percent

73. What is the estimated heritability of serious alcohol-related problems?

c. 66 percent

56. A research report refers to the "spectrum of schizophrenia disorders." Which of the following best illustrates this concept?

c. A family with a member suffering from schizophrenia is at higher risk for disorders such as schizoaffective disorder.

69. Which of the following represents a case of voyeurism?

c. A man uses binoculars to watch his neighbors undress.

3.1.22. Agnes has been recently diagnosed as suffering a particularly severe form of depression. She was admitted to the hospital and given the typical recommended electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment. What will her medical chart reveal about her treatment?

c. A series of 6 to 12 ECT sessions was given over a few weeks.

1.1.115. While searching through old records of patients at the mental hospital you come across one with a notation "Lobotomy performed on 2/3/52." Because you are not sure what this means, you ask the staff. What are they likely to tell you?

c. A surgical procedure cut nerve tracts between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain.

3.1.41. Which of the following best exemplifies the psychoanalytic idea of countertransference?

c. A therapist begins to feel angry with the patient.

6.1.19. Which of the following situations is most likely to be associated with the development of a panic attack?

c. Al misinterpreted a sudden increase in his heart rate as evidence of a heart attack.

6.1.17. Which of the following statements about panic attacks is true?

c. Panic attacks are sometimes cued, sometimes unexpected.

2.1.69. Once information within a neuron has been transmitted to the dendrites and cell body, what is next in its path?

c. Axon

10.1.81. A cognitive psychologist is proposing a study of the effectiveness of several forms of therapy for treating anorexia nervosa. She sends her proposal to the ethics committee for review. Although the committee approves the proposal from an ethics standpoint, one of the committee members writes her a note saying, "Be aware of the allegiance effect." What will this note mean to the psychologist in regard to her proposal?

c. Because she is a cognitive therapist she is more likely to find that form of therapy to be the most successful.

10.1.50. Although it is certainly an unusual source of data for researchers, some have looked at Playboy centerfolds and Miss America Beauty pageant contestants. How is this research relevant to eating disorders?

c. Between 1959 and 1988, their ratio of weight to height for these groups declined dramatically.

__________ personality disorder has a relatively high recovery rate following early detection and therapy.

c. Borderline

52. Mindy was just arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Why would we not necessarily diagnose Mindy with an alcohol use disorder?

c. DSM requires a recurrent pattern of problematic use.

1.1.30. Which publication contains the official criteria for diagnosing mental disorders?

c. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

6.1.13. According to the DSM, which of the following questions would be most useful in distinguishing a panic attack from anxiety?

c. Do your symptoms reach peak intensity within 10 minutes?

80. Which of the following conclusions about expressed emotion (EE) is most accurate?

c. EE is a better predictor of outcome for mood and eating disorders than it is for schizophrenia.

35. Adrian, a graduate student, is learning to use DSM-5 and is surprised to find that there are no official subtypes of schizophrenia given, even though he remembers seeing them in previous DSM versions. Which of the following statements is true regarding this discrepancy?

c. Evidence has shown that the previous subtypes were not qualitatively different disorders.

What did Cohen and colleagues find when they surveyed adolescents to study the prevalence of personality disorders?

c. Fewer than half the adolescents who originally met the diagnostic criteria still met the same criteria two years later.

6.1.83. An inhibitory neurotransmitter that functions to reduce levels of anxiety is called

c. GABA.

5.1.72. A study by Kendler and his colleagues involving twins was designed to investigate the etiology of depression. What was one of the major conclusions?

c. Genetic factors seem to influence the effect the environment may have on depression.

7.1.28. What do the results from the study of twins who served in Vietnam suggest in regard to the biological factors in the cause of PTSD?

c. Genetic factors were most significant in accounting for arousal/anxiety symptoms.

6.1.38. Tim has been worried about his grades for more than three months. After hearing about the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, he becomes convinced that he has the disorder himself. After seeing a mental health professional, what is he told?

c. He does not meet the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder in terms of length of time and number of worries.

1.1.9. Why did the staff at the psychiatric hospital give Kevin Warner injections of antipsychotic medication?

c. He only pretended to take the pills because he believed people were trying to poison him.

6.1.25. What motivated Ed, in the case presented in your text, to rush to the mailbox and tear open an envelope containing a form that he had just completed?

c. He thought his writing of a particular letter would be associated with the strangulation of his wife.

