Abnormal Psych 2

when the seat belt light in DiDi's car stays on for a few extra seconds, she bursts into tears. She always craves attention and reacts to even the smallest event with an elaborate show of emotion. She probably could receive the diagnosis of:

histrionic personality disorder

prolactin

hormone with low levels of the male sex hormone (testosterone) and either a high or low level of the female sex hormone (estrogen) can lead to low sex drive

The "moral treatment" movement rapidly declined in the late nineteenth century because:

hospitals became underfunded and overcrowded

according to _____, the drive to self-actualize plays an important part in human functioning.

humanist

Behavioral Exposure Techniques PTSD

Have helped reduce specific symptoms, and they have often led to improvements in overall adjustment Some studies indicate that exposure treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with PTSD Suggests to many clinical theorists that exposure of one kind or another should always be part of the treatment picture Flooding, along with relaxation training, helped rid a 31-year-old veteran of frightening flashbacks and nightmares The therapist and veteran first singled out combat scenes that the man had been reexperiencing frequently Then helped the veteran to imagine one of these scenes in great detail and urged him to hold on to the image until his anxiety stopped After each of these flooding exercises, the therapist had the veteran switch to a positive image and led through relaxation exercises

Compare to projective tests, personality inventories:

Have higher validity

A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:

Have up to a 50% chance to have depression again with the next child

One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What could be a potential confound in this study?

Having the drug group be inpatients and the placebo group be outpatients

A therapist listens carefully to a client's words, then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. The hope is that the client will move toward greater self-awareness, MOST likely, the therapist is:

humanistic

the MOST common of the following psychophysiological disorders is

hypertension

which of the following BEST illustrates the interaction of psychosocial and physical factors in the development of a medical condition?

hypertension caused by obesity and constant stress

Emotion identification

identify and express upsetting emotions tied to past events that keep interfering with sexual arousal and enjoyment

A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:

idiographic

which of the following reflects the MOST common obsessive thought

if i touch a doorknob i will be dirty and contaminated

Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs:

immediately, and is short term

Classical Conditioning Shinn et al. 1997 Amygdala PTSD

Heightened amygdala activation may underlie differences in conditioned fear reactions Shinn et al. 1997 Compared Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD PTSD vets had greater blood flow in amygdala when imagining combat related scenes Cannot voluntarily increase reaction in amygdala

An extreme version of dissociative amnesia is called dissociative fugue

Here, persons not only forget their personal identities and details of their past lives but also flee to an entirely different location Their fugue may be brief-a matter of hours or days- and end suddenly In other cases, however, the person may travel far from home, take a new name, and establish a new identity, new relationships, and even a new line of work Tend to end abruptly

Cognitive Therapies Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Here, therapists help their clients to become aware of their streams of thoughts, including their worries, as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind

A client factor that helps result positive treatment outcome is:

High motivation

The polygraph test is suspected of lying when measures of physiological variables such as heart rate and perspiration are:

Higher for test than control questions

a phobic person is taken to a snake handling convention in order to actually confront as part of destination training. this is an example of the ____technique

in vivo

Sociocultural Model

Holds that abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the broad forces that influence an individual.

Biochemical! Bipolar disorder focus on all of the following except:

Hormonal functioning

which of the following aspects of TYPE A personality make a person MOST vulnerable to heart disease?

Hostility and time urgency

A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on:

How prejudice and discrimination impact women.

"That's all right. You are doing your best, don't worry. I am here for you." A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the blank tradition.

Humanistic

A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. The hope is that the client will self-examine with acceptance and honesty. MOST likely, the therapist is:

Humanistic

In the 1960s and 1970s, the social upheaval and soul searching in Western society gave rise to which of the following approaches to therapy?

Humanistic and existential

"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement?

Humanistic-existential

Which statement is FALSE regarding the obstacles that clinical scientist face in studying psychological disorders?

Humans have unusually stable (unchanging) moods and behavior

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder? Self-Hypnosis

Hypnotic amnesia When people forget facts, events, and even their personal identities The parallels between hypnotic amnesia and the dissociative disorders we have been examining are striking Both are conditions in which people forget certain material for a period of time yet later remember it

Which of statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?

Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking.

The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n):

Hypothesis

Friedrch Anton Mesmer became famous-- or infamous-- for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patient's disorders are termed:

Hysterical

Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than those with mental disorders to say:

I'm different and I like it

According to Freud, a woman's pleasure from nursing her baby is reflected in which part of the personality?

Id

Our expectations, values, and goals combine to form our:

Identity

A case study of a patient includes a history, tests, and interviews with associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is understood. This approach is:

Idiographic

Face Validity

If an assessment makes sense and is reasonable

acquired and situational

If an individual had experienced normal sexual functioning for years and then had a problem with becoming aroused only when with her husband as a partner

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder? The Behavioral View State-Dependent Learning

If people learn something when they are in a particular situation or state of mind, they are likely to remember it best when they are again in that same condition If they are given a learning task while under the influence of alcohol, for example, their later recall of the information may be strongest under the influence of alcohol

The percentage of successful suicide attempts among the elderly is about:

If the times as high as the percentage of successful suicide attempts among adolescents

Which is the best example of the social contagion affect?

If you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater

Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs:

Immediately and is short-term

Generalized anxiety disorders are more common:

In African-Americans than in white Americans

The current rating system for CD and music download lyrics was instituted:

In part to address people's concerns about links between listening to music and suicide attempts

New-Wave Cognitive Explanations Generalized Anxiety Disorder

In recent years, several new explanations for generalized anxiety disorders, sometimes called new-wave cognitive explanations, have emerged

There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the blank of schizophrenia in this small population.

Incidence

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to:

Increase serotonin activity in the brain

In a scientific experiment, the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the:

Independent variable

Evidence that supports the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapies has come from:

Individual case studies

Treatment Panic Disorder Cognitive Restructuring (via Interoceptive Exposure via Biological Challenge tests and panic provocation procedures)

Induce sensations Hyperventilation Spinning chair Teach clients that these sensations are normal physiological responses (reattribution)

GABA is related to:

Inhibiting neuronal firing the brain

Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the:

Instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards

Specific phobias

Intense and persistent fear of a specific object or situation

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intensely afraid of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

Dysfunctional

Interfering with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way; Behavior, thoughts, and emotions that so upsets, distracts, or confuses people that they cannot care for themselves properly, participate in ordinary social interactions, or work productively.

Tony just does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone ( a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This is depressing him. This example of what interpersonal psychotherapist refer to as an:

Interpersonal deficit

A person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of:

Interpersonal deficits

If your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life and how they might be changing or how your expectations might be different from someone else's, your therapist would be using:

Interpersonal therapy

Structured Interview

Interview in which clinicians ask prepared questions.

Which statement is a reason to question the validity of clinical interviews?

Interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather

Retrospective analysis of a suicide typically would include:

Interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way here she would like them to be is displaying:

Irrational assumptions

a person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing:

inappropriate affect

antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive compulsive disorder serve to

increase serotonin activity

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) Shapiro, 1989 PTSD Questions

Is a single session sufficient? 1 session was enough when this was published But the answer is no You need multiple sessions Does EMDR provide therapeutic benefits compared to "no" treatment at all? Yes Is EMDR more effective than other ordinary standard exposure therapies? No more effective Why? It is nothing more than standard exposure Exposure therapy and calling it something else "Abstract garbage" Are the eye movements necessary? No The only thing that is important is the exposure Compared real EMDR against fake EMDR Using stationary light instead of a moving light No difference Can treated patients "walk the walk"? They have done few tests to see if they can even front the situation/stimulus that frightened them

A study included 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty received aspirin, 20 received a sugar pill that looked like aspirin, and 20 got nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappeared. In the other two groups the "cure" rates were 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants were treated identically. This study:

Is an experimental study

One who studies the history of the field of abnormal psychology MOST likely would compare our current understanding of abnormal behavior to a book that:

Is in the process of being written.

One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention of therapy is that it:

Is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions

Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior:

Is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety

One factor that contributed to the decline of moral therapy was:

It did not work for everyone.

Why Do People Develop Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders? Social Support

It has been found that people whose social and family support systems are weak are also more likely to develop acute or posttraumatic stress disorder after a horrifying event

Which statement is true about the research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating unipolar depression?

It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of the cases.

How does an MRI make a picture of the brain?

It relies on the magnetic properties of the Atoms in the cells scanned

If a person were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, that person could expect that:

It would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the medication

I was running down a familiar country lane when all of a sudden nothing looked familiar. It took me several seconds to realize where I was, and I continued my run without incident. What I experienced was:

Jamais vu.

Order Balance OCD

Keep placing certain items in perfect order in accordance with strict rules

Treatment Panic Disorder Alprazolam vs. CBT in treatment of Panic Disorder

Klosko et al. 1990 After 12 weeks of treatment, 87% of CBT were panic free vs 50% of drug treated clients

A patient in an alcohol rehabilitation center tells you a detailed story about growing up in the mountains of Tennessee. Later, you find out that the person in fact never even visited Tennessee. A day later you visit the patient again, and the patient does not recognize you. Most likely, the patient is suffering from

Korsakoff's syndrome

Etiology Biological Factors Panic Disorder

Lactate (lactic acid) theory Panic attacks can be induced chemically by using sodium lactate infusion Give an injection that makes the system think it's exercise Occurs for 70% of people with prior history of panic attacks 10% without history of panic attacks Perhaps problem is body's inability to metabolize lactate? However, CO2, hyperventilation, noradrenalin also trigger panic attacks in those with history

A Strength of intelligence test includes their:

Large standardization sample

According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is:

Latent content

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is:

Learned helplessness

With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT:

Lend itself easily to research

A College graduate is:

Less likely that someone with a postgraduate degree to seek therapy

Among teenagers who attempt suicide:

Less than 1% succeed the first time, and about half will try again

Compared to heart disease and cancer, suicide accounts for _____ in the United States

Less than 1/10 of the deaths

Which of the following is typical of post traumatic stress disorder?

increased arousal, anxiety and guilt

A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between rating of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that:

Life stress and depression are related

Pression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, six property and menial jobs, than men. This is the:

Life stress theory

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder? The Psychodynamic View Dissociative Identity Disorder

Lifetime Psychodynamic theorists believe that this continuous use of repression is motivated by traumatic childhood events, particularly abusive parenting Children who experience such traumas may come to fear the dangerous world they live in and take flight from it by pretending to be another person who is looking on safely from afar

Epidemiology Panic Disorder Prevalence

Lifetime prevalence 5% 12 month prevalence 3%

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2011:

Lived near NYC

Combat veterans are likely to report symptoms of

Localized amnesia

Shawn experiences a mugging and robbery in which his dog is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, he is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of:

Localized amnesia

Which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is accurate?

Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression.

What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future?

Low - so far, specific genes on half or more chromosomes have been linked to Unipolar depression

Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality?

Low activity of serotonin

Which statement best reflects the relationship between serotonin suicide?

Low levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression and impulsivity

Which test is a personality inventory?

MMPI-2

Treatment Panic Disorder GABA

Major inhibitory NT is low; decreased GABAergic plays a role on pathogenesis of panic disorder Benzodiazepines are agonists for GABA binding

Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by:

Maladaptive assumptions

subintentional death

indirect, covert, partial, or unconscious roles.

"What the #%*$!! is going on? The insurance company says I have to stop my anger management program now!" The client who says this is MOST likely voicing concern about a:

Managed care program

In what way do adolescent suicides not differ from suicides other age levels?

Many experience significant loss before the suicide

A recent study of informed consent forms showed that:

Many research participants don't understand them

Paraphilias

individuals repeatedly have intense sexual urges or fantasies or display sexual behaviors that involve objects or situations outside the sexual norm. can become aroused in present, fantasized about, or acted out. or times of stress.

orgasm phase

individuals sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as the muscle in the pelvic region contract or draw together.

autoerotic asphyxia

induce a fatal lack of oxygen while masturbating. sexual masochism

The effect of norepinephrine and corticosteroids on a body experiencing stress is

initially to stimulate the immune system then to inhibit it

Identifying which genes help cause various human disorders rests with the ability to:

Map or sequence genes

Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of:

Mass madness

The Ancient Greeks might find that a flash mob is MOST similar to:

Mass madness

A clinically depressed individual who has been threatening suicide finally shows diminishing of depressive symptoms. This person's risk of committing suicide:

May have increased, because the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulses

Antidepressant Medications PTSD

May reduce the occurrence of nightmares, panic attacks, flashbacks, and feelings of depression

Enmeshed Family Structure

Members are grossly overinvolved in each other's activities, thoughts, and feelings.

Asylums

institutions where mentally ill people could be sent. most became virtual prisons

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 4 Classes of symptoms Traumatic event is repeatedly experienced

Memories (Flashbacks) Dreams Distress when exposed to event that resembles trauma

Which statement is not generally accurate regarding gender and depression?

Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression

The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that:

Mental illness should be treated humanely and with respect

To study the general effectiveness of treatment, Smith and glass and their colleagues performed a:

Meta-analysis of many studies

What kind of unipolar depression is behavioral treatment MOST effective in treating?

Mild depression

"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." the statement most likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Death seekers

intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide. last a short time.

The cognitive explanation for Panic disorders is that people who have them:

Misinterpret bodily sensations

Humanistic-Existential Model

Model of abnormality consisting of humanistic and existential theories/theorists together because of their common focus on broader dimensions of human existence such as self-awareness, strong values, sense of meaning in life, and freedom of choice.

"Experiences of observation teaches early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear." The person who believes this espouses the _____ explanation of the development of phobias.

Modeling

A person is being treated for social anxiety disorder. A therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. Which behavioral technique did the therapist not use?

Modeling

Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:

Modeling

If a person were afraid of dogs and his therapist treated him by interacting with dogs while he watched, he would be receiving:

Modeling

One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?

Moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration

It is common that the majority of people who commit suicide also have another psychological disorder. Which would be the most common disorder associated with suicidal attempts?

Mood Disorders

According to Freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop:

Moral anxiety

Teenagers are different from people who are older than they are who commit suicide because teenagers are:

More impulsive and have poor problem-solving skills

People with panic disorder experience bodily sensations:

More intensely than those without panic disorder

A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become:

More outgoing

which statement is true?

More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves

Here to the original DSM, which appeared in the 1950s, the DSM-V has:

More than five times as many diagnostic categories

Which statement provides the most persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?

Most abused children don't develop the disorder

Which statement about rape is accurate?

Most rape victims are young

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode catatonic, an individual must display:

Motor inability or excessive activity

A couple has been married for almost 50 years, and then one of them dies. The probability that the surviving spouse will commit suicide is:

Much higher than normal

Sarah brings her young daughter into the emergency room with internal bleeding. The attending physician later concludes that Sarah caused the symptoms in her daughter intentionally, caused by a need to gain attention and praise for her devoted care of her sick child. If this assessment is correct, Sarah would be diagnosed as having:

Muchausen syndrome by proxy

Once a study in abnormal psychology finds significant results, researchers:

Must ask a number of questions about the details of the study.

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a:

Mutually amnesic relationship

Raymond has dissociative identity disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a:

Mutually cognizant pattern

Hippocrates' contribution to the development of understanding mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of:

Natural causes

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:

Negative interpretation of events

neuroimaging techniques

Neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, such as CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs. Also called brain scans.

The assessment instrument most likely to be used to detect set a brain abnormalities is the:

Neuropsychological test

According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing Id impulses-- making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals--are at risk for developing:

Neurotic anxiety

According to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to:

Neutralize

PTSD Symptoms

Nightmares Flashbacks Repressed memories Depersonalization Poor concentration Anger outbursts Sadness Suicidal thoughts

A friend asks, "why is there such a strong connection between alcohol abuse and suicide risk?" Based on the best available research, you reply:

No one knows for sure

A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. MOST likely, that person is experiencing:

No stress disorder

A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior is called:

Nomothetic

Clinical reasearchers are usually concerned with a(n) blank understanding of abnormality, while practitioners focus on a(n) blank understanding

Nomothetic, idiographic

Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. The disorder is related to the levels of the neurotransmitter:

Norepinephrine

Death initiators

intend to end their lives, but they act out of a belief that the process of death is already under way and they are hastening the process. die in a matter of days.

sexual sadism disorder

intensely sexually aroused by the physical and psychological suffering of another individuals. image they have total control. classical conditioning. (psychodynamic and cognitive)

Suicide

intentioned death- a self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one's life

desire phase

interest or urge to have sex, sexual attraction to others and sexual fantasies.

The Biological Perspective What Biological Factors Contribute to Panic Disorder?

Norepinephrine A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression Locus Ceruleus A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions Many of its neurons use norepinephrine Panic reactions are produced in part by a brain circuit consisting of areas such as the hypothalamus, central gray matter, and locus ceruleus Although some of the brain areas and neurotransmitters in the two circuits obviously overlap-particularly the amygdala Seems to be the center of each circuit Studies do find that among identical twins, if one twin has panic disorder, the other twin has the same disorder in as many as 31% of cases

Unspecified Dissociative Disorder

Not explained by cultural or religious practices

Someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. You can be reasonably sure that this person's disorder is:

Not normal, but less severe than acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder

Which BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization?

Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street

How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?

Not very strong: case reports of client centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies

Students were given a sensation-seeking test then divided into two groups, depending on their scores. A researcher observed how many times students in each group got out of their seats in 2 hours. The dependent variable is:

Number of times getting out of one's seat.

a patient in therapy who eats exactly eight pieces of bread that he or she has carefully made into balls of equal diameter is displaying a symptom of anorexia nervosa related to:

OCD

low sexual desire relates to:

OCD

The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of:

Object relations theory

Which action would a clinician who is using naturalistic observation most likely to take?

Observe parent child interactions in the family home

A clinician have a knowledge that a person is about to interview has already been diagnosed as having anxiety disorder could lead to:

Observer bias

In modeling, the client:

Observes the therapist confronting the feared object

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?

Obsessive Compulsive Disorver

A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-V that category is now called:

Obsessive compulsive related disorders

Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Todd and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. She is exhibiting:

Obsessive doubts

A psychodynamic theorists finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety provoking id impulses and anxiety reducing ego defense mechanisms. He thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. He is sure this underline conflict explains his clients:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Professors office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on the desk, overflowing bookshelves lined the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor with there is only a narrow pathway to walk. If the professor is experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would most likely be in which category?