89. What do research results tell us about the effectiveness of psychological treatments for sexual offenders?

c. In general, treatment is not very successful.

The description of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in DSM‑III was made more reliable by focusing on observable behaviors, such as failure to conform to social norms. What aspect of this change was criticized?

c. It blurred the distinction between criminality and ASPD.

20. When a heavy drinker stops drinking alcohol, what happens to his biological system that causes withdrawal symptoms?

c. It rebounds after functioning in a chronically depressed state.

1.1.114. What was the rationale for deliberately injecting mentally ill patients with malaria?

c. It was a desperate attempt to shock the afflicted individual's system back to normality.

2.1.20. Both Jean Charcot and Sigmund Freud focused on a disorder called hysteria. Which of the following patients is most likely to have received this diagnosis from these two well-known clinicians?

c. Laura, whose "blindness" has no organic explanation

Which of the following is a frequent complaint about the categorical approach to diagnosis in DSM-5 that could be addressed by a dimensional approach?

c. Many patients meet the criteria for more than one diagnosis.

1.1.47. Compared to Kevin Warner, Mary Childress was much more acutely aware of her disorder this tells us that

c. Mary probably experiences more distress than Kevin.

3.1.4. Which of the following best describes the evidence for how many people receive psychological help out of all those who need it?

c. Most people will not receive help.

5.1.35. Which of these individuals is at the average age for the onset of depressive disorder?

c. Sally, who is 32 years old

10.1.11. In the case of Serrita, whose struggle with anorexia is described in your textbook, what was her attitude about her condition that is common to many diagnosed with anorexia?

c. She denied that she was too thin.

2.1.14. What type of bacteria was discovered to cause syphilis?

c. Spirochete

6.1.57. What conclusion was reached by researchers studying the relationship between stressful life events and anxiety/depressive disorders?

c. Stressful events frequently precede the development of both anxiety and depressive disorders.

5.1.110. The city council is considering funding a suicide hotline, and they ask you to review the literature on the topic. What will your report tell the council?

c. Suicide rates do not differ between communities with and without suicide prevention programs.

41. What is the most common active ingredient in marijuana?

c. THC

7.1.55. The famous case study by Thigpen and Cleckley (1957) that started the public's fascination with the idea of multiple personality disorder, now called dissociative identity disorder, became a book and movie called

c. The Three Faces of Eve.

6.1.27. After studying her patients' compulsions, what is a clinician most likely to conclude about their effects?

c. The compulsions reduce anxiety, but do not increase pleasure.

1.1.120. Which of the following is the equivalent in the legal system of failing to reject the null hypothesis?

c. The defendant is not guilty although he is not necessarily innocent.

3.1.27. What is the major effect of antipsychotic medications given to people who do not suffer from schizophrenia?

c. The drugs send them into a long, groggy sleep.

3.1.42. In psychoanalytic therapy, what is supposed to happen to a patient's defenses?

c. The healthier ones should be strengthened.

1.1.76. An epidemiologist conducts a comparison of the incidence of bulimia nervosa in various groups. The data can be categorized in many ways. After analyzing the data, what is the epidemiologist likely to say her findings reveal?

c. The incidence is much higher among university women than among working women.

1.1.71. Which of the following is the most accurate situation in the United States?

c. The incidence of bulimia is higher among university women and it is more common in younger women.

The class is reading a case history of an individual whose reaction to the death of a loved one is described. The individual writes that he hears the voice of a dead relative. The class is asked for a diagnosis, and everyone agrees this is an example of dysfunctional behavior. However, when the instructor disagrees, everyone is puzzled. What aspect of this case history could have led the instructor to his opinion?

c. The individual is a Native American, and in their culture, they expect to hear from the spirits of dead relatives.

7.1.62. Not all psychologists agree that dissociative identity disorder is a psychological disorder. What is the most commonly asserted alternative hypothesis used to explain behavior described as "dissociative identity disorder"?

c. The patient responds to expectations by role playing.

2.1.54. Assume that variables X and Y are significantly correlated the concept of reverse causality tells us that

c. X might cause Y or Y might cause X.

9. What point concerning sexual problems was highlighted by the case of Bill and Margaret described in your textbook?

c. The thoughts people have about the meaning of sexual behavior are extremely important.