Obsessive-compulsive related disorders

Suicide prevention programs:

Offer crisis interventions

Hippocrates

Often called the father of modern medicine; taught that illnesses had natural causes - he saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from internal physical problems.

Carl Rogers

Often considered the pioneer of the humanistic perspective; believed that the road to dysfunction began in infancy.

Psychodynamic Model

Oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models.

In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient:

On the street or in jail

0.09%

intoxication

How Do Therapists Help Individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder? Recognizing the Disorder

Once a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is made, therapists typically try to bond with the primary personality and with each of the subpersonalities As bonds are formed, therapists try to educate participants and help them to recognize fully the nature of their disorder

Etiology Cognitive Factors Panic Disorder Clark's Cognitive Loop Manipulate Expectations

One half of the people say "we are going to pump carbon dioxide into the room and you'll have a harder time breathing, but you'll be fine" Other half of the people say "I will be right back I have to go check something"

How Do Subpersonalities Differ? Abilities and Preferences

One may be able to drive, speak a foreign language, or play a musical instrument, while others cannot Their handwriting can also differ Different tastes in food, friends, music, and literature

Melanie has been out with friends and has been using drugs. In spite of being obviously uncoordinated and under the influence, she wants to drive her car. Her condition is an example of

intoxication

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder? The Behavioral View What causes state-dependent learning?

One possibility is that arousal levels are an important part of learning and memory Particular level of arousal will have a set of remembered events, thoughts, and skills will have a set of remembered events thoughts, and skills attached to it

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Pathway

One route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear When we are faced with stressors, the hypothalamus also signals the pituitary gland, which lies nearby, to secrete the adrenocorticotropic hormone Sometimes called the body's major stress hormone

Jaunita has dissociated identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a:

One-way amnesic relationship

Differential Diagnosis Acute Stress Disorder

Only difference is, the symptoms begin within a month and last less than month of the stressor Up to 80% of "acute" stress disorder become PTSD

unstructured

Open-ended questions that learn about the client's thought process are considered ________.

When a young child yells and throw toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:

Operant conditioning

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the:

Oral stage

The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that:

Organic factors can cause mental illness

Our Response to Stress

Our response to such stressors in influenced by the way we judge both the event and our capacity to react to them in an effective way People who sense they have that ability and the resources to cope are more likely to take stressors in stride and to respond well

Adrenal cortex

Outer layer of the adrenal glands Triggers the release of a group of stress hormones called Corticosteroids A group of hormones, including cortisol, releasing by the adrenal glands at times of stress

Psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, was a form of what we now would call:

Outpatient therapy

When Jose did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of:

Overgeneralization

Panic Disorder Symptoms

Palpitations of the heart Tingling in the hands or feet Shortness of breath Sweating Hot and cold flashes Trembling Chest pains Choking sensations Faintness Dizziness Nausea Feeling of unreality Fear of losing control Fear of dying

A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heartattack, but an indicator of an anxiety disorder, it is probably a:

Panic Attack

Etiology Cognitive Factors Panic Disorder Clark's Cognitive Model (1986)

Panic attacks result from catastrophic misinterpretations of normal anxiety responses Palpitations Dizziness

Every once in a while, Anna feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a:

Panic disorder

The Cognitive Perspective Panic Disorder

Panic reactions are experienced only by people who further misinterpret the physiological events that are occurring within their bodies

The Cognitive Explanation: Misinterpreting Bodily Sensations Panic Disorder

Panic-prone people may be very sensitive to certain bodily sensations When they unexpectedly experience such sensations, they misinterpret them as signs of a medical catastrophe

Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which one of the following statements would a Freudian be MOST likely to agree with?

Parents are the key figures during childhood and are seen as the cause of improper development

Actuarial Data

Participants respond to a test, the faster they respond, the more suicidal they are. Formula used to predict outcomes based on objective data from prior instances. More reliable than clinical judgment.

Veterans who have PTSD may be further helped in a couple, family, or group therapy format

Particularly apparent to family members, who may be directly affected by the client's anxieties, depressive mood, or angry outbursts

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) Shapiro, 1989 PTSD 2.) Installation Phase

Patient verbalizes positive thought about the memory "I am deserving of love" Therapist moves finger back and forth Patient follows moving finger while concentrating on the disturbing image and positive thought

A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the Freud was practicing is that:

People are more likely to receive treatment for "problems in living."

If i believe that it is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way i want them, I am displaying basic:

irrational assumptions

Reduced Responsiveness PTSD

People feel detached from other people or lose interest in activities that once brought enjoyment Some experience symptoms of dissociation Psychological separation They feel dazed Have trouble remembering things Have a sense of derealization Feeling that the environment is unreal or strange

Increased Arousal, Negative Emotions, and Guilt PTSD

People may feel overly alert Hyperalertness Be easily startled Have trouble concentrating Develop sleep problems They may display Anxiety Anger Depression Feel guilty about what they had to do to survive or that they survived and others did no

The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that:

People who are more devout are also psychologically healthier

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic stress Disorders? Terrorism

People who are victims of terrorism or who live under the threat of terrorism often experience posttraumatic stress symptoms

Avoidance PTSD

People will usually avoid activities that remind them of the traumatic event and will try to avoid related thoughts, feelings, or conversations

As a political protest, two activists leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. Those most at risk for modeling the suicides are:

People with a history of emotional problems

The Sociocultural Perspective: Societal and Multicultural Factors Generalized Anxiety Disorder Poverty

People without financial education and job opportunities are likely to live in rundown communities with high crime rates, have fewer educational and job opportunities, and run a greater risk for health problems Such people have a higher rate of generalized anxiety disorder In the United States, the rate is almost twice as high among people with low incomes as among those with higher incomes As wages decrease, the rate of generalized anxiety disorder steadily increases

panic attacks

Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass

Panic Attacks

Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass

Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and take care of her children. It has lasted for 3 weeks and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she be diagnosed with?

Persistent

Based on current research, what is the relationship between personality and stress disorders?

Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them.

Clients check off either "applies" or "does not apply" to a series of 200 items dealing with what they do and what they think in a variety of situations. The kind of test they are taking most likely is a:

Personality inventory

Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:

Phobias

Which statement accurately reflects what we know from recent studies?

Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning

An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called:

Phobic disorder

A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) [blank] response to stress

Physical

a person who believes that one should be throughly competent, adequate and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying

irrational assumptions

Psychiatrists

Physicians who complete 3 or 4 additional years of training after medical school (residency) in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning.

One important criticism of the preceding research is that it is a:

Placebo study

The Cognitive Perspective OCD

Pointing out that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts

Use of projective tests has decreased in the past few decades because projective tests often have:

Poor validity

What is the distinction of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547?

Popularly called "Bedlam," it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients.

If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential, physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to:

Positive psychology programs

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called:

Post traumatic stress disorder

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began 1 week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months.

Post-partum depression

Dorian was only 10 miles away from Mount St. Helens when it erupted with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. When rescue teams found him a week later, her was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n):

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Years after the U.S. Civil War was over, many veterans diagnosed with "melancholia" or "soldier's heart" still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their MOST likely diagnosis would be:

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape our of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n):

Post-traumatic stress reaction

The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in:

Poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old.

Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people among those who are poor, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which:

Poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction

If a clinician is using the ICD to make a diagnosis, it is most likely that the clinician is:

Practicing outside the United States

If a person wants a career focused on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, that person should look into becoming a clinical:

Practitioner

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do us to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:

Preparedness

Epidemiology PTSD

Prevalence: 7.8% (Nat. Comorbidity Study) Greatly depends on intensity, type, and timing of trauma 20% of wounded Vietnam War vets 94% of rape victims (assessed 1 week after rape) 47% of rape victims (assessed 12 weeks after rape) Female:Male = 2:1

Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health?

Prevention and positive psychology

Treatment PTSD

Primary goal is gradual re exposure to stimuli associated with the trauma (The CS) Extinction procedures Example of in vivo exposure Wirtz & Harrel, 1987 Example of imaginal flooding Foa & Rothbaum, 1998 Repeated exposure You can only stay away for so long

Which statement BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances?

Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment

According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really:

Problems in living

Clinical Psychologists

Professionals who earn a doctorate in clinical psychology by completing 4 years of graduate training in abnormal functioning and its treatment and also complete a one-year internship at a mental hospital or mental health agency.

The clinician has developed a test that requires test takers to tell stories about a series of pictures of city skylines. Most likely, this new test is a:

Projective test

Rorschach Test

Projective test in which clinicians present one inkblot card at a time and ask respondents what they see, what the inkblot seems to be, or what it reminds them of.

psychodynamic clinicians

Projective tests are used by ________ to help assess the conscious drives and conflicts they believe to be at the root of abnormal functioning.

The Humanistic Perspective Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Propose that generalized anxiety disorder arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly Repeated denials of their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior make these people extremely anxious and unable to fulfill their potential as human beings

Psychodynamic Perspective Anal Stage OCD

Proposed that during this stages some children experience intense rage and shame as a result of negative toilet-training experiences

Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:

Psychoanalysis

Which sequence is correct in terms of prominence of mental health treatments in the United States during the twentieth century and beyond?

Psychoanalytic, Biological, Cognitive, Sociocultural

A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation?

Psychodynamic

Which model is MOST likely to use terms such as resistance and transference?

Psychodynamic

Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?

Psychodynamic

unstructured

Psychodynamic and humanistic clinicians typically use what form of interview?

The clinician who would be most likely to say, "tell me about any early losses you experienced," is a:

Psychodynamic clinician

The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:

Psychodynamic model

Free association, interpretation of associations, and dream interpretation are all techniques used primarily by:

Psychodynamic therapists

Teresa has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. Her therapy is MOST likely:

Psychodynamic therapy

Bernheim and Liebault used hypnotic suggestion to induce hysterical disorders in "normal" people, providing support for which perspective of abnormality?

Psychogenic

A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture?

Psychological

The Cognitive Perspective Generalized Anxiety

Psychological problems are often caused by dysfunctional ways of thinking Excessive worry is a cognitive symptom

Which occupation has a particularly high rate of suicide?

Psychologists

Randolph is the kind of person who breaks laws and rules with no feeling of guilt and is emotionally shallow. You're probably score high on the MMPI-2 scale called:

Psychopathic deviance

A person who primarily prescribes medication but does not conduct psychotherapy is called a:

Psychopharmacologist

Antipsychotic Drugs

Psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions found in psychotic disorders; common ones are quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), and haloperidol (Haldol).

Antidepressant Drugs

Psychotropic drugs that help improve the moods of people with depression; they include sertraline (Zoloft), fluoxetine (Prozac), and escitalopram (Lexapro).

Antianxiety Drugs (Minor Tranquilizers or Anxiolytics)

Psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety; these drugs include lorazopan (Atavan), alprazolam (Xanax), and diazepam (Valium).

Antibipolar Drugs (Mood Stabilizers)

Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder; one of the most widely used of these drugs is lithium.

Agoraphobia is the fear of:

Public places

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic stress Disorders? Sexual Assault

Rape Forced sexual intercourse or another sexual act committed against a nonconsentng person or intercours with an underage person The psychological impact of rape on victim is immediate and may last a long time Rape victims typically experience enormous distress during the week after the assault Victims typically continue to have higher-than-average levels of anxiety, suspiciousness, depression, self-esteem problems, self-blame, flashbacks, sleep problems, and sexual dysfunction

Which statement about the long-term effects of rape on women is accurate?

Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health

The movement that has tried to find the common factors and strategies that "good" therapists use is called:

Rapprochement

one of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that

is less effective with clients with obsessions but no complusions

if you were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder, you could expect that

it would lead to short term relief but relapse would occur if you stopped the medication

based on current research, what is the BEST conclusion about the cause of acute and post traumatic stress disorders? is nature or nuture more responsible for these disorders?

its probably an interaction. Both nature and nuture are important

retrospective analysis

kind of psychological autopsy in which clinicians and researchers piece together data from the suicide victim's past.

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

lack normal interest in sex and rarely initiate sexual activity. 33% of women. most difficult to treat

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

lack or reduce interest in sex. 16% of men. most difficult to treat

mass madness

large number of people sharing the same delusion (tarantism, lycanthropy)

the highest suicide rates in the world

largely Roman Catholic country

Using projective tests for personality assessment is designed to:

learn more about unconscious conflicts in the patient

relapse-prevention training

learn strategies for avoiding those situations

many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could leave. A good explanation for their behavior is:

learned helplessness

A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances. She food-deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers for one day and fed the other half normally, then administered a psychological test to all the participants. What was the independent variable?

level of food deprivation

A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researchers may be confident that:

life stress and depression are related

according to the intolerance of uncertainty theory those with generalized anxiety disorder are

likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment using:

lithium

those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001

lived near new york city

cirrhosis

liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional

Two people of the same gender and weight consume the same amount of alcohol in the same amount of time. Nevertheless, one of them sobers up substantially sooner than the other. MOST likely, this difference is due to

liver function: some people's livers metabolize alcohol faster than those of others

Mary Ann experiences a mugging and robbery in which her prized poodle is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of:

localized amnesia

a person with schizophrenia who said, "It's cold today. My cold is better but I got it from a the nurse. She is a big blonde who lives in Manhattan. I live in Manhattan with Jimmy Carter," is experiencing

loose association

psychosis means:

loss of contact with reality

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:

loss of positive social rewards

a person with schizophrenia who is feeling apathetic, drained, and unable to start or follow through on any projects is displaying:

loss of volition

a teammate of a basketball team of a basketball player says," congratulations on those game winning free throws. weren't you bothered by the fans waving their arms behind the basket?" The basketball player replies Thanks i felt a littler nervous but to tell the truth.. I didn't even notice the fans. Most likely the player who made the foul shots has

low situational and trait anxiety

Compared to white Americans and African Americans Hispanic Americans have

lower rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol

schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is most likely to be found in someone from a:

lower socioeconomic level

antiandrogens

lower the production of testosterone, the male sex hormone, and reduce the sex drive

the generic term for the white blood cells that react to foreign invaders in the body is

lymphocytes

the generic term for the white blood cells that react to foreign invaders in the body is:

lymphocytes

8%

male heavy drinkers

a state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:

mania

stop-start or pause procedure

manually stimulated until the man is highly aroused. then you pause, until the stimulation is removed.

A researcher reports that a drug directly stimulates a reward center in the brain rather than through indirect stimulation of a reward center. The drug the researcher is studying could be any of the following drugs EXCEPT

marijuana

masturbatory satiation

masturbates while fantasizing about a sexually appropriate object, then switches to detail.

If the therapist gave client homework that required the client to challenge his faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:

Rational emotive therapy

Which is not a biological treatment for generalized anxiety?

Rational emotive therapy

A man has cheated on his wife and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying how his wife nagged him for years. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is:

Rationalization

You blame your poor performance on a test that you didn't study for on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:

Rationalization

Panic Disorder (and Agoraphobia) (PD + AgP) Symptoms

Recurrent Unexpected Intense attacks of anxiety Peak within 10 minutes At least 1 attack is followed by a month (or more) of either of the following Fearing another attack A change in behavior related to the attack Note: early attacks are "unexpected" But tend to occur following anything physically arousing Most symptoms are somatic Up to 90% first show up at physician or emergency room

Panic Disorder

Recurrent attacks of terror

Which is not a procedure that the DSM-V developers relied on to improve reliability?

Reducing substantially the number of different diagnostic categories

Aside from the differences in onset and duration, the symptoms of acute stress disorder and PTSD are almost identical

Reexperiencing the traumatic event People may be battered by recurring thoughts, memories, dreams, or nightmares connected to the event A few relive the event so vividly in their minds (flashbacks) that they think it is actually happening again

Depersonalization [blank], while derealization [blank].

Refers to oneself; refers to the external world

According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:

Regression to the oral stage

The contingency management approach is an example of the application of the [blank] to the treatment of depression

Reinforcement

Behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include:

Reinforcing nondepressed behavior

The biological understanding of generalized anxiety disorder is supported by the finding that:

Relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it then non-relatives are

The first step and systematic desensitization treatment is:

Relaxation training

The Ross and Dr. carman agreed that Suzette is suffering from PTSD. Their judgment is said to have:

Reliability

One of the factors that is believed to account for differences in the suicide rates of different countries is:

Religious affiliation and beliefs

Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders: Finding a Diagnostic Home Trichotillomania

Repeatedly pulling hair

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic stress Disorders? Victimization

Research suggests that more than one-third of all victims of physical or sexual assault develop posttraumatic stress disorder Terrorism Torture

Assessment and conceptualization of the problem

medical examination and interviewed concerning their "sex history"

seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight or more accurately, more darkness, may cause the release of:

melatonin

How Do Subpersonalities Differ? Physiological Responses

Researchers have discovered that subpersonalities may have physiological differences Differences in blood pressure levels and allergies A famous study looked at the brain activities of different subpersonalities by measuring their evoked potentials Brain-response patterns recorded on an elexroencephograph The brain pattern a person produces in response to a specific stimulus (such as a flashing light) is usually unique and consistent However, when an evoked potential test was administered to four subpersonalities of each of 10 people with dissociative identity disorder, the results were dramatic The brain-activity pattern of each subpersonality was unique, showing the kinds of variations usually found in totally different people

Why Do People Develop Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders? Childhood Experiences

Researchers have found that certain childhood experiences seem to leave some people at risk for later acute and posttraumatic stress disorders People whose childhoods have been marked by poverty appear more likely to develop these disorders in the face of later trauma

After medical school, a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning, this training is called a(n):

Residency

Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband, and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:

Resistance

Which statement is the best conclusion about the various assessment techniques?

Respect for assessment is on the rise

Reports indicate that if someone is a member of a "online community" and threatened suicide online, the other members of the online community will:

Respond to many different ways, including urging the person to commit suicide and contacting 911 services

Affective Inventories

Response inventories that measure the severity of such emotions as anxiety, depression, and anger.

Cognitive Inventories

Response inventories that reveal a person's typical thoughts and assumptions and can uncover counterproductive patterns of thinking that may be at the root of abnormal functioning.

Social Skills Inventories

Response inventories used particularly by behavioral and family-social clinicians that ask respondents to indicate how they would react in a variety of social situations.