6.1.72. According to cognitive models of anxiety, such as Borkovec, Alcaine and Behar's model, why do people continue to worry despite the fact that it is unproductive?

c. The worry is reinforced by a temporary reduction in uncomfortable physiological sensations.

1.1.34. Why were the actions of the Yippie Party not considered dysfunctional?

c. Their actions were considered intentional political gestures.

6.1.59. Which of the following best describes the connection between particular forms of adverse environmental events and specific types of mental disorder?

c. There does not seem to be any direct connection.

7.1.84. When faced with the results of medical tests that indicate that their symptoms have no medical cause, what is the typical response of individuals with illness anxiety disorder?

c. They accept the results, but worry that the tests are wrong.

Which is a hypothesis put forward to explain the reduced startle response of psychopaths when presented with fear-inducing stimuli?

c. They are emotionally impoverished.

22. After gathering data on the typical individuals who seek treatment for hypoactive sexual desire, how will researchers describe these individuals?

c. They are likely to have other mental and medical disorders.

7.1.10. A psychologist wants to collect some information from individuals who have been diagnosed as suffering either acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. Which of the following could provide the best indication of the presence of certain symptoms in these individuals?

c. They are videotaped as they wait to be interviewed and react to an expected loud noise.

7.1.74. What do dissociative and somatic symptom disorders have in common?

c. They both involve a degree of dissociation.

Why is it thought that children with a difficult temperament are more likely to end up showing life-course-persistent antisocial behavior?

c. They evoke maladaptive reactions from their parents.

46. What did Bach and his colleagues find concerning sexual dysfunction in men?

c. They experienced negative emotions when aroused in the presence of erotic stimuli.

6.1.103. At a meeting of psychiatrists, you see a sign for a session titled "Antidepressant drugs: Not just for depression." A summary of the session indicates that the speaker will outline how selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can be used in treating anxiety disorders. What are some reasons for using these drugs instead of antianxiety drugs?

c. They have fewer side effects and are safer to use.

What have family studies of the first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients revealed about these individuals?

c. They have higher than average rates of schizotypal personality disorder.

7.1.107. According to the social view of the etiology of somatic symptom disorders, these disorders are more common in nonindustrial societies and among the poorly educated in the United States. Why do people in these communities tend to develop these disorders?

c. They learn to express emotions as physical symptoms.

72. What can be concluded regarding the long-term effects of those who have been victims of early child sexual abuse?

c. They might not necessarily suffer any pervasive or intense negative consequences.

7.1.44. Why are studies that seem to demonstrate the phenomenon of implicit memory important?

c. They represent a research technique that enables scientists to study unconscious processes.

What common thread runs through paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders?

c. They sometimes precede the onset of full-blown schizophrenia.

2.1.44. Who is the historian and philosopher who has written about the nature of paradigms?

c. Thomas Kuhn

A psychologist is describing the different personality disorders. When she comes to avoidant and schizoid personality disorders, the students look puzzled. How will she distinguish these two personality disorders?

c. Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality disorder want to be liked by others but are afraid of even minimal signs of disapproval.

Tom's case, as described in your textbook, illustrates which of the following characteristics of personality disorders that would allow a clinician to differentiate his disorder from other disorders that are more episodic in nature?

c. Tom's problems began early and were exhibited consistently over an extended period of time.

100. At the mental health center, a young man will begin what is called motivational interviewing. What can this man expect during the session that will follow?

c. Using a nonconfrontational approach, an interviewer will help him to resolve his ambivalence about using drugs and to make a definite commitment to change.

7.1.97. Under what circumstances is a physical complaint assumed to be part of a somatic symptom disorder?

c. Various known physical causes are ruled out.

2.1.84. In patients with schizophrenia, what two parts of the brain are larger than normal?

c. Ventricles and planum temporale

3.1.25. What was one of the severe side effects of prefrontal lobotomies?

d. absence of emotional responsiveness

1.1.1. A magazine reporter wants to write a story describing the occurrence of mental disorders in the United States. She needs a title that captures the findings of a national survey completed several years ago. Which of the following would be the best title?

d. "At Least Two out of Every Four Americans Experience a Serious Form of Abnormal Behavior at Some Point in Their Life"

10.1.68. Ann suffers from bulimia and has been gaining weight. Her parents are concerned and have been encouraging her to go on a diet. What would you tell her and her parents?

d. "Dieting is likely to contribute directly to subsequent binge eating."

1.1.110. Samuel Woodward of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital is getting ready to write his annual report on the hospital and its patients. Which of the following titles would most accurately reflect the body of that report?

d. "High Rates of Successful Treatment of Insanity"

99. Rebecca is trying to recover from alcoholism. Her therapist is attempting to help her reduce the abstinence violation effect. This is a problem for Rebecca because as soon as she has even a small drink, she thinks,

d. "I've messed up; I may as well go ahead and get drunk."

1.1.16. While you and your friends are watching a movie, one of the characters says, "That's an example of insanity" in reference to another character. Because you are taking a course in abnormal psychology, everyone turns to you. What do you say about the term "insanity"?

d. "Insanity is a legal term that refers to judgments about whether a person should be held responsible for criminal behavior."

10.1.2. During a lecture on eating disorders, the lecturer tells the audience, "Let's be candid, anorexia is a misnomer." Most of the people around you are puzzled until the expert explains. What does she say?

d. "The term anorexia means 'loss of appetite,' but people with this disorder are actually hungry."

6.1.11. Worriers are preoccupied with _______ rather than unpleasant visual images.

d. "self talk"

5.1.47. The rate of depression in women is about what percentage of the rate for men?

d. 200 percent

8. How long does the resolution phase last?

d. 30 minutes or longer

90. After patients recover from acute psychotic episodes and are receiving antipsychotic medications, there is a high probability that they will have another episode if they discontinue their medication. According to your textbook, _____ percent of patients have a relapse in the first year after hospital discharge.

d. 65-70

What percent of people who qualify for a personality disorder diagnosis also meet criteria for a syndrome such as major depression, substance dependence, or an anxiety disorder?

d. 75

5.1.12. Which of the following is an important consideration in distinguishing clinical depression from normal sadness?

d. A clinical mood change is usually accompanied by a cluster of additional signs and symptoms.

What two factors are combined to measure disease burden

mortality and disability

55. Leonard Heston conducted an adoption study of the possible causes of schizophrenia. What was the major finding in his study?

d. Adopted children whose birth mothers were schizophrenic developed schizophrenia at a higher rate than did children born to normal mothers.

74. Which of the following seems to fit the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia?

d. Alan, who has never molested any children but spends most of his day fantasizing about such contacts, which has made it impossible for him to date women his age

3.1.99. What interesting finding has emerged from the analysis of tapes of therapy sessions conducted by Carl Rogers?

d. Although he advocated a nondirective approach, he as subtly directive by empathizing with some client statements but not others.

1.1.67. What has research on disease burden found concerning the relative impact of medical illnesses and mental disorders?

d. Although mental disorders account for a small number of deaths, they are a significant cause of disease burden.

62. Which of these individuals would most clearly fit the DSM diagnostic criteria for transvestic disorder?

d. Barry, a heterosexual, who dresses in women's clothing for the purpose of sexual arousal

8.1.96. ________ uses laboratory equipment to monitor physical processes that are usually outside of awareness.

d. Biofeedback

5.1.44. You are asked to consult about a patient who may be depressed. What you notice is that the focus of his symptoms is mostly somatic: on headaches, sleep disorder, and lack of energy. You ask if this patient happens to be from __________ the country where these symptoms are more generally seen in depression.

d. China

6.1.58. According to John Bowlby's research on agoraphobia in 1973 and in 1980, which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for the onset of this disorder?

d. Christine, who has had an increase in the number of serious arguments with her parents

72. What have researchers concluded from research on the concordance rates of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins?

d. Concordance rates suggest a role for genetics, and higher concordance rates among males reflect the higher prevalence of alcoholism among males.

5.1.43. What do cross‑cultural studies of psychopathology suggest concerning depression?

d. Depression is a universal phenomenon that may be expressed differently depending on cultural factors.

13. What was one of Alfred Kinsey's conclusions based on interviews with 18,000 men and women between 1938 and 1956?

d. Distinctions among sexual orientations were essentially meaningless.

10.1.67. ___________ ,or a negative mood state, commonly triggers episodes of binge eating according to Vogele and Gibson.

d. Dysphoria

29. The term "schizophrenia" was coined by

d. Eugen Bleuler.