What effect has the use of sodium amobarbital had in treating dissociative amnesia and fugue?

Results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others.

In his Definition of suicide, Edwin Schneidman includes all factors except that it:

Results from depression or emotional distress

According to family systems theory, families that show "disengagement" are characterized by:

Rigid boundaries between family members

Interpersonal psychotherapists believe that therapy must address:

Role transitons in relationships

Internal validity reflects how well a study:

Rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied.

If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change it, I making what kind response?

Ruminative

The stressors of life may include annoying everyday hassles

Rush-hour traffic Turning-point events College graduation Marriage Long-term problems Poverty or poor health Traumatic events Major accidents Assaults Tornadoes Military combat

The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are most often characterized as:

Sad and hopeless

An increase in which emotion is most often linked to suicide?

Sadness

In the past, dissociative identity disorder was most likely "misdiagnosed" as:

Schizophrenia

Dissociative Amnesia Selective

Second most common form of dissociative amnesia Remember some, but not all, events that occurred during a period of time Ex:) Combat soldier might remember certain interactions r conversations that occurred during the battle, but not more disturbing events such as the death of a friend or the screams of the enemy soldiers

According to Snyderman, the critical way in which the death seeker differs from the death darer is:

Seekers intend to end their lives with their action

An interviewer who asks a client questions such as "where are you now?", "why do you think you're here?" or even, "who are you?" is probably conducting a(n):

mental status exam

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) Shapiro, 1989 PTSD 1.) Desensitization Phase

Select memory that causes distress Patient verbalizes negative thought about the memory "I am unloveable" Therapist moves finger back and forth Patient follows moving finger while concentrating on the disturbing image and negative thought

Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others, is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is:

Self actualizing

If you believe that you can master and perform needed behavior whenever necessary, Bandura would say that you had a positive sense of:

Self efficacy

After a client is told his or her DSM diagnosis, others may treated differently, and the client may act accordingly. Many theorists would attribute this to the development of:

Self fulfilling prophecy

A teenager's hands and arms are covered with self-inflicted burns, and the teenager seems almost addicted to this destructive behavior. The self-inflicted Burns would most likely be classified as:

Self injury, a variety of Edwin Schneiderman's "sub intentional death" classification

The role of the unified personality is a central theme of:

Self theory

Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

Self-hypnosis

The person associated with the learned helplessness theory is:

Seligman

which of the following medical problems associated with anorexia is MOST likely to lead to death?

metabolic and electrolyte changes

If a patient chose a dynamic focus for therapy, the patient would MOST likely be recieving:

Short-term psychodynamic therapy

a patient who treats severe pain by meditating, paying attention to her thoughts and sensations but remaining nonjudgmental is engaging in

mindfulness meditation

The Psychodynamic Perspective Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Sigmund Freud believed that all children experience some degree of anxiety as part of growing up and that all use ego defense mechanisms to help control such anxiety Children experience realistic anxiety when they face actual danger Children experience neurotic anxiety when they are repeatedly prevented, by parents or by circumstances, from expressing their id impulses Some children experience particularly high levels of such anxiety, or their defense mechanisms are particularly inadequate, and these individuals may develop generalized anxiety disorder

Which statement is true about case studies and single-subject designs?

Single-subject designs have more internal validity.

What are the two most influential called and explanations for unipolar depression?

Siri of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness

Agoraphobia Panic Disorder

Situations Sitting in the middle in a classroom Approximately 50% of panic patients develop Agoraphobia At least 75% of patients who have Agoraphobia have prior history of Panic Attacks

Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders: Finding a Diagnostic Home Excoriation

Skin picking

Which is a physical symptom of depression

Sleeping poorly

Treatments for Agoraphobia Support-Group Approach

Small number of people with agoraphobia who go out together for exposure sessions that last for several hours

Panic Disorder (Detailed)

Smothering, nightmarish panic in which people lose control of their behavior, and in fact, are practically unaware of what they are doing

Epidemiology Panic Disorder Social Factors

Social Class Low SES 50% more likely to have Panic Disorder Social Consequences Marital discord Job absence Depression Alcohol Abuse

Jan is very fearfull of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The most accurate diagnosis would be:

Social anxiety disorder

Multicultural theorist would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:

Social factors leading to stress

A(n) _____ inventory asks about how one would act with others in a variety of situationsituations.

Social skills

After Marie's plane crashed, her mother came to stay. Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. This situation probably contributed to Marie's coping ability after the accident. How does this relate as a factor in her response to stress?

Social support

Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorder's probably represents the ________ perspective

Socio-cultural

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?

Socio-cultural

Emile Durkheim's theory of suicide fits into the:

Socio-cultural model

Most well-developed understanding of the causes of suicide come from the:

Socio-cultural model

One who looks influences of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would most likely represent which theoretical orientation?

Sociocultural

Which model of abnormality would focus on factors on factors such as norms, family structure, and support systems, in particular?

Sociocultural

Death darers

mixed feelings, in their intent to die even at the moment of their attempt. they wish to die.

The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning?

Somatogenic

Research shows that danger to self or others is found in:

Some cases of abnormal functioning

Does Psychological Debriefing Work? PTSD

Some clinicians have come to believe that the early intervention programs may encourage victims to dwell too long on the traumatic events that they have experienced And a number worry that early disaster counseling may unintentionally suggest problems to certain victims, thus helping to produce acute or PTSD

Why Do People Develop Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders? Severity of Trauma

Some events can override even a nurturing childhood, positive attitudes, and social support

There are several factors related to unipolar depression - reduced positive reinforcers, Gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. How do these factors relate to depression? The most recent research shows that:

Some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression

Cognitive Therapies Breaking Down Worrying Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Some of today's new-wave cognitive therapies specifically guide clients with generalized anxiety disorder to recognize and change their dysfunctional use of worrying They begin by educating the clients about the role of worrying int heir disorder and have them observe their bodily arousal and cognitive responses across various life situations The clients come to appreciate the triggers of their worrying, their mistaken ideas about worrying, and their misguided efforts to control their lives by worrying

An important factor to consider in using drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that:

Some people do not benefit from drug treatments

How Common Is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Some researchers even argue that many or all cases are iatrogenic Unintentionally produced by practitioners They believe that therapists create their disorder by subtly suggesting the existence of other personalities during therapy or by explicitly asking a patient to produce different personalities while under hypnosis They believe a therapist who is looking for multiple personalities may reinforce these patterns by displaying greater interest when a patient displays symptoms of dissociation

Why Do People Develop Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders? Personality

Some studies suggest that people with certain personalities, attitudes, and coping styles are particularly likely to develop acute and posttraumatic stress disorders Research has also found that people who generally view life's negative events as beyond their control tend to develop more severe stress symptoms after sexual or other kinds of criminal assaults than people who feel greater control over their lives

Which person would not be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person's behavior is dysfunctional?

Someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice

According to Martin Seligman's theory, the most likely to develop learned helplessness?

Someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event

Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder, because of specific circumstances?

Someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado

Surveys have found that 43 percent of people today believe that mental illness is caused by:

Something people bring on themselves

How Are Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder Treated? Injections

Sometimes injections of barbiturates, such as sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital, have been used to help patients with dissociative amnesia regain their lost memories Their effect is to calm people and free their inhibitions, thus helping them to recall anxiety-producing events

structured

Specific prepared questions, such as yes or no questions are considered ________.

Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and condition under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in:

State-dependent learning

Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan great Dane. It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with the dog. Karen's fear of this dog is an example of:

Stimulus generalization

"Why do we do natural experiments?" asks a student. "After all, each disaster that causes a natural experiment is unique." A good answer would be, "Using natural experiments, researchers have learned quite a lot about:

Stress disorders

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive:

Stress response

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a:

Stress response

caudate nuclei

Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions.

The Biological Perspective Caudate Nuclei OCD

Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions

Suicide education programs typically focus on:

Students and teachers

Which item is an analogue study?

Studying the effects of stress in nonhumans

Case studies are useful for:

Studying unusual problems

According to the DSM five, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode except:

Suicidal ideation

Based on the fact that one suicidal attempt can serve as a model for another, which would not be a common trigger for suicide attempts?

Suicides by the elderly

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:

Superego

If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I:

Survive a bad car accident

A client who is talking calmly and rationally all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced:

Switching

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving which part of the stress response is active?

Sympathetic nervous system

Delayed Onset PTSD

Symptoms begin > 6 months after trauma ⅓ of PTSD victims symptoms don't begin until 6 months or more after the occurrence of the trauma Typically the mass media that bring back the trauma

Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low-energy clustered together to form a:

Syndrome

Sal is suffering from arachnophobia. This therapist first has him go through relaxation training and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has him go through a phase of graded parings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:

Systematic desensitization

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Systematic desensitization, shaping children's behavior, social modeling A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Study show that most therapists are most likely to learn about the latest information on treatment of psychological disorders from:

Talking with professional colleagues

Assume that a recent local suicide was clear case of modeling. The person who would most likely model another suicide would be a:

Teenager

Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of

modeling

Which best supports the idea of the teenagers who attempt to decide on more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are?

Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts

Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8 year old son brings home. During his therapy his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This form of therapy is based on

modeling

In addition to failing to explain why some people who experience severe trauma do not develop dissociative disorders, behavioral theorists also have the MOST difficulty explaining how:

Temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder

imagine that you are being treated got social anxiety disorder. your therapist watches you act out a social scene, points out what you did correctly and incorrectly and praises you for what you did well. Which behavioral technique did your therapist not use?

modeling

one procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. this is called:

modeling

Social Anxiety Disorders Factors

Tends to begin in late childhood or adolescence and may continue into adulthood 25% of people with social anxiety disorder are currently in treatment Poor people are 50% more likely than wealthier people to experience social anxiety disorder

Which "new diagnosis" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and and subways MOST likely receive?

Terrorism terror

Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate to worse do not become long-term is called:

Tertiary prevention

response inventories

Tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes.

Response Inventories

Tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific ares of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes.

In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:

models

The patient looks of the series of black-and-white pictures, making up a dramatic story about each. The patient is taking:

The Thematic Apperception Test

validity

The accuracy of a test's or study's results. [the extent to which the test or study actually measures or shows what it claims.]

Validity

The accuracy of a test's or study's results; that is, the extent to which the test or study actually measures or shows what it claims.

How Can Social Fears be Reduced? Exposure therapy

The behavioral intervention so effective with phobias Encourage clients with social fears to expose themselves to the dreaded social situations and to remain until their fears subside Usually this is gradual Includes homework assignments that are carried out in the social situation

anxiety

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger.

fear

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being.

Fear

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well being

Anxiety

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger

Which statement is most accurate?

The classification system Enjl Kraepelin developed served served as the model for the DSM.

Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of:

The clinical practice of positive psychology

Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures are regions are part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression except:

The corpus callosum

Which statement is NOT a reason that demonology dominated views of abnormality in Europe in the Middle Ages?

The culture rejected religious beliefs

Concurrent Validity

The degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with the measures gathered from other assessment techniques

self-injurious

more common. addictive in nature. self-mutilation.

The DSM-V has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy?

The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome

Overgeneralization

The drawing of broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.

Which would be LEAST appropriately studied using a natural experiment?

The effects of premarital abstinence on later sexual functioning

The age group most likely to commit suicide in the United States is

The elderly

A psychologist studies memory techniques is adult volunteers and learns how to facilitate memory and then applies the results to a new class of students in a psychology course. This demonstrates faith in:

The external validity of the study.

a young woman who is very concerned about being attractive to others, is more sexually experienced, and has relatively few obsessive qualities is:

more likely to be experiencing bulimia than anorexia

Dissociative Disorders Memory

The faculty for recalling past events and past learning In dissociative disorders, one part of a person's memory or identity becomes dissociated, or separated, from other parts of his or her memory or identity There are several kinds of dissociative disorders

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which would be a part of you paradigm?

The family-social perspective

Stress and Arousal: The Fight-or-Flight Response

The features of arousal and fear are set in motion by the brain area called the hypothalamus When our brain interprets a situation as dangerous, neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus are released, triggering the firing of neurons, throughout the brain and the release of chemicals throughout the body

Multicultural Psychology

The field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior.

A wounded veteran of the U.S. Civil War suffering from "soldiers' disease" MOST likely was suffering from

morphine dependence

injection

most common method of narcotic use. brings a rush

alcohol

most dangerous of recreational drugs

which of the following is not usually true of those with body dysmorphic disorder

most disorder specific behaviors would not be considered normal for a teenager

cocaine

most powerful natural stimulant known. what a rush!. increases norepinephrine and serotonin

which of the following statements about rape is most accurate?

most rape victims are young

Marijuana users in the 1960s were less likely to develop drug dependence than users around the year 2000 because the marijuana available in the 1960s had

much less THC

if a therapists thought that eating disorders were BEST explained by an interaction of sociocultural, psychological, and biological factors, that therapist would be taking a(n):

multidimensional perspective

Alexis has multiple personality disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called:

mutually amnesic relationship

the personality disorder that is characterized by the need for undying love and admiration is:

narcissistic personality disorder

narcotics

natural and synthetic drugs. smoked, inhaled, snorted, injected by needle

the white blood cells that destroy infected body cells are called

natural killer T cells

cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:

negative interpretation of events

Biological researchers focus primarily on___in understanding abnormal behavior:

neurotransmitter

endorphins

neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension

according to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to

neutralize

aversion therapy

nicotine behavioral treatment

a friend of yours has just been diagnosed with a dyssomnia. your friends particular diagnosis could be any of the following EXCEPT

nightmare disorder

someone you know has "tanorexia" and constantly achieves to have darker complexion throughout sun and tanning exposure. the most accurate diagnosis for this person is

no diagnosis. not yet considered a DSM disorder

panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?

norepinephrine

someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. you can be reasonably sure that this persons disorder is

not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or post traumatic stress disorder

more women than men experience all of the following disorders except

obsessive compulsive disorder

a clinician who is not up to date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. according to the DSM 5 that category is now called

obsessive compulsive related disorders

the t.v show MONK features a detective who is very seldom happy, has few good friends, insist on a very rigid order and way in which he must do things, and frequently has difficulty making up his mind about what to do. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it would MOST likely be:

obsessive-compulsive

Amnestic Episode

The forgotten period During an amnestic episode, people may appear confused In some cases, they wander aimlessly

client-centered therapy

The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness.

Client-Centered Therapy

The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rodgers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance (unconditional positive regard), accurate empathy (skillfull listening and restatements), and genuineness (sincere communication).

gestalt therapy

The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role-playing and self-discovery exercises.

Which statement accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?

The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal.

Which statement accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response?

The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.

Which of the following accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituatray- adrenal pathway of the stress response?

The hypothalamus stimulus the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.

basic irrational assumptions

The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis

How Are Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder Treated?

The leading treatment for dissociative amnesia are psychodynamic therapy, hypnotic therapy, and drug therapy Support for these interventions comes largely from case studies rather than controlled investigations Psychodynamic therapists guide patients to search their unconscious in the hope of bringing forgotten experiences back to consciousness The focus seems particularly well suited to the needs of people with dissociative amnesia Believe that psychodynamic therapy may be the most appropriate treatment for dissociative amnesia

Dissociative Amnesia Generalized

The loss of memory may extend back to times long before the upsetting period The soldier may not remember events that occurred earlier in his life

Which is an aspect of the experimental approach?

The manipulation of a variable by the researcher

Reliability

The measure of the consistency of test or research results.

Repression

The most basic ego defense mechanism that prevents unacceptable impulses from ever reaching consciousness.

benzodiazepines

The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.

How Do Subpersonalities Interact? One-way amnesic relationships

The most common relationship pattern, some subpersonalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual

Dissociative Amnesia Localized

The most common type of dissociative amnesia A person loses all memory of events that took place within a limited period of time, almost always beginning with some very disturbing occurrence Ex:) A soldier may awaken a week after a horrific combat battle and be unable to recall the battle or any of the events surrounding it He may remember everything that happened up to the battle, and he may recall everything that has occurred over the past several days, but the events in between remain a total blank

(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) MMPI

The most widely used personality inventory consisting of more than 500 statements describing physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes, and psych symptoms to be label "true." "false," or "cannot say."

Sympathetic Nervous System

The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal and fear The nerves may also influence the organs indirectly By stimulating the adrenal glands Glands located on top of the kidneys Adrenal medulla When the adrenal medulla is stimulated, the chemicals epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are released

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous systems that help return bodily processes to normal

Autonomic Nervous System

The network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body Help control the involuntary activities of the organs Breathing Heartbeat Blood pressure Perspiration

GABA

The neurotransmitter gamma- aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder.

The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you:

The number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period

Critics of the evolutionary perspective of abnormal behavior cite all of the following EXCEPT:

The perspective is overly precise

Cognitive Model

The perspective proposed by A. Ellis and A. Beck that holds that cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions and that we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition.

standardization

The process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured.

Standardization

The process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured.

assessment

The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant.

Assessment

The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant.

Which statement is true about the participation of women in the mental health professions?

The profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling

The main concern with the various forms of cybertherapy that are currently being used is:

The quality of the treatment

The model or paradigm an investigator uses influences:

The questions and observations the investigator uses.

Which results are MOST likely from an epidemiological study?

The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the United States.

which of the following people is experiencing the MOST stress measured by the social readjustment rating scale

one whose spouse has just died

According to reports about the effectiveness of Drug Courts and Sobriety High programs, how likely are those who complete these programs to violate the law again compared with those who do not complete them

one-third as likely

A correlational study of college employees shows a strong positive correlation between self-reported stress levels and days of work missed for illness, allowing the researcher to conclude that:

The researcher can make a fairly accurate prediction of days a person will miss for illness if the person's stress level is known

Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1 hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of participants' memory of details from the passage. What was the dependent variable?

The results of the memory test

The controversy regarding research with animals centers on:

The rights of animals versus their usefulness in understanding human problems

In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is:

The same as it is for boys, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

In correlational research, external validity is established when:

The sample is representative of the larger population

Abnormal Psychology

The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change of abnormal patterns of functioning.

An important differences between mood disorders and mood fluctuation is:

The severity and duration of the problem

The difference between bipolar one disorder and bipolar to disorder is:

The severity of manic episodes

What is the libido?

The sexual energy of the id

Which item is NOT associated with hypnotism?

The somatogenic perspective

Why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate?

The stigma associated with suicide makes people hesitate to report it

The state of stress has two components

The stressor The event that creates the demands The stress response The person's reactions to the demands

Which statement is the MOST appropriate conclusion about new drug studies, placebo studies, symptom-exacerbation studies, and medication-withdrawl studies?

The studies have led to calls for greater safeguards for patients.

Strongest direct support for a biological explanation for suicide comes from:

The studies of neurotransmitter levels

Positive Psychology

The study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities.

When a subject is participating in the final testing phase of a drug study, which of the following is taking place?

The subject is helping to determine the drug's efficacy and side effects

How Do Subpersonalities Interact? Mutually amnesic relationships

The subpersonalities have no awareness of one another

How Do Subpersonalities Differ? Identifying Features

The subpersonalities may differ in features as basic as age, gender, race, and family history Ex:) Include adults, a baby, etc. Attractive and blonde or plump with dark hair

Endocrine System

The system of glands located throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity Overlap in responsibilities with the Autonomic Nervous System There are two pathways, or routes, by which these systems produce arousal and fear reactions Sympathetic nervous system pathway Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Pathway

A strong "feeling of knowing" is associated with:

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Which was NOT a factor in the decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century?

The total lack of success of moral treatment

Exorcism

The treatment for abnormality in the early societies; the idea was to coax the evil spirits to leave or to maakke the person's body an uncomfortable place in which to live.

While walking through the forest during the rainstorm, five-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he's extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

The trees

Subpersonalities

The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorders Also known as alternative personalities

A researcher ed an experiment to study the causes of aggression in children. Half the children ate a sugared cereal; the remaining half ate cornflakes. The researcher then recorded the number of aggressive acts displayed by the children in a one-hour play period after breakfast. In this experiment:

The type of cereal is the independent variable, and the number of aggressive responses is the dependent variable.

agoraphobia is the fear of

open space or crowds

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic stress Disorders? Torture

The use of brutal, degrading, and disorientating strategies to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness Physical torture Beatings Waterboarding Electrocution Psychological torture Threats of death Mock executions Verbal abuse Degradation Sexual torture Rape Violence to the genitals Sexual humiliation Torture through deprivation Sleep Sensory Social Nutritional Medical Hygiene deprivation

Somatogenic Perspective

The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. Ex) Syphilis led to general paresis

multicultural perspective

The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective.

Multicultural (Culturally Diverse) Perspective

The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the bevior and functioning of its members.

Psychogenic Perspective

The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. Gained more attention after hypnosis

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapy is having common:

Their lack of strong support from controlled studies

When a clinician using the Rorschach focuses on the actual images that a person "sees," the clinician is emphasizing:

Theme

When a young child yells and throws toys (temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:

operant conditioning.

Treatment for Combat Veterans PTSD

Therapists have used a variety of techniques to reduce veterans' posttraumatic stress symptoms Among the most common are Drug therapy Behavioral exposure techniques Insight therapy Family therapy Group therapy Typically the approaches are combined, as no one of them successfully reduces all the symptoms Antianxiety drugs help control the tension that many veterans experience

How Do Therapists Help Individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder? Recovering Memories

Therapists typically use the same approaches applied in dissociative amnesia, including psychodynamic therapy, hypnotherapy, and drug treatment These treatments work slowly for patients with dissociative identity disorder Some subpersonalities may keep denying experiences that the others recall

Which is the best example of a retrospective analysis?

Therapists who had patients who committed suicide are interviewed to gain information on suicide

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

Therapy approaches that seek to help change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking.

Which is NOT a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?

Therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists

The MOST accurate summary of what has happened int he United States in the last 50 years to protect the rights of human research participants would be that:

There has been important progress, but concerns remain

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be correct (based on research) in saying that:

There is little evidence that debriefing works

If the correlation between severity of depression and age is -.05, it means that:

There is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression.

Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate?

There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy.

Which statement is the MOST accurate conclusion about the current state of abnormal psychology in the United States?

There is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment.

There has been recent increase in attention to and research and assessment. That said, use of effective assessment tools maybe decreasing because:

They are expensive to administer and evaluate

According to Edwin Schneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories?

They believe death will not end their existence

Which is an accurate description of the symptoms of mania?

They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others

Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:

They freely choose and enjoy their behavior

Why Do People Develop Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders? Biological and Genetic Factors

They have, for example, found abnormal activity of the hormone cortisol and the neurotransmitter/hormone norepinephrine in the urine, blood, and saliva of combat soldiers, rape victims, concentration camp survivors, and survivors of other severe stresses Evidence from brain studies also shows that once acute or posttraumatic stress disorder sets in, individuals experience further biochemical arousal and this continuing arousal may eventually damage key brain areas It appears that abnormal activity in one such circuit may contribute to acute and posttraumatic stress reactions This circuit includes the hippocampus and amygdala Send and receive messages to and from each other

according to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the:

oral stage

surveys suggest that about what percent of female rape victims in the united states are teenagers or younger?

over 70 percent

Although drug therapy and exposure techniques bring some relief, most clinicians believe that veterans with PTSD cannot fully recover with these approaches alone

They must also come to grips in some way with their combat experiences and the impact those experiences continued to have Often try to help veterans bring out deep-seated feelings, accept what they have done and experienced, become less judgemental of themselves, and learn to trust other people

Rituals OCD

They must go through the ritual in exactly the same way every time

How Do Subpersonalities Interact? Co-conscious subpersonalities

Those who are aware Quiet-observers who watch the actions and thoughts of the other subpersonalities but do not interact with them While another subpersonality is present, the co-conscious personality makes itself known through indirect means Such as auditory hallucinations Automatic writing

Which statement about the successes of suicide prevention programs is accurate?

Those who call, if you were commit suicide and those who don't call who are in a similar risk group

Which statement BEST describes the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?

Those with dissociative fugue change where they live

Suicide that are carried out in bizarre ways for political reasons are most likely to trigger:

Those with emotional problems to commit suicide in the same manner

Etiology PTSD Social Support

Those with high levels of social support are less likely to develop PTSD, or recover faster

People who experience obsessions show:

Thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them

How Do Clinicians Treat Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders?

Today's treatment procedures for troubled survivors typically vary from trauma to trauma Was it combat, an act of terrorism, sexual molestation, or a major accident?

When Jose did not get the job he thought he deserved, he was convinced that everything was going wrong and he would never find another job. This thought is an example of:

over generalization

A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a:

Touching compulsion

I am generally a calm relaxed person if you are generally a tense excitable person we differ in:

Trait anxiety

Cognitive Therapies Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Treating individuals with generalized anxiety disorder by helping them to recognize their inclination to worry

Etiology Cognitive Factors Panic Disorder Clark's Cognitive Loop

Trigger Stimulus → Perceived Threat → Apprehension → Body Sensations → Interpretations of Sensations as Catastrophic

Etiology PTSD Biological Factors

Truman may trigger changes in brain functioning May damage the noradrenergic system resulting in chronically elevated levels of hormones that mobilize person for emergencies This makes person more hyper-reactive in non-threatening situations

Cognitive Therapy

Try to correct people's misinterpretations of their body sensations First step is to educate clients about the general nature of panic attacks, the actual causes of bodily sensations, and the tendency of clients to misinterpret their sensations The second step is to teach clients to apply more accurate interpretations during stressful situations May also teach clients to cope better with anxiety Applying relaxation and breathing techniques Distract themselves from their sensations Striking up a conversation

Which would a cognitive therapist be LEAST likely to say to you?

Try to evaluate what happens to you in "blank and white" terms

Client-centered therapy Generalized Anxiety

Try to show unconditional positive regard for their clients and to empathize with them The therapists hope than an atmosphere of genuine acceptance and caring will help clients feel secure enough to recognize their true needs, thoughts, and emotions Control studies have failed to offer support for this approach

Women are [blank] as likely as men to develp stress disorders

Twice

Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder

Two distinct features that feed upon each other Sufferers have overwhelming social fears They often lack skill at starting conversations, communicating their needs, or meeting the needs of others

Classical Conditioning PTSD Example of acquisition

UCS (Gunshot/Killing) natural elicitor of fear UCR (Fear/Startle) CS (Hot, humid weather; tropical setting) CR (Fear/Startle)

Dissociative Amnesia

Unable to recall important personal events and information The loss of memory is much more extensive than normal forgetting and is not caused by physical factors such as a blow to the head Dissociative amnesia may be localized, generalized, or continuous

If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed:

Unconditional self-regard

When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, A mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring her. Subsequently, she has been afraid of mice. In this example, her mother scream is the:

Unconditioned stimulus

What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?

Unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss

Which is not a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists?

Underestimating how badly a social event went

Distressing

Unpleasant and upsetting to a person.

A prisoner eligible for parole is required to take a polygraph test. Although the prisoner tells the truth in response to one question, the polygraph records it as a lie. According to recent research, this kind of error is:

Unusual; less than 10% of true statements are interpreted as lies.

A clinical psychologist says, "how do I decide on the best treatment? Simple: I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy and follow their advice." This clinical psychologist is:

Unusual; most therapists base therapy decisions on something other than what they read in research journals

If you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best taking it while you are:

Unusually happy

If you were to graph the relationship between the numbers of negative life events experienced in the last month and people's perceptions of stress, you would probably find a(n):

Upward-sloping line (to the right)

Clinical Practitioners

Use the knowleadge that clinical scientists acquire to detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning.

dyspareunia

pain during sex

Psychodynamic Therapies Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Use the same general techniques to treat all psychological problems Free association Transference Resistence Dreams Use these methods to help clients with generalized anxiety disorder become less afraid of their id impulses and more successful in controlling them Other psychodynamic therapists, particularly object relations therapists, use them to help anxious patients identify and settle the childhood relationship problems that continue to produce anxiety in adulthood

Clinical Assessment

Used to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped.

Student who is quiet in class might be the life of the party on the weekend. Clinical observation of that student in class would lack:

Validity

The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been MOST successful was the use of:

Various medications

Cleaning Compulsions OCD

Very common Feel compelled to keep cleaning themselves, clothing or their homes

A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms at the age of 40. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder his is:

Very uncommon: Most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20s

At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is:

Very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration

Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly for one cerebral hemisphere to the other. The study would be:

Very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression

Sigmund Freud

Vienna. developed theory of psychoanalysis

Josef Breur

Vienna. patients sometimes awoke free of hysterical symptoms after speaking candidly under hypnotism

Biological Theorists

View abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism, typically the brain.

A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real world situations. This is an example of the _____ technique

Virtual reality

Which is true regarding war veterans' risk of suicide once they return home?

War Vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as are similar nonveterans

Many consider the MMPI-2 to be superior to the original MMPI because the MMPI-2:

Was tested on a more diverse group of people

It can sometimes lack validity, accuracy, and reliability and race, sex, and age can affect interview

What are the limitations of clinical interviews?

They require expensive equipment and their measurements can be inaccurate and unreliable.

What are the limitations to psychophysiological tests?

Affect, social skills, and cognitive inventories

What are the three types of response inventories?

Psychodynamic Explanations: When Childhood Anxiety Goes Unresolved Generalized Anxiety Disorder

When a child is overrun by neurotic or moral anxiety, the stage is set for generalized anxiety disorder

What Causes Phobias? Behavioral Explanations: How are Fears Learned? Classical conditioning Examples

When a girl was 7 years old she went on a picnic with her mother and aunt and ran off by herself into the woods after lunch While she was climbing over some large rocks, her feet were caught between two of them The harder she tried to free herself, the more trapped she became She heard a waterfall nearby The sound of running water became linked in her mind to her terrifying battle with the rocks

When is couple therapy preferable to individual therapy?

When relationship conflicts and role transitions are paramount

Conditioned Response (CR)

When the UR is produced by the CS rather than by the US.

For teenagers, the highest suicide rates are found among:

White Americans and American Indians

Why Do People Develop Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders? Multicultural Factors

Why might Hispanic Americans be more vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder than other racial or ethnic groups? Several explanations have been suggested One holds that as part of their cultural belief system, many Hispanic Americans tend to view traumatic events as inevitable and unchangeable A coping response that may heighten their risk for PTSD Culture's emphasis on social relationships and social support may place Hispanic American victims at special risk when traumatic events deprive them, temporarily or permanently, of important relationships and support systems A study found that among Hispanic Americans Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD, those with poor family and social relationships suffered the most severe symptoms

How Can Social Fears be Reduced? Cognitive therapies

Widely used to treat social fears, often in combination with behavioral techniques

artifact Theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

Women and men are equally likely to develop deppression

Which statement is not true regarding suicide and gender?

Women succeed at committing suicide more often than do men

Clinical Scientists

Workers in the field of abnormal psychology that gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study.

Which is an example of meta-worry?

Worrying about worrying

"I just experienced overload," says the participant observer. I simply can't:

Write down all the things I'm seeing

If you had lost your sense of identity, what would MOST likely be disrupted?

Your memory

rosas heart was racing (from 4 cups of coffee she has just finished) but she thought she might have been having a heart attack. her fear seemed to be increasing without end. this might be the beginning of an

panic attack

a person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing

panic disorder

A clinical diagnostician is not satisfied with tests that cannot specify the type of brain damage or brain impairment the clients have. The best suggestion for the diagnostician would be to use:

a battery of neuropsychological tests

if you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA you would choose:

a benzodiazepine

antidepressants and alprazolam have been found to be successful in treating

panic disorders

ethyl alcohol

a chemical that is quickly absorbed into the the blood through the lining of the stomach and the intestine. receive neurotransmitter GABA. depresses the areas that control judgment and inhibition

Karosakoff's syndrome

a disease marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms

Which one of the following would be least likely to characterize behavior of one experiencing anorexia nervosa?

a hesitancy to think and talk about food

Which of the following would be MOST likely to develop alcoholism

a higher socioeconomic class person living in a high unemployment area

If you experienced trephination, you would have:

a hole cut in your skull to let evil spirits out

vacuum erection device (VED)

a hollow cylinder that is placed over the penis. pumps air, drawing blood into his penis and producing an erection

cognitive-behavioral clinicians

a learned fear response

a person with schizophrenia demonstrates poverty of speech and auditory hallucination. According to the type one-type two evaluation categorization, this person would be

a mix of type 1 and type 2

culture

a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts

private psychotherapy

a person pays a therapist directly for counseling services. expensive and time consuming. insurance companies cap expenses.

how do phobias and common fear differ?

a phobia leads to greater desire to avoid the object

In general, the closer people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the MORE likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well. This is evidence of:

a positive correlation between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship

Rorschach test

a projective test in which a standard set of symmetrical ink blots are presented one by one to the subject, who is asked to describe what they suggest or resemble

Sentence-completion test

a projective test which asks people to complete a series of unfinished sentences.

If someone were to correlate scores on the social Readjustment Rating Scale with the numbers of physical (health) complaints. one would most likely find

a significant positive correlation

if someone were to correlate scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and look at the relationship between stress and illness, that person would MOST likely find:

a significant positive correlation

norms

a society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct

a comprehensive approach that involves several techniques in treating anxiety disorders is called

a stress management program

managed care programs

a system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services.

someone with skin picking disorder would be least likely to pick skin which area of the body?

abdomen

One of the assumptions of a functional analysis is that:

abnormal behaviors are learned

Somatogenic Perspective

abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes

Psychogenic Perspective

abnormal psychological functioning has psychological causes

If researchers using matched control subjects find that abused children are sadder than non abused children, those researchers know that

abuse is probably what is causing the difference in sadness between the groups

If you were looking at a photograph of yourself and adjusting the size until you thought the picture looked like you, you would most likely be participating in an assessment of your:

accuracy in estimating body size

Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, gradually the fears diminished, and they disappeared within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):

acute stress disorder

a pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called:

acute stress disorder

a person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing

acute stress disorder

If a new test for anxiety is normed on individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams, the new test is surely lacking:

adequate standardization

according to DSM 5, the most common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy is

adjustment disorder

the phobia most often associated with panic disorder is

agoraphobia

Reese is distrustful of others and reacts quickly to perceived threats. Even though he has no evidence, he is sure his wife is unfaithful. He finds it almost impossible to forgive those he thinks have wronged him. Reese displays the characteristics of:

paranoid personality disorders

easiest drugs to get

alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, marijuana, ecstasty

psychotropic medication

alleviates symptoms by altering chemicals in the brain. long term effects not fully understood.

methamphetamine (crack)

amphetamines drug for crystal meth

chemically speaking, why do people who are methamphetamine addicts sometimes display schizophrenic-like behavior?

amphetamines increase dopamine in the brain, leading to schizophrenic-like response

if a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:

an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinepherine

imagine that you just had a close call while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

parasympathetic nervous system

According to the psychodynamic view, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is related to fixation during the___stage

anal

imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

parasynthetic nervous system

benzodiazephines

antianxiety drug. most popular

Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be a(n):

antidepressant

which of the following is NOT an important part of dialectical behavior therapy? behavioral techniques cognitive techniques antipsychotic drugs humanistic techniques

antipsychotic drugs

If you were receiving medications to control hallucinations and delusions, you would MOST likely be receiving:

antipsychotics

sarah respects none of society's boundaries and is insensitive to other people, frequently violating their rights. She does not consider the consequences of her actions. She MOST probably experience:

antisocial personality disorder

people who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack and experiencing what cognitive theorists call

anxiety sensitivity

those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are:

anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them

psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive compulsive disorders

appear to work better when used in short term father than traditional ways

which of the following is the best example of a broad social anxiety

apprehension about being evaluated by others

If a researcher believes that dissociative identity disorder are iatrogenic, that researcher believes that dissociative identity disorders:

are unintentionally produced by therapists

in order to determine if a persons fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia you could:

ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living. if he says yes he most likely has a phobia

(Psychological) low sexual desire in...

attitudes, fears, or memories that contribute to their dysfunction.

male-to-female gender dysphoria: autogynephilic type

attracted to the fantasy of themselves being females.