49. What evidence led developers of DSM-5 to remove the distinction between substance abuse and substance dependence?

d. Evidence suggests dependence and abuse are not clearly distinct forms of disorder.

64. Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in masochistic sexual activity?

d. Gary, who is highly educated and whose social activities are often described in the social column of the newspaper

24. A client was recently diagnosed as having erectile dysfunction. What would you conclude about this man?

d. He may be subjectively aroused, but blood does not flow to his penis.

1.1.39. What is the history of the "diagnosis" homosexuality in the DSM?

d. Homosexuality was a diagnosis in the first two editions of the DSM, taken out for the third edition, and has never been reintroduced.

6.1.102. Why do some psychiatrists prefer imipramine to antianxiety drugs for the treatment of panic disorder?

d. It is less likely to lead to dependence.

33. What can we conclude about the epidemiology of dyspareunia?

d. It is much more common in women.

2.1.111. In a study of twins, a researcher finds that 40 percent of dizygotic (DZ) twins and 40 percent of monozygotic (MZ) twins share a trait. What is the researcher most likely to conclude about the trait?

d. It is not genetically determined.

92. A relative was admitted to the hospital and given doses of naltrexone for problems related to alcohol. How will this drug affect the man?

d. It will decrease the level of endogenous opioids.

3.1.47. The theorist who elevated the need for warm, close relationships to the status of a basic human need was

d. John Bowlby.

7.1.87. Which of these people is most likely to receive the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder?

d. Kevin, who imagines he has a serious defect in his physical appearance

10.1.76. The most widely studied form of family therapy for eating disorders involves parents initially taking complete control over the child's eating. Age-appropriate autonomy is returned to the child as eating improves. This system is called the

d. Maudsley method.

10.1.26. Terrell will do almost anything for extra credit. He sees a sign recruiting participants for research on eating. When he inquires, he is told the study involves semi-starvation. He is a bit leery now, so he heads over to the library to read up on the topic. What he finds persuades him to look for other ways to earn extra credit. What did he find?

d. Participants are likely to develop obsessions and compulsions concerning food that continue after they return to their normal weight.

8.1.58. DSM-5 classifies stress related to physical illness as

d. Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions.

In laboratory studies, individuals are asked to learn a sequence of responses in order to receive a reward or punishment. How do the responses of psychopaths compare to the responses of normal control groups?

d. Psychopaths do not seem to be affected by the anticipated punishment.

3.1.89. Which of the following describes allegiance effects in psychotherapy?

d. Psychotherapy researchers tend to find evdence that their preferred form of therapy is more effective than other forms.

6.1.101. Which of the following drugs is the first-line treatment for panic disorder and social anxiety?

d. SSRIs

2.1.72. What two chemical compounds are known to be particularly important neurotransmitters in the brain?

d. Serotonin and dopamine

3.1.85. Your friend told you that she was a member of the placebo group in a recently completed study of a new drug. What is your friend likely to have experienced?

d. She received a tratment not thought to be specifically effective in treating her disorder.

7.1.102. What is one of the major findings of research on memory and retrospective reports?

d. Specific memories are more reliable than global memories.

8.1.3. Which of the following is an accurate description of the relationship between stress and illness, according to DSM-5?

d. Stress plays a role in the onset or exacerbation of all physical illnesses, from a cold to AIDS.

63. Ted dreams and daydreams about being humiliated during sexual encounters. He finds the fantasies to be quite arousing. If Ted experiences subjective distress or interpersonal difficulty as a result of these daydreams, what diagnosis would be made in his case?

d. Ted would qualify for the diagnosis of sexual masochism.

7.1.56. Which of the following individuals is going through a depersonalization experience?

d. Terry, who has the sensation of floating above her body

46. Two patients are in the local mental hospital: one is diagnosed with delusional disorder and the other with schizophrenia. What is the major difference between these two patients?

d. The behavior of the patient with delusional disorder is not bizarre, and other than in areas related to his delusions, he experiences no social or occupational impairment.

3.1.79. How does the effect size (listed in your text as standard deviation units) of psychotherapy compare to the effect size of the use of chemotherapy in reducing the mortality associated with breast cancer?

d. The effect size for psychotherapy is larger.

7.1.79. Alice has lost sensitivity to pain only on the left side of her face. Why is it reasonable to suspect that Alice suffers from conversion disorder?

d. The nerves involved in pain sensation do not divide the face neatly in half.