The function of the double-blind design is to guard against:

participant and experimenter expectations

A client being treated for alcohol abuse receives just enough of a drug called curare to produce temporary paralysis just as that client takes a swig of beer. Presumably, sufficient pairings of paralysis and alcohol will reduce the client's desire for alcohol. This procedure is called

aversion therapy

Education about sexuality

patients know very little about physiology and techniques of sexual activity, so they are educated

Elena can't seem to establish social ties because she is afraid of being embarrassed or appearing foolish. She is easily hurt by criticism and is not willing to go into unfamiliar situations. She may be experiencing:

avoidant personality disorder

affectual awareness technique

patients visualize sexual scenes in order to discover any feelings of anxiety, vulnerability, and other negative emotions

hypoxyphilia

people strangle or smother themselves in order to enhance their sexual pleasure

delirium tremens (the DTs)

people who are dependent on alcohol experience a particularly dramatic withdrawl reaction. terrifying hallucinations. 2-3 days

Depression and eating disorders are correlated. What does that statement mean?

people with eating disorders also tend to be depressed

those who are anxious unless their books are perfectly lines up on their desks and who must eat the food on their plates in a balanced order are exhibiting a

balance compulsion

Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:

phobias

if one were taking anipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia, one would expect the drugs to:

be most effective against positive symptoms of schizophrenia

based on past results, one would predict that women who win the Miss America Pageant in the future will:

be smaller than those who lose

deinstitutionalization policy

began in 1960's. practice of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from mental health hospitals.

deviance

behavior contrary to norms

dysfunction

behavior interferes with daily living

which of the following statements accurately reflects what we know from recent studies

phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning

A patient complains of a phobia. Two lines of questioning by the clinician concern the specific object of the phobia and what the person does when he or she confronts that object. This clinician's orientation is probably:

behavioral

A student who turns pale and nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a _____ response to stress

physical

a student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n)____response to stress

physical

having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are_____symptoms of depression

physical

for me, crossing a bridge is terrifying. if you hardly notice crossing a bridge we differ in:

physiological anxiety

a child who is severely criticized for acting independently, and who is praised for doing exactly what parents say to do, later develops dependent personality disorder. The therapist who would be least surprised by this outcome would be which theoretical orientation?

behavioral

every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not. This is a _____explanation of conversion symptoms.

behavioral

giving in to a child's refusal to comply with parental request may inadvertently reinforce stubborn and defiant behavior, setting the scene for the development of antisocial personality disorder. This is MOST like a ______explanation of the development of antisocial personality disorder.

behavioral

One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the:

policy of deinstitualization

cocaine intoxication

poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety, and confusion

the therapy elliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions but not his obsessions. in addition he does homework in the form of self help procedures between therapy sessions. most likely, elliot is receiving which kind of therapy?

behavioral

a token economy approach to treatment is based on principles from the ______of abnormal behavior.

behavioral view

if you live in a city, own your own home, and you pay taxes, you are the LEAST likely to experience which of the following events next year?

being diagnosed with cancer

cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive compulsive disorder also:

believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others

which of the following medications works primarily by enhancing GABA

benzodiaepines

people who are often overweight and regularly binge eat without compensatory behaviors are experiencing:

binge eating disorder

Maureen is learning to warm her hands. She looks at a dial that reflects the output from a heat-sensitive device on her fingers and tries to make the dial go up. This is a form of:

biofeedback training

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?

biological

the strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?

biological

Narcolepsy is a :

biological disorder often triggered by strong emotions

The models of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the:

biological model

(Biological) low sex drives found in...

birth controls and postmenopausal after birth. neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. pain meds, psychotropic drugs, and illegal drugs. long-term physical illness.

A researcher's expectation about a study can affect it's outcome. The type of research design used to specifically address this problem is called a

blind design

humours

bodily fluids must be in balance. bloodletting and leeches used to accomplish this

tolerance

body adjusts.

an individual with a diagnosed personality disorder is emotionally unstable, impulsive, and reckless. This person's diagnosis is likely to be which of the following personality disorders?

borderline

Dr. Marsha Linehan, developer of dialectical behavior therapy, would have diagnosed her young adult self with:

borderline personality disorder

what do obsessions and compulsions have in common

both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety

which of the following is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder

both drug and cognitive treatments are effective

Mutual responsibility

both partners share the sexual problem. treatment included

Research supporting a Freudian theory of suicide has shown that the later suicidal behaviors related to:

both real and symbolic losses in childhood

Hippocrates contribution to the development of our understanding of mental illness was the view that such conditions were result of:

brain pathology

if you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(an):

brain seizure

the disorder that is characterized by eating binges followed by forced vomiting is called:

bulimia nervosa

widely used and legal stimulants

caffeine and nicotine

sexual dysfunctions

can't respond normally in key areas of sexual functioning. difficult to enjoy sex. lead to distress. interrelated.

a psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of family and friends. A clear picture is constructed of this individual, so his behavior is better understood. This study is a(n):

case study

those with schizophrenia who hold awkward and bizarre positions for long periods of time are experiencing:

catatonic posturing

a neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive compulsive disorder would be a suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain

caudate nuceli

hallucinogens

cause powerful changes in sensory perception, from strengthening a person's normal perceptions to inducing illusions and hallucinations

Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is the:

chance to get a general sense of the client

changing destructive lifestyle and marital interactions

change lifestyle. distancing themselves from the world.

excitement phase

changes in the pelvic, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate (muscle tension, blood pressure, rate of breathing)

when he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightening which walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today he is extremely afraid of trees. a Behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by:

classical conditioning

The process of evaluating each person's progress after being in treatment is called:

clinical assessment

bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST)

cluster of cells in the hypothalamus. woman's is smaller than man's. helps regulate sexual behavior in males

exorcism

coaxing evil spirits from the body by making their host uncomfortable

Mario felt awake and alive as though he could conquer the world. He MOST likely used heroin alcohol cocaine a barbiturate

cocaine

most troublesome stimulants

cocaine and amphetamines

An individual who has recently taken a drug angrily grabs some car keys and attempts to drive home. The person appears anxious, and keeps bragging that driving the car won't really be that difficult. MOST likely, that person is experiencing decreasing cross-tolerance hallucinosis cocaine intoxication delirium tremens

cocaine intoxication

"You should work on replacing those negative self-statement with coping self-statements," says a therapist whose view is MOST likely:

cognitive

An athlete who is actually well-prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would emphasize the illogical thinking process of this athlete as a source of poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality?

cognitive

In the face of fear a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses?

cognitive

Increasingly concerned about my minor heartbeat irregularities, I think that my health is being threatened, and more and more often I misinterpret my body's normal signals. Which viewpoint BEST explains my experiences?

cognitive

a depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from_____symptoms.

cognitive

a therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?

cognitive

an individual diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder reports having a great deal of difficulty figuring out how others feel, and as a child had difficulty developing adequate language skills. These findings would make the MOST sense to a theorist with which background?

cognitive

which of the following therapies is an effective long term non pharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching to interpret their physical sensations accurately

cognitive

Which form of therapy helps people reinterpret their hallucinations and change their reactions to them rather than to seek to eliminate hallucinations and delusions?

cognitive behavioral therapy

people who are coping with severe pain by telling themselves that they can get though it by focusing on the end of the pain, and by remembering that they have gotten thought it before, are MOST likely to have received which of the following therapies?

cognitive intervention

occasionally, you see or hear things. Your friends tell you its your imagination, but eventually you come to think your friends are hiding something and you develop delusions of persecution to explain their behavior. This thinking leads you down the "rational path to madness." This scenario is consistent with the:

cognitive view

that people with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions that they cannot easily express otherwise reflects the:

cognitive view

imagine that someone yells fire! in a crowded theatre and audience members begin to try to leave the building. some panic and begin pushing their way blindly through other people to an exit. this form of panic is

common and similar to the panic those with panic order experience

An acquaintance of yours uses Ecstasy and says, "Wow! I was totally energized and tripping. It was like LSD and meth combined." Your acquaintance's experience with Ecstasy wa

common; the drug has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

community mental health

communities should care for disordered individuals instead of sending them away. flaw- people fear the mentally ill

what is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related

compulsions help people control their obsession

A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is subsequently very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a (n):

conditioned stimulus

when i was a young child and watching tv with my mother a young mouse ran by. my mother screamed, scaring me. subsequently i have been afraid of mice. in this example, the mouse is the

conditioned stimulus

if you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards you could be exhibiting what rogers called

conditions of worth

Dr. Martin has just asked a potential client to talk about herself. As she responds, the doctor's next question is based on some interesting point the client made. There are few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Martin has just:

conducted an unstructured interview

Dissociative amnesia, characterized by forgetting that extends indefinitely into the present following a traumatic episode is called____amnesia

continous

The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under investigation (in an experiment) is called the :

control group

Just before debuting at Carnegie Hall, the pianist suffered paralysis of the left hand. Which of the following BEST describes her disorder?

conversion disorder

disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include:

conversion disorders

obesity and lack of exercise have been linked MOST closely to which of the following psychophysiological disorders?

coronary heart disease

phalloplasty

creating a functioning penis

The most legitimate criticism of intelligence tests concerns their:

cultural fairness

trephination

cutting away part(s) of the skull to release evil spirits

a milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include depressive and manic episodes has been ID as

cyclothymic disorder

neurotoxicity

damages nerve endings

According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when

defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety

"I am the Virgin Mary and I've come to give birth to a new savior," says someone who is MOST likely experiencing:

delusions of grandeur

What model of mental illness did most people hold during the Middle Ages?

demonology model

Europe in the Middle Ages

demonology returned because the church made a comeback.

a person who has an excessive need to be taken care of and is clingy is MOST likely to qualify for a diagnosis of:

dependent personality disorder

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is used most often in he treatment of :

depression

crashing

depression-like letdown. headaches, dizziness, and fainting

human sexual response cycle phases

desire, excitement, orgasm, resolution

The 4 "D's"

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

which of the following convinces researcher that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder

differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders

if you believe that personality disorders are best understood as a matter of degree in difference from typical personality rather than as a specific diagnosis, you agree with:

dimensional approach

which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part?

dissociative disorder

An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument, can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely is:

dissociative identity

people with which dissociative disorder typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment?

dissociative identity disorder

if a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I will be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in:

distorted thinking

Death ignorers

do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence. believe they are trading their lives for a better one.

A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvements even when none exists. What design would prevent this problem?

double blind

in preparation for a study of the effectiveness of an antischizophrenia drug, an experimenter puts the experimental drug and the placebo into capsules of the same color and codes them. Neither the subjects nor the experimenter will know who gets the experimental drug or the placebo. This is an example of a :

double blind design

GABA is related to

doubling the speed of neuronal firing

transvestic disorder or transvestism or cross-dressing

dressing of the opposite sex-arousal expressed through fantasies, urges, or behaviors. confused with gender identity disorder. operant conditioning.

sildenafil (Viagra)

drug that increases blood flow to the penis within one hour

the BEST treatment recommendation you can give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is:

drug therapy, accompanied by psychotherapy

apomorphine

drug to increase dopamine activity in certain areas of the brain

hallucinosis

drugs may produce a particular form of intoxication

tease technique

during sensate-focus exercises

erectile disorder

dysfunction during the excitement phase only. 10% of men

A marijuana user has just taken the drug. Almost half an hour passes before the user begins to experience the drug high. Most likely, the user has taken the drug by

eating it in some food

When you realize that the world is really not all about you, you can thank your:

ego

family members are over involved in each other's lives but are affectionate and loyal. This description fits Salvador's Minuchin's definition of an:

emeshed family pattern

If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two of them do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be:

enmeshed

someone who believes that our experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the____explanation of the development of phobias

enviornmental

studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called:

epidemiological studies

nocturnal penile temescence (NPT)

erections during sleep. men have erections during REM sleep (dreaming phase 2-5)

Hypertension is more common among African Americans than among white americans. Psychosocial stressors that can explain this difference include all of the following except

evolutionary factors, making African Americans more susceptible to hypertension.

Attitude change

examine and change any beliefs about sexuality that are preventing them

Fetal alcohol syndrome

excessive alcohol use during pregnancy. abnormalities that can include intellectual developmental disorder, hyperactivity, head and face deformities, heart defects, and slow growth.

hypersexuality

excessive sexuality

according to the DSM 5 one must demonstrate which of the following set of symptoms in order to be diagnosed with general anxiety disorder

excessive worry for THREE months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress

the MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is:

excessively optimistic, with poor judgment

the model with its roots in the philosophical idea that people are dynamic beings, giving meaning to their existence through their actions, is the:

existential mode

People with one anxiety disorder are most likely to

experience another anxiety disorder to

a person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it:

experiencing avoidance

a friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based on the present research, your best answer is

" Try either one; they are about equally effective"

a friend says. i am going to get some therapy to reduce my headaches what do you suggest? based on current research on the effectiveness of treatments for stress related physical disorders your BEST answer would be

" a combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy works better than any therapy by itself"

a friend says, " i feel like I'm stressed out and sick all the time. What kind of person is least likely to have an immune system messed up like mine?" Your BEST answer is:

" an optimist who is highly spiritual"

A person who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is the best advice for this person?

"Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for a body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterwards."

An abnormal psychology instructor asks in class, "what kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), a student replies:

"Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs"

A student says, "The problem with single-subject experiments is that there is no control group, so you don't know if the treatment is effective." The BEST reply is:

"If you use a reversal design, then participants serve as their own controls"

A friend of yours wants certain heavy metal songs banned because, your friend says, listening to them will encourage suicidal tendencies. Your best reply, based on research, would be:

"It probably won't work; experts don't agree with you, and the courts have not sound musicians liable."

a person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is

experiencing reduced responsivness

In the study, Group A was the:

experimental group

In the therapy approach called_____, a therapist exposes a bulimic patient to binge inducing stimuli and then prevents binge eating.

exposure and response prevention

your abnormal psych instructor asks you in class what kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive compulsive related disorders?

exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs

a combat veteran undergoing " eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing

exposure therapy

a combat veteran undergoing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is experiencing which general form of therapy?

exposure therapy

A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?

"Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders"

Differential Diagnosis Panic Disorder

"Not better explained by another disorder" Different from Specific Phobias and Social Anxiety Disorder They can also have panic attacks when they are confronted with what they are afraid of Ex:) Fear of heights Fear of driving across a bridge Specific phobia because the fear is of a specific situation

A person says, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. I don't know which to choose." Based on current research, the best answer would be:

"Some therapists Think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse."

"What works best to keep suicidal people from following through?" Asks a friend. Which would be the correct answer to this question?

"Try cognitive behavioral therapy."

Which phrase would one by MOST likely to hear in a self-help group?

"Try this. It worked for me."

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of post-traumatic stress disorder." Your response would MOST likely be:

"Yes- although civilian trauma cause many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

"The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" Which is the BEST answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this?

"Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.'"

Benjamin Rush

"father of American Psychiatry" developed humane approaches to treatment

a friend says to you i know someone who was diagnosed with PTSD. do you think therapy will help this person? which of the following is the best answer.

"probably- about two thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement"

Thomas Szasz

"problems in living." negative labels are used to control people.

Hippocrates

"the father of modern medicine"

"the therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I as in combat and imagine them like i was there. i don't want to do that! how can this possibly help me?" which of the following is the best answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this??

"your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called "flooding"

Treatment Panic Disorder Antidepressants

*Antidepressants don't work better than benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Have a lot of side effects Works better, but antidepressants are a preferred choice (symptom wise) Addictive

Dissociative Amnesia

- An inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. - Rule out: substance abuse, PTSD, acute stress disorder, neurocognitive disorders - Specify with: dissociative fugue

Dissociative Identity Disorder

- Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states, which may be described in some cultures as an experience of possession. The disruption in identity involves marked discontinuity in sense of self and sense of agency, accompanied by related alteration is affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning. These signs and symptoms may be observed by others or reported by the individual. - A natural adaption to trauma that has gone wrong/overboard - Disputed existence/very rare

Adjustment Disorders

- The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor, occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s). - Marked distress that is out of proportion to situration or significant impairment in areas (social, occupational, other) areas o functioning.

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

- The presence of persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization, derealization, or both. *Depersonalization - Feeling of being an outside observer of one's thoughts etc. *Derealization - Feeling of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings

Which correlation is MOST likely to be statistically significant?

-.80, based on a sample of 100 people

Which correlation coefficient is of the highest magnitude?

-.81

which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationships?

-0.6

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

-A child actively approaches and interact with unfamiliar adults and exhibits two or more of the following: reduced or absent reticence, overfamiliar verbal or familiar behavior (not culturally sanctioned), diminished or absent checking back with a caregiver, willingness to go with an unfamiliar adult with minimal or no hesitation

Reactive Attachment Disorder

-A consistent pattern of emotionally withdrawn behavior - rarely seeks or responds to comfort when distressed

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

-Excessive anxiety or worry that is diffcult to control, symptoms present more days than not in the last 6 months -The individual finds it difficult to control the worry -The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms: restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

Acute Stress Disorder

-Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation in one or more of the following ways: directly experiencing events, witnessing the events happening as they occurred to others, learning events occurred to family or close friend, repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic events -Nine or more symptoms *Intrusion -dreams, flashbacks, memories *Negative Mood -inability to experience positive emotions *Dissociative -altered sense of reality, inability to remember specific aspect *Avoidance -effort to avoid specific reminders *Arousal -sleep disorder, hyper vigilance, concentration, exaggerated startle response

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

-Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation in one or more of the following ways: directly experiencing events, witnessing the events happening as they occurred to others, learning events occurred to family or close friend, repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic events Diagnosable after a month of symptoms

Agoraphobia

-Fear of being around crowds of people -Public transport, open spaces, enclosed spaces, standing in lines or in large crowds, being outside of the home alone (know two or more)

Specific Phobia

-Fear or anxiety regarding specific object or situation AND it inhibits ability to function -Persistent, irrational (must cause significant distress) -Not anxious about unless they are in the presence of stimulus -Specific categories of phobias are coded

Social Anxiety Disorder

-Marked (significant distress) fear relating to being exposed to scrutiny by others

Hoarding Disorder

-Persistent difficulty parting with possessions (or throwing it away) regardless of their actual value -Due to perceived need to save the items -Causes impairment or distress -Not OCD or major depressive disorder, or schizophrenia

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

-Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws that are not visible or slight to others *Performs repetitive behaviors and causes clinically significant distress *NOT better explained by concern with weight or body fat going along with eating disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

-Presence of obsession and/or compulsions *Obsessions 1) Recurrent thoughts, urges, images that are unwanted 2) Individuals attempts to ignore/suppress or neutralize them by performing the action or thought *Compulsions 1) Repetitive Behaviors that the individual feels compelled to perform according to rigid rules 2) The behaviors are aimed at reducing anxiety or stress or preventing an event or situation -Differentiated by anxiety pattern -Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder is perfectionism to the point where it is self-defeating/maladaptive

Trichtillomania

-Recurrent pulling of one's hair, resulting in hair loss *Attempt to stop or decrease hair pulling

Excoriation Disorder

-Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions *Rule out: meth usage, fleas from pets, drugs, tactile hallucinations, body dysmorphic disorder, OCD, or intention to harm oneself in non-suicidal or self-injury

Panic Disorder

-Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks -Panic attacks are short and intense (5-15 minutes) and you don't know why it occurs - If these are not true, it is more likely an anxiety disorder

According to surveys, about what proportion of adults in the United States receive psychological therapy in a typical year?

1 in 6

Which risk percentage pattern best supports the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder - (1) in the general population, (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder?

1%, 10%, 40%,

Treatment of Sexually Abused Children

1) "Damaged Goods" syndrome 2) Guilt 3) Fear 4) Depression 5) Low-self esteem and poor social skills 6) Repressed anger and hostility 7) Impaired ability to trust 8) Blurred role boundaries and role confusion 9) Pseudomaturity and failure to accomplish developmental tasks 10) Self-Mastery and control

About how many deaths occur by suicide each year around the world?

1,000,000

about what portion of the US population experiences insomnia in a given year?

1/4

A person with a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 8 has an IQ of:

125

the peak age for the development of anorexia nervosa is:

14-18 years

Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder in women is about:

15, and is lower for men

Johann Weyer, considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology, was a physician in the:

1500s

The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is MOST similar to the number hospitalized in:

1990

moral treatment

19th century approach to treating people with mental illness that emphasized moral guidelines and humane treatment

To recieve a diagnosis of dysthymic an individual must have experienced symptoms for how long?

2 years

caffeine

2-3 cups is intoxication. acts as a stimulant in the CNS, release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. world's most widely used.

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using ECT?

2-4 weeks

Of the people who use alcohol just before committing suicide, what percentage are actually intoxicated?

25%

Assume that a community is made up of almost exactly equal numbers of these for groups: African-Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and white Americans, and that everyone is of the same Socio economic status. Approximately what percent of suicides would you expect to be committed by white Americans?

40% - about double the rates for the other groups

Emily how many mental disorders does the DSM-V list?

400

What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States?

5-10%

Researchers have shown that in a typical year in the United States, nearly 1 in (blank) adults receive clinical treatment.

6

Approximately ______ percent of Americans would not tell employer if they were seeking mental health treatment

67

studying people who survive their suicide attempts

8-20 nonfatal suicide attempts for every fatal suicide

The proportion of panic attack suffers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about:

80%

Specific Phobias Factors

9% of all people in the United States have the symptoms of a specific phobia African Americans and Hispanic Americans report having at least 50% more specific phobias than do white Americans, even when economic factors, education, and age are held steady across the groups The impact of a specific phobia on a person's life depends on what arouses the fear People whose phobias center on dogs, insects, or water will keep encountering the objects they dread Their efforts to avoid them must be elaborate and may greatly restrict their activities Most people with a specific phobia do not seek treatment They just avoid it

What percentage of rape victims qualified for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum et al.'s (1992) study?

94 percent

the category of Odd personality disorders includes the traits of:

extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and cognitive perceptual peculiarities

Moral Treatment

A 19th century (Pinel and Tuke) approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment.

systematic desensitization

A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread.

The Behavioral Perspective Exposure and Response Prevention OCD

A behavioral treatment for OCD that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts Also called exposure/ritual prevention

exposure and response prevention

A behavioral treatment for obsessive- compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention.

systematic desensitization

A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread.

A campus newspaper publishes an "exam anxiety" test, which the newspaper staffers put together one evening before the publishing deadline. Despite its hasty construction, the test MOST likely has:

face validity

Treatments for Specific Phobias Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread First offer relaxation therapy Create a fear hierarchy Learn how to pair the relaxation with the fears Over the course of several sessions, clients move up the ladder of their fears until they reach and overcome the ones that frighten them most of all

If a person lives in the city, owns a home, and pays taxes, that person is least likely to experience which event next year?

A cancer diagnosis

Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he is taking all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He's frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying:

A checking compulsion

neurotransmitter

A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons. Important for communication throughout the body. Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, GABA

The Sociocultural Perspective: Societal and Multicultural Factors Generalized Anxiety Disorder Study

A classic study that was done on the psychological impact of living near the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant after the nuclear reactor accident of March 1979 In the months following the accident, local mothers of preschool children were found to display five times as many anxiety or depression as mothers living elsewhere

syndrome

A cluster of symptoms that usually occur together

Syndrome

A cluster of symptoms that usually occur together.

rational-emotive therapy

A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder.

Which tool is designed to disclose a patient's thoughts and assumptions?

A cognitive inventory

Cognitive Therapies Changing Maladaptive Assumptions Rational-emotive therapy Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder

A student says, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables." Which will help the student?

A correlation coefficient close to zero (0)

Case Study

A detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems.

diagnosis

A determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder.

Diagnosis

A determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder.

test

A device for gathering information about a person's psychological functioning [from which broader information about the person can be inferred]

electromyograph (EMG)

A device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.

generalized anxiety disorder

A dis- order marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a drive to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both

Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders: Finding a Diagnostic Home Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects of flaws in their physical appearance The perceived defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (More Detailed Definition)

A disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities Sometimes described as free-floating anxiety Typically feel restless, keyed up, or on edge; tire easily; have difficulty concentrating, suffer from muscle tension, and have problems

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) Dissociative identity disorder

A dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities Also known as multiple personality disorder

Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

A dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both People experiencing depersonalization feel as though they have become separated from their body and are observing themselves from outside Occasionally, their mind seems to be floating a few feet above them Doubling They are aware that their perceptions are distorted, and in that sense, they remain in contact with reality

Clinical Interview

A face-to-face encounter.

McFalls' Manifesto

A false dichotomy has been set up between science and practice

A person receiving multicultural therapy could expect all of these effects EXCEPT:

A focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems

Psychological Debriefing PTSD

A form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents Also called critical incident stress debriefing Psychological debriefing is a form of crisis intervention that has victims of trauma talk extensively about their feelings and reactions within days of the critical incident Based on the assumption that such sessions prevent or reduce stress reactions, they are often applied to trauma victims who have not yet displayed any symptoms at all, as well as those who have During the sessions, often conducted in a group format, counselors guide the individuals to describe the details of the recent trauma, to vent and relive the emotions provoked at the time of the event, and to express their current feelings

Outpatient Therapy

A format of treatment used by Freud, in which pts visited therapists in their offices for sessions of approximately an hour and then went about their daily activities.

Leila always feels threatened and anxious- imagining something awful is about to happen. She's able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing:

A generalized anxiety disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders: Finding a Diagnostic Home Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders

A group of disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly and excessively perform specific patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives Hoarding Hair-Pulling

Dissociative Disorders

A group of disorders in which some parts of one's memory or identity seem to be dissociated, or separated, from other parts of one's memory or identity Memory difficulties and other dissociative symptoms found in these disorders are particularly intense, extensive, and disruptive Dissociative reactions are usually the main or only symptoms Individuals with dissociative disorders do not typically experience the significant arousal, negative emotions, sleep difficulties, and other problems that characterize acute and posttraumatic stress disorders

Rap groups PTSD

A group that meets to talk about and explore members' problems in an atmosphere of mutual support

To what can we attribute much of the dramatic rise in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder in recent years?

A growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder

Family pedigrees and twin studies have been used to look for genetic predisposition for unipolar depression these studies have found:

A higher than chance rate of depression among families of depressed patients

classification system

A list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses.

Classification System

A list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses.

Because people who exhibit mania have very elevated moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels, and how often he or she laughs. This test has:

face validity

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. Most likely, David is experiencing:

A manic phase of bipolar I disorder

reliability

A measure of the consistency of test or research results.

empirically supported treatment

A movement in the clinical field that seeks to identify which therapies have received clear research support for each disorder, to develop corresponding treatment guidelines, and to spread such information to clinicians. Also known as evidence-based treatment.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A natural response with which you are born.

norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression

serotonin

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

The Biological Perspective Serotonin OCD

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders

phobia

A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation.

Phobias

A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity or situation

obsession

A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessions

A persistent thought, urge, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder? The Psychodynamic View Dissociative Amnesia

A person unconsciously blocks the memory of an extremely upsetting event to avoid the pain of facing it Single Episode

The Cognitive Perspective Neutralizing OCD

A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts Eventually, the neutralizing thought or act is used so often that it becomes an obsession or compulsion

neutralizing

A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts.

stimulus generalization

A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli.

What Causes Phobias? Behavioral Explanations: How are Fears Learned? Stimulus Generalization

A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A pictorial projective test in which respondents are commonly shown 30 black-and-white pictures of individuals in vague situations and are asked to make up a dramatic story about each card.

"The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat." If true, this statement expresses:

A positive correlation

preparedness

A predisposition to develop certain fears.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to be linked with an unconditioned stimulus (US) in a person's mind.

biological challenge test

A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist.

Hypnotism

A procedure that places people in a trance-like mental state during which they become extremely suggestible. Its study lead to the gain of following of the psychogenic perspective.

Biological Challenge Test Panic Disorder

A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist

classical conditioning

A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response.

modeling

A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.

What Causes Phobias? Behavioral Explanations: How are Fears Learned? Modeling

A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle

modeling

A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.

operant conditioning

A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.

What Causes Phobias? Behavioral Explanations: How are Fears Learned? Classical conditioning

A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time because tied together in a person's mind and so produce that same response

classical conditioning

A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response.

Thematic apperception test

A projective test in which 30 black and white pictures of individuals in vague situations are shown and are asked to make up a dramatic story for each card.

Sentence-Completion Test

A projective test in which people are asked to complete a series of unfinished sentences.

psychopharmacologist

A psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications.

free association

A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant.

orbitofrontal cortex

A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise.

The Biological Perspective Orbitofrontal Cortex OCD

A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise

compulsion

A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Compulsions

A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

family pedigree study

A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.

The Biological Perspective Family Pedigree Study Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder If biological tendencies toward generalized anxiety disorder are inherited, people who are biologically related should have similar probabilities of developing this disorder Studies have in fact found that biological relatives of persons with generalized anxiety disorder are more likely than non relatives to have that disorder also

If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use:

A response inventory

Model or Paradigm

A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations.

Theory

A set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and for gathering and interpreting information about that phenomenon

mental status exam

A set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.

Mental Status Exam

A set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.

specific phobia

A severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia).

social phobia

A severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur. Also known as social anxiety disorder.

Specific Phobias (Detailed)

A severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation Other than agoraphobia and social phobia When they are exposed to the object or situation, they typically experience an immediate fear Ex:) Specific animals or insects Heights Thunderstorms Blood

Social Anxiety Disorder (Detailed)

A severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur May be narrow Fear of talking in public or eating in front of others May be broad General fear of functioning poorly in front of others

locus ceruleus

A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine.

amygdala

A small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information.

Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be:

A social phobia

Norms

A society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct.

Interview Schedule

A standard set of questions designed for all interviews.

Managed Care Program

A system of health care covergae in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services.

biofeedback

A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily.

Biofeedback Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily Electrodes are attached to the client's muscles where they detect the minute electrical activity that accompanies muscle tension Usually forehead muscles The device then converts electric potentials coming from the muscles into an image, such as lines on a screen, or into a tone whose pitch changes along with changes in muscle tension The clients "see" or "hear" when their muscles are becoming more or less tense

anxiety sensitivity

A tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.

projective test

A test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to

Projective Test

A test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to.

intelligence test

A test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability

personality inventory

A test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them.

neuropsychological test

A test that detects brain impairment by measuring a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances.

neurological test

A test that directly measures brain structure or activity.

psychophysiological test

A test that measures physical responses(such as heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems.

Family Systems Theory

A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules.

How Can Social Skills be Improved? Social Skills Training

A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors

social skills training

A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors.

cognitive therapy

A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes. Examines maladaptive thoughts to improve our "Causal attribution"

Predictive Validity

A tool's ability to predict future characteristics or behavior

flooding

A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless.

Treatments for Specific Phobias Flooding

A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

a woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. You think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to appear sick, which fills some psychological need. You would diagnose:

factitious disorder

if a physician believes that a patients disorder is due to hidden needs, repression, or reinforcement, then the patient may receive diagnosis of

factitious disorder

female orgasmic disorder

fail to reach orgasm, very low intensity, very delayed. 24%

How Are Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder Treated? Hypnotic Therapy

A treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities Also known as hypnotherapy

Which is NOT considered a research method?

A treatment plan for an individual

Relaxation Training Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations Therapists can teach clients to identify individual muscle groups, tense them, release the tension, and ultimately relax the whole body They can bring on a state of deep muscle relaxation More effective than no treatment or placebo treatment in cases of generalized anxiety disorder

Asylums

A type of institution that first became popular in the 16th century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons.

Beck Depression Inventory

A type of response inventory where people rate their level of sadness and its effect on their functioning.

Which of these people is most likely to be diagnosed with depression?

A woman from the United States has lived all her life on an American Indian reservation

Which would be the most surprising example of a suicide because it does not fit into the pattern that current research results have identified?

A woman who stabbed and then hanged herself

until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from:

family pedigree studies

The PRIMARY motivating emotion a person with anorexia experiences is:

fear

The Biological Perspective This research points to OCD

Abnormally low activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin Abnormal functioning in key regions of the brain

The people who would qualify for the DSM diagnosis and a lifetime, surveys show what percentage so comorbidity?

About 28 percent

How likely are women to use a gun to commit suicide?

About 30% of women who commit suicide use guns

In 1997, Oregon past the "death with dignity act," which allows doctor assisted suicide for persons with terminal illness. Since 1997, on average, how many Oregonians with terminal illnesses have ended their lives each year?

About 500

Which statement is MOST consistent with the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for depression?

Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely

The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:

Accepting problematic thoughts

Hypnotic Suggestion

According to Bernheim and Liebault, a mental process could both cause and cure even a physical dysfunction.

Fixation

According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.

Oral Stage

According to Freud, the first 18 months of life, during which children fear that the mother that feeds and comforts them will disappear; if she does, a "oral character" is displayed marked by extreme dependence or mistrust.

Ego

According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle.

Id

According to Freud, the psychological forces that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses; its instincts are believed to be sexual.

Superego

According to Freud, the psychological forces that represents a person's values and ideals.

Conscience

According to Freud, we develop this when we go against our parents' values and feel guilty.

transference

According to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past.

Humors

According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning - yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.

Conditions of Worth

Acquired by children who are repeatedly made to feel that they are not worthy of positive regard; standards that tell them that they are lovable and acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines.

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic stress Disorders? Disasters

Acute and posttraumatic stress disorders may also follow natural and accidental disasters Earthquakes Floods Tornadoes Fires Airplane crashes Serious car accidents

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic stress Disorders?

Acute or posttraumatic stress disorder can occur at any age People with this disorder may also experience a depressive, anxiety, or substance use disorder and even become suicidal Women are at least twice as likely as men to develop these disorders People with low incomes are twice as likely with higher incomes to experience the disorders

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression and flashbacks that begin shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called:

Acute stress disorder

A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for 3 weeks is probably experiencing:

Acute stress disorder

Which is the BEST example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation?

Adding positive activities to the patient's life

According to DSM-5, the most common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy for experiencing stress is:

Adjustment disorder

The Sociocultural Perspective: Societal and Multicultural Factors Generalized Anxiety Disorder Race

African Americans are 30% more likely than white Americans to suffer from this disorder Hispanics in both the United States and Latin American suffer from nervios (nerves) a similar, culture-bound disorder marked by extreme distress and tension headaches

When was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called "shell-shock") first recognized?

After WWI

Etiology PTSD Genetics

After controlling for amount of combat exposure, Identical twins show higher concordance (.35) than fraternal twins (.17) True et al. 1993

Research on the relationship between serotonin and suicide, serotonin seems most related to:

Aggression

Which behavior pattern is not listed in the DSM-V as an obsessive-compulsive related disorder?

Agoraphobia

Which is the most likely reason for the relationship between alcohol use and suicide?

Alcohol lowers and inhibitions and impairs judgment

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for:

All events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode melancholic, an individual must display:

Almost no emotional response to pleasurable events

Study show that less than 10% of individuals who experienced major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression?

Almost none - about 10% of adults in the United States experienced some level of clinical depression each year

Psychodynamic Explanations: When Childhood Anxiety Goes Unresolved Low Level of Anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Alternative, a child's ego defense mechanisms may be too weak to cope with even normal levels of anxiety Overprotected children, shielded by their parents from all frustrations, have little opportunity to develop effective defense mechanisms When they face the pressures of adult life, their defense mechanisms may be too weak to cope with the resulting anxieties

Carlos died by intentionally stepping in front of a bullet that was intended for another young man, from Carlos, as head of a platoon of soldiers in the Persian Gulf war, was responsible. Emile Durkheim would call it an example of:

Altruistic suicide

The prevalence rate for a disorder will blank the incidence rate

Always be the same or higher than

Dorthea Dix

America. Schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern.

According to current estimates, the suicide rate is highest in the United states among:

American Indians

Factors Associated with Development of Agoraphobia Panic Disorder

Amering et al., 1997 First panic attack occurred in public and was accompanied by embarrassment

stress management program

An approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress.

Trephination

An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks.

agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur

Agoraphobia (Detailed)

An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur If they venture out of the house at all, it usually with close friends or family Prone to experience panic attacks

Accurate Stress Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month Studies indicate that as many as 80% of all cases of acute stress disorder develop into posttraumatic stress disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event

rapprochement movement

An effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all effective therapists.

Rapprochement Movement

An effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all effective therapists.

reaction formation

An ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a life- style that expresses the opposite desire.

undoing

An ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act.

isolation

An ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions.