6.1.41. What is an essential element of the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

d. The person tries to ignore, suppress, or neutralize the unwanted thoughts or impulses.

At a conference, a researcher reports prevalence rates for personality disorders. Several audience members conclude that these figures are lower than those reported in the literature. During a question-and-answer period, which of the following is likely to be viewed as a reason for this discrepancy?

d. The researcher used self-report instruments to estimate the prevalence of disorders seen in people with little awareness of their behavior.

7.1.80. If a patient with somatic symptom disorder is described as presenting symptoms in a histrionic manner what has the clinician concluded?

d. The symptoms were presented in a vague but seductive and dramatic manner.

2.1.108. As more genes are involved in determining a trait, what happens to the distribution of the trait in the general population?

d. The trait tends to be distributed as a normal distribution.

What is one criticism of the DSM classification of personality disorders as discrete categories rather than dimensional traits?

d. There are a lot of people with serious personality problems who do not fit the official DSM-5 subtypes.

1.1.81. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the specialized training needed to prepare people to provide professional assistance to those who suffer from mental disorders?

d. There are many forms of appropriate specialized training available.

10.1.52. Your friend is a whiz when it comes to maps. He decides to create a computerized map showing the countries where eating disorders are likely to occur. He asks you for assistance in creating this visual image. What will you tell him?

d. These disorders occur almost exclusively in North America, Europe, and industrialized Asian countries.

7.1.42. What is the view of contemporary psychology regarding unconscious processes?

d. These processes play a role in both normal and abnormal emotion and cognition.

What similarity would you expect to find in the behaviors of a person with dependent personality disorder and a person with avoidant personality disorder?

d. They are easily hurt by criticism.

7.1.72. What aspect of somatic symptom disorders make them different from medical disorders?

d. They cannot be explained by a known organic cause.

What characteristics of patients with borderline personality disorder make it especially difficult to treat them with psychotherapy?

d. They don't easily form relationships with their therapists.

6.1.4. According to the case study of the writer presented in your textbook, why would individuals with agoraphobia feel terrified of crowds?

d. They fear not being able to escape.

5.1.41. A report in the newspaper describes the common epidemiological finding that the rate of depression is higher among women than among men. How have researchers evaluated the validity of this finding?

d. This gender difference exists, but it cannot be explained by methodological or sampling differences.

7.1.92. Which of these individuals is most likely to suffer from somatic symptom disorder?

d. Twenty-two-year-old Mary, who is from a lower socioeconomic background and has eight years of education

7.1.18. Which of the following is a description of what has been termed secondary victimization in cases of rape?

d. Various professionals exhibit a degree of insensitivity to rape victims.

8.1.46. While walking through an abandoned area of town, you hear a deafening alarm sounding from an empty warehouse. Under which condition is this situation most likely to be stressful?

d. You think you could stop the alarm if you could reach it, but you can't reach it.

10.1.61. Which of the following findings seems to support Hilde Bruch's view of the etiology of eating disorders?

d. Young women with eating disorders tend to set unrealistic, perfectionistic goals.

2.1.100. Your neighbor is a behavior geneticist. When you ask her to describe her discipline, what is she likely to say?

d. a broad approach that studies genetic influences on behavior

Temperament refers to

d. a characteristic style of relating to the world.

40. People who stop taking relatively high doses of benzodiazepines can experience an abrupt return of the original anxiety they were using the drugs to suppress. This is called

d. a discontinuance syndrome.

3. DSM-5 defines substance use disorders in terms of

d. a maladaptive pattern of behaviors.

8.1.69. Stress is linked with ________ HIV.

d. a more rapid progression of

6.1.76. The episodic nature of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms is thought to be related to

d. a rebound from attempts to suppress strong emotion.

7.1.45. Some psychologists do not see hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness. How are they likely to view being hypnotized?

d. a response to suggestion and expectations

2.1.41. Watson made the very important assumption that all behavior is

d. a result of learning.