A person being treated by a shaman would MOST likely be undergoing:

An exorcism

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing PTSD

An exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid

fear differs from anxiety in that

fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general

If we ultimately find the people with unipolar depression have certain bio chemical characteristics, Certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that:

An interaction between factors causes depression

intelligence quotient (IQ)

An overall score derived from intelligence tests.

idiographic understanding

An understanding of the behavior of a particular individual

Idiographic Understanding

An understanding of the behavior of a particular individual.

According to Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the _____ development

Anal

Seligman's study in which created learned helplessness in the lab is an example of a(n) blank study.

Analogue

Another pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episode is called _____ disorder

Anhedomic

which of the following is an example of a specific social anxiety

fear of public speaking

Society that loses its basic family and religious Corvalla use, experiences large-scale immigration of people it's very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of this people is in danger of an Increase in what Durkheim calls:

Anomic suicide

If a person's primary symptom were excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for that person would be an:

Anti-anxiety medication

How Can Social Fears be Reduced?

Antidepressant medications seem to be the drugs of most help for this disorder, more helpful than benzodiazepines or other kinds of antianxiety medications People helped by such psychological treatments appear less likely to relapse than those treated with medications alone

Treatment Panic Disorder Pharmacotherapy

Antidepressants (SSRIs) Serotonergic activity which decreases noradrenergic activity Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium) Fast acting Side effects, addictive, especially high relapse rate In general, high relapse rates for medications alone

Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed:

Antipsychotic

Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is an ancient king. If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n):

Antipsychotic drug

Which would a combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder NOT be likely to experience?

Antipsychotic medication

The most common mental disorders in the United States are:

Anxiety disorders

Psychodynamic Perspective

Anxiety disorders develop when children come to fear their own id impulses and use ego defense mechanisms to lessen the resulting anxiety The battle is played out in overt thoughts and actions Id impulses take the form of obsessive thoughts, and the ego defenses appear as counter thoughts or compulsive actions

People who experience a positive event, get excited, breathe harder, and have an increase in her heart rate, then interpret the symptoms of a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call:

Anxiety sensitivity

The Dean of academic affairs visits a professors class is part of the tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "the dean hated my class so much she was too embarrassed to speak to me." this is an example of a:

Arbitrary inference

A researcher is considering whether to gather online data are being used in terms of research ethics, which question is the MOST relevant?

Are Facebook postings considered "public behavior"?

Determinist assume that abnormal behaviors:

Are not accidental

The leading theories designed to explain suicide:

Are not supported by significant body of research

Family-Social Theorists

Argue that clinical theorists on those broad forces that operate directly on an individual as he or she moves through life - family relationships, social interactions, community events.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Arises from trauma that is outside the range of human experience

Personality Inventories

Ask respondents a wide range of questions about their behavior, feelings, and beliefs. Have greater validity/ accuracy than projective tests.

Suicide prevention Center you hear a counselor say, "do you have a gun? Is it loaded and do you know how to use it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions best represent?

Assessing suicide potential

Anton Mesmer

Austrian physician. Used mesmerism to treat hysterical disorders

In the DSM-V, Asberger's would now be classified under which new category?

Autism spectrum disorder

Also develop "interoceptive avoidance" Panic Disorder

Avoid situations that produce arousal that resembles beginnings of attack Ex:) Aerobics Watching horror movies Arguments Sex

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 4 Classes of symptoms Avoidance with Stimuli Associated with Trauma

Avoids thoughts Feelings Situations Stimuli that is associated with trauma Mentally Physically Avoid anything that could trigger memories of the trauma

which of the following is the best example of reduced responsiveness as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?

feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities

which of the following is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to post traumatic stress disorder?

feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities.

4%

female heavy drinkers

Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are

female or low income individuals

A pattern of abnormalities, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder characterizes someone with

fetal alcohol syndrome

If you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the U.S, your therapy will last for

fewer than five sessions

barbiturates

fight anxiety and to help people sleep. replaced by benzodiazephines

To justify analogue experiments with animals, research must:

Balance the suffering of the animals with the knowledge to be gained

Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which statement would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior?

Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs

Huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the:

Basal ganglia

In single-subject experimental designs, the participant is observed and measured before the manipulation of an independent variable. This initial observation period is called the:

Baseline period

If psychodynamic explanation for Suicide is correct, then suicide rates should:

Be lower in those who experience symbolic loss As children

If a patient is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the patient is MOST likely being treated by a follower of:

Beck

The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was:

Beck

Which is a correct match of person and approach

Beck and cognitive therapy

If someone is isolated and lack social support or intimacy in his or her life, that person is more likely to blank than someone who has social support and intimacy.

Become depressed when under stress

The DSM-5 task force and various work groups:

Began their work in 2006

Dangerous

Behavior that is consistently careless, hostile, or confused and that may cause a person to place themselves or those around them at risk.

"Abnormal behaviors-indeed, all behaviors-are acquired through learning." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?

Behavioral

"When I was young, I met a large dog. I wasn't afraid of the dog, but as I tried to pet it, the dog snarled and jumped at me. I have been afraid of dogs ever since." A therapist who assumes that this sentence describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality?

Behavioral

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and is unable to solve problems is probably suffering from [blank] symptoms

Behavioral

Jose is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and eat meals with his wife. In short, he should increase his positive activity. His therapist MOST likely reflects the [blank] orientation.

Behavioral

People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved and dangerous activities are showings _____ symptoms of mania

Behavioral

Which model is MOST likely to emphasize the importance of one's history of conditioning as the source of depression?

Behavioral

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?

Behavioral

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?

Behavioral

Focusing on the addition of positive activities tot he life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as:

Behavioral activation

structured

Behavioral and cognitive clinicians typically use what form of interview?

A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found a happy marriage, may proceed to the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives?

Behavioral and socio-cultural

The model of abnormality that focuses on learning is the:

Behavioral model

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self worth is showing all of the following symptoms except:

Behavioral symptoms

How Are Phobias Treated?

Behavioral techniques are more widely used than the rest, particularly for specific phobias

A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of:

Behavioral therapy

If you therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasure activities, reinforce nondepressive actions, and improve your social skills, your therapist would be using:

Behavioral therapy

exposure treatments

Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread.

Treatments for Specific Phobias Exposure Treatments

Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread

Commonly observed triggers for suicide include all of these except:

Being in therapy

Psychodynamic Theorists

Believe that a person's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware.

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder? The Behavioral View

Believe that dissociation is a response learned through operant conditioning People who experience a horrifying event may later find temporary relief when their minds drift to other subjects Like psychodynamic theorists, behaviorists see dissociation as escape behavior Behaviorists believe that a reinforcement process rather than a hardworking unconscious is keeping the individuals unaware that they are using dissociation as a means of escape Rely heavily on case histories

Behavioral Theorists

Believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life, concentrating wholly on behaviors.

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder? The Psychodynamic View

Believe that these dissociative disorders are caused by repression The most basic ego defense mechanism People fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts, or impulses from reaching awareness Everyone uses repression to a degree, but people with dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder are thought to repress their memories excessively

Cognitive theorists have found people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also:

Believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others

What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?

Benzodiazepine

Which medications work primarily by enhancing effectiveness of GABA?

Benzodiazepines

Biological Explanations: GABA Inactivity Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Benzodiazepines The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax Apparently, certain neurons have receptors that receive the benzodiazepines, just as lock receives a key GABA The neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder

Biological Treatments Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Benzodiazepines were originally marketed as sedative-hypnotic drugs Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses Seemed less addictive Often provide relief for people with generalized anxiety disorder Potential dangers We now know that people who take benzodiazepines in large doses for an extended time can become physically dependent on them The drugs mix badly with certain other drugs and substances like alcohol

According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is:

Better than nothing and about as effective as meditation

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Factors

Between 1 and 2% of the people in the United States and other countries throughout the world suffer from OCD in any given year As many 3% develop the disorder at some point during their lives It is equally common in men and women and among people of different races and ethnic groups

The Behavioral Perspective Factors OCD

Between 55 and 85% of clients with OCD have been found to improve considerable with exposure and response prevention, improvements that often continue indefinitely

If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a find in with support the influence of the:

Biochemical orientation

Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of:

Biofeedback training

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorder best supports which theoretical perspective?

Biological

Young man his father and uncle committed suicide at about his age also commit suicide. What is the explanation of suicide most easily explaining the young man suicide?

Biological

The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the:

Biological model

The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to:

Bond with the primary personality

Dorothea Dix

Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States. She personally helped est. 32 state hospitals.

The correlational method and the experimental method are similar in that:

Both have external validity

In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalizing anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports:

Both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory

In the bilateral ECT, the electrical current passes through:

Both sides of the brain

The "typical" child who commit suicide is a:

Boy who understands what death really is

Cerebrum

Brain region in the forebrain that consists of the cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala.

psychosurgery

Brain surgery for mental disorders

Treatment Panic Disorder Relaxation Training to control attacks

Breathing from diaphragm

Treatment Panic Disorder Treating agoraphobia vs. panic disorder with agoraphobia

By treating the panic disorder, you're going the long way in treating agoraphobia If the person only has agoraphobia, you do exposure or response prevention

binge-drinking

five or more drinks on a single occasion. mostly men binge-drink at least five times a month

To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:

flipping a coin to determine group assignment

Therapists who use the technique of _______believe that people with phobic disorders must be forced to confront what they fear in its full intensity so they will see that no real danger exist

flooding

your fear of spiders is debilitating because you are an entomologist. to treat this phobia your therapist puts you in a room with spiders and asks you to handle them. This technique might be used in

flooding

which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants such as xanex to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate?

for the drugs to be effective one has to keep taking them even when symptoms are lessened

Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs:

Calm people and reduce their inhibitions.

Transient depersonalization and derealization:

Can be induced by a life-threatening experience

Behavior therapy:

Can be tested in the lab

When more than one research method produces similar results, researcher:

Can have more confidence in the results.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) Shapiro, 1989 PTSD Has undergone some changes

Can use other forms of bilateral stimulation Instead of following something moving, you can tap alternate fingers Alternating left to right of sounds in your ears Has been applied beyond PTSD Panic Disorder Alcohol abuse Sleep disorders ADHD

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) Shapiro, 1989 PTSD

Can you wave your fears goodbye? Claims Walking in the park thinking about a trauma she experienced, while thinking about the trauma, her eyes were moving back and forth Techniques

Evidence in support of the psychodynamic model has come primarily from:

Case studies

The chief sources of data used to support the theories of psychodynamic and behavioral clinicians are:

Case studies

A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is better understood. This study is a(n):

Case study

The clinical practitioner would be more likely than the clinical researcher to rely on which method of investigation?

Case study with a single participant

What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode without having any history of mania and is either immobile of excessively active?

Catatonic depression

DSM-V is the first addition of tedious and that requires clinicians to provide:

Categorical information and Dimensional information

A neurologist who is working with the person with obsessive compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain?

Caudate nuclei

The intolerance of uncertainty theory Cognitive Therapy Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Certain individuals cannot tolerate knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility is very small Worry constantly that something is going to occur Ex:) Meet someone attractive and worry before they text them a message People with generalized anxiety disorder display greater levels of intolerance of uncertainty than people with normal degrees of anxiety

An individual with depression who is receiving therapy is told that many, even most of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. MOST likely the therapist is:

Challenging automatic thoughts

Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing the depression are working in which phase of Beck's treatment program?

Changing primary attitudes

Checking Compulsions OCD

Check the same items over and over

Hormones

Chemicals that carry messages throughout the body and affect mood, energy, and reaction to stress. Cortisol, Vasopressin, Melatonin

The age group least likely to commit suicide United States is:

Children

Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells that

Children of people with schizophrenia are at a highter risk for criminal behavior

The Humanistic Perspective Carl Rogers Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Children who fail to receive unconditional positive regard from others may become overly critical of themselves and develop harsh self-standards, what Rogers called conditions of worth They try to meet these standards by repeatedly distorting and denying their true thoughts and experiences

The view that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of:

Classic Freudian psychotherapy

Distance of disorders such as Koro, Susto, amok, and Windigo reminders that:

Classifications applied to one culture may not be appropriate and another

Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were:

Clergy

One who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with problems in living as:

Clients

Self-Monitoring

Clinical observation technique in which clients are instructed to observe themselves and carefully record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or cognitionsas they occur over time.

Analog Observation

Clinical observation technique in which clinicians observe clients in an artificial setting, such as a clinical office or laboratory.

Naturalistic Observation

Clinical observation technique in which clinicians observe clients in their everyday environments.

A person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see how multicultural factors impact success rates is MOST likely a:

Clinical researcher

Treatments for Agoraphobia Home-Based Self-Help Programs

Clinicians give clients and their families detailed instructions for carrying out exposure treatments themselves

An athlete who is in fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this? I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality?

Cognitive

In the face of fear a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses?

Cognitive

Teaching people to except their worries and live in the present moment - mindfulness therapy - is most consistent with which theoretical approach?

Cognitive

Which therapy is an effective long-term, nonpharmacological treatment for panic attacks that involve teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?

Cognitive

The clinician who would be most likely to ask "do you believe you always feel like this in all situations?" Is a:

Cognitive clinician

Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how badly a social interaction went?

Cognitive theorists

A person experiencing unipolar depression rights in an activity schedule, "Go to the store; doctor's appointment; visit museum; read novel; clean room." What treatment approach is this person MOST likely receiving?

Cognitive therapy

According to research studies, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for:

Cognitive therapy

The person says, "I'm not going to the counseling center; my friends will think I'm mentally ill!" This person's attitude is:

Common: about one third of people surveyed expressed a similar opinion.

Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Model supported by Blanchard et al. (1986)

Compared Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD Put headphones on them The headphones are playing all the sounds of combat Bullets Explosions Cries Screaming PTSD Vets Heightened day-to-day arousal level Dependent variable Heartrate The veterans have higher rates of autonomic arousal Listening to music Shoots up Listening to combat Shoots up even higher

When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, that person is experiencing a:

Compulsion

The Behavioral Perspective OCD

Concentrated on explaining and treating compulsions rather than obsessions Propose that people happen upon their compulsions quite randomly After repeated accidental associations, they believe that the action is bringing them good luck or actually changing the situation So they perform the same actions again and again in similar situations

Etiology Genetics Panic Disorder

Concordance 31% for identical twins 11% for fraternal twins

If you close your eyes and imagine biting into a big, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. Salivating to this imagery is an example of a(n):

Conditioned response

A previously neutral environmental event that becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus is called a(n):

Conditioned stimulus

If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called:

Conditions of worth

MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Consists of over 500 self-statements that can be answered "true," "false," or "cannot say." The questions contribute to categories and the scores across categories then contribute to a profile.

What Causes Social Anxiety Disorder?

Contend that people with this disorder hold a group of social beliefs and expectations that consistently work against them These include They perform unrealistically high social standards and so believe that they must perform perfectly in social situations They view themselves as unattractive social beings They view themselves as socially unskilled or inadequate They believe they are always in danger of behaving incompetently in social situations They believe that inept behaviors in social situations will inevitably lead to terrible consequences They believe that they have no control over feelings of anxiety that emerge during social situations Repeatedly perform "avoidance" and "safety" behaviors to help prevent or reduce such disasters

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information, she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of:

Continuous amnesia

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably:

Correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression

Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by:

Correcting underlaying physical pathology

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using:

Couple therapy

A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an sample of the _____ technique.

Covert

A adult frequently display symptoms of depression at home but seldom does so at work. In this case, clinical at your observations of this person at home would lack:

Cross situational validity

Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans officers. Research into the causes of this difference have MOST often focused on possible:

Cultural belief system and social support factors.

The history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's:

Culture

morphine

from opium. relieve pain better and is safe. addicting

Which procedure is not a form of Neuroimaging?

DEXA scan

Epigenetic

DNA folded and moved around can change the way genes are expressed

A person who is suicidal and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of abnormality?

Danger

According to Edwin Schneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and his actions leading to death do not guaranteed ( e.g., swimming in shock infested waters) are called:

Death darers

Cecil And Jeanne, teenagers, made a love pact, jumping from a cliff to be with each other for eternity. Cecil And Jeanne are examples of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as:

Death ignorers

Ernest Hemingway was a physically strong, proud man who developed great concerns about his feeling body. Depressed about his progressive illness, intentionally ended his life. Edward Shneidman would term Hemingway a:

Death initiator

Knowing she was terminally ill, Bonnie swallowed a handful of barbiturates to save herself and her family from final painful months of life. Bonnie is an example of what Edwin Schneidman refers to as a:

Death initiator

Research prompted by the "black box" controversy about using second-generation antidepressants with younger patients shows that taking second-generation antidepressants:

Decreases younger patients suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide

Which statement about the relationship between religion and suicide is accurate?

Degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion

An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. However, the individual has very good recall of precious life events and has a strong sense of self. The MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is:

Depersonalization disorder

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:

Depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards

Which research finding proves the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph and do nondepressed woman

The drug treatment that is most effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat:

Depression

Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful?

Determining general laws of behavior

New-Wave Cognitive Explanations Metacognitive therapy Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Developed by researcher Adrian Wells Suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying On the positive side, they believe that worrying is a useful way of appraising threats in life They look for and examine all possible signs of danger Worry constantly On the negative side, they open the door for the disorder Worrying is bad, so they believe that their worrying is harmful Further worrying about worrying Metaworries

Avoidance Theory Cognitive Therapy Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Developed by researcher Thomas Borkovec Suggested that people with this disorder have greater bodily arousal than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal Distracts them of their physical feelings Higher heart rate, perspiration, respiration

Unconditional Self-Regard

Developed by those who received unconditional positive regard early in life; One's worth as a person, even while recognizing that he or she is not perfect.

Psychological Abnormality Components

Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, and Danger

People who have biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the:

Diathesis-stress model

A person who sees life" right a wrong," "all or none " terms is engaging in:

Dichotomous thinking

One very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "subpersonalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. The study showed that the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder:

Differed from one another, but the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not.

A research study on a group of children with autism will compare treatment delivered by parents home to treatment delivered by teachers at school. If the study finds that the treatment delivered at school is more effective, which item is the BEST example of a confounding variable?