6.1.9. Barlow suggests that anxious apprehension involves which of the following?

d. a sense of uncontrollability

3.1.76. What is a meta-analysis?

d. a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies

5.1.55. According to cognitive theories of depression, various types of cognitive errors, or distortions in thinking, are partly responsible for the disorder. Which of the following is one of the cognitive distortions mentioned in your textbook?

d. a tendency to recall selectively events with negative consequences

2.1.31. The cognitive-behavioral paradigm views _______as the product of learning.

d. abnormal behavior

5.1.30. Which of the following sets of symptoms suggests the presence of melancholia?

d. absence of any feelings of pleasure, early morning awakening, and marked psychomotor retardation

7.1.89. Rick walks into the emergency room and asks to see a doctor. He explains that he has a fever, but he does not report that he gave himself an injection of dirty water that is probably responsible for his fever. Without this information, the medical staff cannot determine the cause of Rick's fever, so they admit him for observation. Rick is delighted because he enjoys the "sick role." After numerous tests are run, the staff is still puzzled, so they call for a psychiatric consult. The psychiatrist should consider the diagnosis of __________ disorder.

factitious

Bill worries about a long list of concerns. He finds himself constantly thinking about these topics at work, when he exercises, and as he tries to sleep. He is easily fatigued, can't concentrate, and is often restless. He has been worrying like this for the past year. Bill seems to meet the criteria for the diagnosis of

generalized anxiety disorder

3.1.102. During a couple therapy session with Frances and her husband, the therapist suggests that she has been using "mind reading" again and that it is not helping her in improving communication. Which of the following is an example of what the therapist thinks needs work?

he fails to tell her husband of her wants in the hope that he will just know.

2.1.18. DSM-5 uses the descriptive approach to classify abnormal behavior because experts do not know what causes mental disorders and because it

helps professionals to agree about the presence or absence of an emotional problem.

Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality, attention seeking behavior, and inappropriate seductiveness

histrionic

8.1.67. An instructor asks one of his students to look up AIDS in a medical textbook. To obtain the needed information, the student should read sections on the __________ system.

immune

People diagnosed with a personality disorder exhibit behavior that is described as

inflexible and pervasive

The most likely theories for the cause of mental disorders involve

interactions involving biological, psychological, and social systems

What are compulsions

irrational, repetitive behaviors

2.1.79. Basic bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration are regulated by which region of the brain?

medulla

Jane has been diagnosed with PTSD and has begun seeing a psychotherapist. Which of the following will be the most important strategy for her therapist to employ to achieve long-term benefit?

reexposure to the traumatic event

A return of active symptoms in a person who has recovered from a previous episode

relapse

4. The experience of most schizophrenics may be seen as falling into three phases: prodromal, active, and

residual

2.1.129. In addition to love, joy, surprise, anger, and fear, what other basic emotion has been identified by researchers?

sadness

Which personality disorder is characterized by odd beliefs, thinking, behavior, and appearance?

schizotypal

2.1.116. Which of the following would be a legitimate summary of the role of genes in causing abnormal behavior?

scientists have found the gene or genes responsible for only a few, rare forms of mental disorder.

2.1.10. A physician at a hospital in the late 1800s has read about the disease called general paresis. Which of the following patients is most likely to receive such a diagnosis?

se symptoms include delusions of grandeur and progressive paralysis

39. The families of drugs that include barbiturates and benzodiazepines are also known informally as

sedatives

The activity at the synapse of which of the following is most especially enhanced by medications like Prozac?

serotonin

Which of the following is an example of a somatic symptom of depression

sleeping problems

2.1.118. In evolutionary psychology, which of the following would be a good description of natural selection?

sucessful genetically determined adaptations become more common over successive generations.

Compared to anxiety, a panic attack tends to be

sudden

23. During an interview, a patient suffering from schizophrenia gives answers that seem to be responses to the questions but are entangled in irrelevant details. What term is used to describe this phenomenon?

tangentiality

3.1.17. Mental health professionals who strive to meet the mental health needs of members of various ethnic minority groups need to be sensitive to the challenge of acculturation, which refers to

the process of learning and adopting the cultural patterns of the majority group.

3.1.38. What is the meaning of the term "interpretation" from psychoanalysis?

the therapist shares with patients to help them understand their own behavior

2.1.144. What is the general finding concerning the relationship of marital status and psychopathology?

theres more psychopathology among divorced and never-married people than among married people.

3.1.66. What is the major purpose of Meichenbaum's self-instruction training?

to ssist children in learning to internalize rules of appropriate behavior

3.1.43. Which of the following is most accurate with regard to the outcome research on psychoanalysis?

very little research has been conducted looking at the outcome of this therapy.