Differences between the parents and teachers

Deviant

Different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre; behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society;s ideas about proper functioning.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 4 Classes of symptoms Increased anxiety and arousal

Difficult falling asleep Irritability/outbursts of anger Trouble concentrating Hypervigilance Startle response Survivor guilt

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 4 Classes of symptoms Reduced Responsiveness

Dissociation Psychogenic amnesia Detach themselves from the trauma Total removal Emotional numbing Emotionally, the person because unreactive to things They just don't allow themselves to feel emotion Afraid to lose control of their emotions Derealization Where the person's surroundings does not feel real Changed in shape or form that seems distorted Lack life Feeling detached from people Restricted affect Same as emotional numbing

A person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder has recovered almost completely, even though the person had not received any therapy. That person was LEAST likely to have bee diagnosed with:

Dissociative amnesia

Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part?

Dissociative disorder

What conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?

Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.

An individual with which disorder would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories?

Dissociative fugue

An individual who formerly new how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely is:

Dissociative identity

George hears voices that others do not but is not distressed by them. This illustrates that:

Distress does not have to be present or a person's behavior to be considered abnormal.

Which is not a long-term stress or particularly common among those who attempt suicide?

Divorce

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:

Divorced people

The Behavioral Perspective They assign homework assignments OCD

Do not mop the floor of your bathroom for a week, after this clean it within three minutes, using an ordinary mop Use this mop for other chores as well without cleaning it

Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that your friend could do?

Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity

The American schoolteacher who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate humane treatment of people with mental disorders was:

Dorthea Dix

Feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called:

Doubling

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages:

Down the length of a neuron

One example of a projective drawing test:

Draw-a-person (DAP) test. First asked to draw a "person" then to draw one of the opposite sex.

College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because:

Drinking is considered part of college culture.

Drug Therapies Panic Disorder

Drugs bring at least some improvement to 80% of patients Can last indefinitely, as long as the drugs are continued

sedative-hypnotic drugs

Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses.

Psychotropic Medications

Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning.

Tarantism (Saint Vitus' Dance)

During the Middle Ages, groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions; some dressed oddly, while others tore off their clothes; All where convinced they had been bitten and possessed by a wolf spider, and they sought to cure the disease by performing this dance.

An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is:

Dysfuncitonal

If a person had his brain waves recorded to measure electrical activity, he most likely had a(n):

EEG

the technique that records brain waves through the patient's scalp is called_____

EEG

How Do Subpersonalities Interact? Mutually cognizant patterns

Each subpersonality is well aware of the rest They may hear one another's voices and even talk among themselves

Which statement is true about specific phobias?

Each year about 12% of people in the United States suffer from a phobia

Psychodynamic Explanations: When Childhood Anxiety Goes Unresolved High Level of Anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Early developmental experiences may produce an unusually high level of anxiety in such a child Ex:) Say that a boy is spanked every time he cries for milk as an infant, messes his pants as a 2-year-old, and explores his genitals as a toddler He may eventually come to believe that his various id impulses are very dangerous, and he may experience overwhelming anxiety whenever he has such impulses

Study show that most errors in diagnosis most commonly involved information gathered:

Early in the assessment process and in a hospital setting

Which statement is the BEST example of the biopsychosocial perspective?

Eclectic approaches fail to take interactions of various models into account.

The Cognitive Perspective Help clients focus on the cognitive processes involved in their OCD

Educate the clients pointing out how misinterpretations of unwanted throughs, an excessive sense of responsibility, and neutralizing acts help produce and maintain their symptoms

One is an atheist, does what he wants, and is alienated from others. He feels life isn't worth living and kill some self. According to Emile Durkheim, he would be classified as an:

Egoistic suicide

Psychoanalysis

Either the theory or treatment of abnormal mental functioning developed that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology. The treatment, developed by Sigmund Freud, is a form of discussion in which clinicians help troubled people gain insight into their unconscious psychological processes.

The experience of constantly weeping would be considered a(n) [blank] symptom of depression:

Emotional

The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the [blank] system

Endocrine

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun 3 weeks ago. He's miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year based on this data, the diagnosis would be:

Endogenous depression

Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year she is always tired (she does not sleep), she's losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, she feels terrible, and she feels like it will never get any better. When she responds to questions, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on this data, the diagnosis would most likely be:

Endogenous depression

William Tuke

England. advocated for moral treatment

The finding that in the United States women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than men is MOST likely due to blank research

Epidemiological

Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called:

Epidemiological studies

When answering the telephone of the suicide hotline, the first step for the counselor is to:

Establish a Positive relationship

I was suicide prevention Center, you hear counselor say, "hello. I'm interested in you as a person and I'm going to stay on the phone with you as long as you want, all night maybe." Which goals and techniques of suicide prevention does the statement represent?

Establishing a positive relationship

The use of exorcism in early societies suggests a belief that abnormal behavior was caused by:

Evil spirits

the MAIN differences between hallucinations and delusions is that:

hallucinations involve perception and delusions involve beliefs

cocaine-induced

hallucinations, delusions

Differential Diagnosis Specific Phobia

Ex:) Dog phobia How is this different that PTSD? Both show avoidance The people with specific phobia are showing the avoidance but they aren't showing the increased anxiety, flashbacks, etc. With PTSD, whether you are confronted with the stimuli or not, you have heightened arousal 50% of specific phobics never directly experience a trauma Specific phobics don't meet additional criteria for PTSD

Etiology PTSD Preexisting Mental Problems

Ex:) Those scoring high in introversion and withdrawal (On MMPI) prior to entering service were more likely to develop combat-related PTSD

Which is the best example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to post-traumatic stress disorder?

Excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings

In an ABAB reversal design study, a researcher is measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second "B" in the study?

Exercise

A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities, and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic--empty-- would MOST likely be:

Existential

Specific Phobia

Experience a persistent and irrational fear of a particular object or situation

Which is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of abnormality?

Experiencing a severe psychological trauma

A person with post-traumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is:

Experiencing avoidance

A person with post-traumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is:

Experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt

And obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times of the house and not to vacuum for a week would be experiencing what therapy procedures?

Exposure and response prevention

If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then the study has:

External validity

The ability to generalize results from a study of certain individuals to other individuals not studied is called:

External validity

Darius thinks that his poor performance and mouth was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good and language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of:

External, specific, and unstable attribution

If your parent has just been diagnosed with essential hypertension, you know that the physician thinks your parents hypertension

has both physical and psychological causes

Disengaged Family Structure

Family style marked by very rigid boundaries between the members.

Classical Conditioning Acquisition and Persistence of PTSD Conforms to Mowrer's 2 Factor Model PTSD

Fear acquired via Classical Conditioning Avoidance maintained by Operant Conditioning UCS (Rape) → UCR (Fear) CS (Man, car, darkness, knife, husband, sex, kissing, parking lot, outfit, etc.) → CR (Fear) Avoiding these things make them feel better Brings a sense of relief Relief reinforces avoidance behavior Extinction of the fear does not stand a chance because of the constant avoidance Thus, Mowrer's model can explain both acquisition and persistence of PTSD

When we view a stressor as threatening, a natural reaction is arousal and a sense of fear

Fear is actually a package of responses that are physical, emotional, and cognitive Physically We perspire, our breathing quickens, our muscles tense, and our hearts beat faster Emotionally Horror Dread Even panic Cognitive Can disturb our ability to concentrate and remember and may distort our view of the world

The person experiencing a panic disorder is most likely to also have a:

Fear of leaving home

Agoraphobia (Again)

Fear of venturing into public places or situations where escape might be difficult if one were to become panicky or incapacitated

Agoraphobia

Fear traveling to public places such as stores or movie theaters

Etiology Cognitive Factors Panic Disorder Anxiety Sensitivity

Fearing that bodily symptoms are potentially harmful Measured with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index

current research suggests that those who experience severe stress:

have abnormal levels of norepinepherine and cortisol following the trauma.

What Are the Features of Obsessions and Compulsions?

Feel both intrusive and foreign to the people who experience them Attempts to ignore or resist these thoughts may arouse even more anxiety, and before long they come back more strongly than ever Certain basic themes run through the thoughts of most people troubled by obsessive thinking Dirt or contamination Harm Violence Aggression Orderliness Religion Sexuality Compulsive behaviors are technically under voluntary control, the people who feel they must do them have little sense of choice in the matter Most individuals recognize that their behaviors are unreasonable, but they believe at the same time something terrible will happen if they don't perform the compulsions

Psychodynamic Perspective Rooted in insecurity OCD

Feel the need to express their strong aggressive id impulses while at the same time knowing they should try to restrain and control the impulses

Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is:

Feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her.

Epidemiology Panic Disorder Gender

Female:Male Ratio For panic disorder 2:1 For Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia Somewhere between 2:1 to 4:1 Mean age of onset Late teens to early adulthood (20s)

Emotion Focused Therapies

Focuses on acceptance and mindfulness of your emotions. Includes dialectical behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment theory.

Bipolar 1 Disorder

For a diagnosis of bipolar 1 disorder, it is necessary to meet the following criteria for a manic episode: * A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day Hypomanic Episode: A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day.

Bipolar 2 Disorder

For a diagnosis of bipolar 2 disorder, it is necessary to meet the following criteria for a current or past hypomanic episode and the following criteria for a current or past major depressive episode: *Hypomanic Episode: A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day *Major Depressive Episode: Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent

Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders

For most people, reactions subside soon after the danger passes For others, the arousal and upset, as well as other kinds of symptoms, persist well after the terrible situation is over These people may be suffering from acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder Patterns that arise in reaction to a psychologically traumatic event A traumatic event is one in which individuals are exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation Combat, rape, an earthquake, an airplane crash

current research suggests that those who experience severe stress

have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and cortisol following trauma

One major difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is that psychiatrists:

have graduated from medical school

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic stress Disorders? Combat

For years, clinicians have recognized that many soldiers develop severe arousal, anxiety, depression, and related symptoms during combat It was called shell shock during WW1 and combat fatigue during WW2 and the Korean War Not until after the Vietnam War, however, did clinicians learn that a great many soldiers also experience serious psychological symptoms after combat

Dissociative Amnesia Continuous

Forgetting continues into the present

At a suicide prevention Center, you hear a counselor say, "will you promise me that you will call again if you ever feel like killing yourself again?" Which one of the goals and techniques of the suicide prevention does this question best represent?

Formulating a plan

Philippe Pinel

France. argued that the mentally ill should be treated with sympathy and compassion

A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no parent reason is experiencing:

Free-floating anxiety

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory to explain both normal and abnormal psychological functioning as well as a corresponding method of treatment, a conversational approach with the same name.

Which would be MOST likely to use skillful frustration as a part of therapy?

Fritz Perls

How Do Therapists Help Individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder? Integrating the Subpersonalities

Fusion The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in multiple personality disorder Once the subpersonalities are integrated, further therapy is typically needed to maintain the complete personality and to teach social and coping skills that may help prevent

Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because the minute the effect of _________ at certain receptor sites in the brain

GABA

Benzodiazepines primarily affect the neurotransmitte

GABA

benzodiapines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____at certain receptor sites in the brain.

GABA

The Sociocultural Perspective: Societal and Multicultural Factors Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder is most likely to develop in people who are faced with ongoing societal conditions that are dangerous Studies have found that people in highly threatening environments are indeed more likely to develop the general feelings of tension, anxiety, and fatigue and the sleep disturbances found in this disorder

self-instruction technique

help change their negative reactions to sex

sex therapy goal

help clients function better sexually and to achieve a higher level of sexual satisfaction and psychological well-being. short-term (15-20 sessions)

A clinician has developed a new assessment too. Clients write stories about their problems and then two different judges independently evaluate the stories in terms of how logically they are written. For this assessment technique to be useful, there must be:

high interrater reliability

Maladaptive Assumptions Cognitive Perspective Generalized Anxiety

Generalized anxiety disorder is primarily caused by maladaptive assumptions Albert Ellis proposed that many people are guided by irrational beliefs that lead them to act and react in inappropriate ways Basic irrational assumptions People with generalized anxiety disorder often hold the following ones It is a dire necessity for an adult human being to be loved or approved of by virtually every significant other person in this community It is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way one would very much like them to be If something is or may be dangerous or fearsome, one should be terrible concerned about it and should keep dwelling on the possibility of its occurring One should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects if one is to consider oneself worthwhile

Etiology Cognitive Factors Panic Disorder Clark's Model is Integrative

Genetics Inherent tendency to experience fluctuations in bodily arousal (overactive noradrenergic fear network) Lactate Induces sensations (palpitations) that get misinterpreted Excitation (Caffeine, exercise, stress) Also induces sensations that get misinterpreted Why anxiety drugs work Dampen ANS and thus reduce bodily sensations Why panic attacks are more common during stressful life periods More stressed More to misinterpret

Diathesis Stress Model

Genetics -> stress -> changes in neurotransmitters and hormones -> psychopathology

Which factor does not contribute to the high suicide rate among the elderly?

Geographical location

Richard Von Krafft-Ebing

German neurologist. Discovered that syphilis caused general paresis

Emil Krapelin

German researcher. DSM. created a system of classification

Role Playing

Gestalt therapy technique in which therapists instruct clients to act out various roles in the hopes that they will come to accept feelings that previously main them uncomfortable.

Skillful Frustration

Gestalt therapy technique in which therapists refuse to meet their clients' expectations or demands in order to help them see how often they try to manipulate others into meeting their needs.

Adrenal Glands

Glands located on top of the kidneys that, during times of stress, secrete the hormone cortisol; abnormal secretions of this hormones have been tied to anxiety and mood disorders.

Which is the BEST example of interpersonal role transition?

Going away to college for the first time

In the early asylums, treatment for mental illness began with the intention to provide:

Harsh treatment

Support for the use of evidence based psychotherapy:

Has increased in recent years

Dorian was only 10 miles away when mt. st. helens exploded with one of the largest blasts in history. there was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. He was terrified to the core of his being. when rescue teams found him a week later he was cold hungry and scared. More than a year later he still has nightmares and wakes up in a cold sweat. this description BEST fits a

posttraumatic stress disorder

Raphael was just outside the parking garage of the World Trade Center when the explosion occurred. At the time he was terrified and had visions of the building falling on him. Ever since the bombing he has had periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of a

posttraumatic stress disorder

a pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persist for years after horrible event is called:

posttraumatic stress disorder

Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression and ruining her life. This is an example of a

posttraumatic stress reaction

crack

powerful form of free-base cocaine that has been boiled down in crystalline balls

If you wanted a career in which you focus on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, you should look into becoming a clinical:

practitioner

A new assessment tool does a good job of differentiating those who will later be depressed, and those who will not be depressed, and it produces similar results to those of other tools measuring depression. Therefore, the new assessment tool has good:

predictive validity

all of the following are compensatory behaviors for someone with bulimia except:

preoccupation with food

apparently people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark then they do such objects as computers and radios. this observation supports the idea of

preparedness

the total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the:

prevalence

from a psychodynmaic perspective, people whose symptoms keep their internal conflicts from emerging into consciousness achieve_______gain.

primary

a woman who is particularly threatened by any display of anger becomes unable to speak when she is almost angry with her husband, thereby keeping the anger out of her awareness. According to psychodynamic theorists, she is achieving______from her illness.

primary gain

Bill does not exhibit any signs of schizophrenia but his level of functioning has begun to deteriorate. If Bill develops schizophrenia, this earlier period will be referred to as_____phase

prodromal

the state of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of mild symptoms is called the:

prodromal phase

sedative-hypnotic drugs or anxiolytic drugs

produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness. low dose, drugs have calming or sedative effect. higher dose, they are sleep inducers

cannabis substances

produce sensory changes. (THC) recreational drug. ex: marijuana.

It's obvious that this case of obsessive compulsive personality disorder arises from early childhood fixation. Which type of psychologist would most likely have made that statement?

psychodynamic

Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Which mode of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?

psychodynamic

the absence of parental love results in emotional detachment and the use of power to form relationships. This is MOST like _____explanation of the development of antisocial personality disorder

psychodynamic

if a therapist asked you to say whatever came to mind and then suggested interpretations designed to help you work through grief over real or imagined losses, your therapist would be using:

psychodynamic therapy

a torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture?

psychological

Disorders that are thought to have both biological and psychosocial causes are

psychological disorders affecting medical conditions

Relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrate the use of

psychological treatments for physical illnesses

Relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrated the use of:

psychological treatments for physical illnesses.

treatment for gender dysphoria

psychotherapy and biological interventions and hormone therapy

a women eats cookies, cake, ice cream, and almost anything else that is sweet. At some point during her binge, she takes a huge dose of laxative, so she will empty out the food. Her taking the laxative, and the assumptions underlying why she does it, would lead to diagnosis of:

purging type bulimia nervosa

people with alexithymia are NOT readily able to

put descriptive labels on what they are feeling

To study some gender differences, a researcher selected a group of 10 men and to 10 women and treated all participants exactly the same. Each participant was given a test of psychological function.

quasi-experimental

which of the following statements about the long term effects of rape on women is most accurate?

rape impacts a womans psychological well being but not her physical well being.

the therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by albert ellis is called:

rational-emotive therapy

early ejaculation

reaches orgasm and ejaculates in minutes of sexual activity. 30% men. relates to anxiety, hurried masturbation, poor recognition of own sexual arousal. treated with serotonin-enhacing antidepressant drugs (reduce sexual arousal)

Jose just saw his friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work and everything seems hopeless. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:

reactive depression

mindfulness based cognitive therapy

receives support in therapy applications fora wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder

exhibitionistic disorder

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from exposing his genitals to an unsuspecting individual. either under stress or has free time. most common in males

voyeuristic disorder

recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting individual who is naked or engaging in sexual activity. may masturbate during act. sexual excitement in fantasy. seeking to gain power (psychodynamic)

behavioral therapists treating a conversion disorder would MOST likely to focus on:

reducing the rewards available for displaying the disorder

A person with post traumatic stress disorder who is having flashbacks is

reexperiencing the traumatic event

A client receiving treatment for substance abuse keeps track of times the substance is used, and develops strategies to deal with the substance when there is an opportunity to use it. The client is MOST likely receiving

relapse-prevention training

which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use

relaxation therapy

frotteuristic disorder

repeated and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person

sedative-hypnotic use disorder

repeated use of barbiturates

sexual masochism disorder

repeatedly and intensely sexually aroused by the act or thought of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer

sexual molestation

repelled by sex for years, even decades

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from:

repression

A person who has difficulty expressing unpleasant emotions such as anger or hostility is displaying a ______ and is at greater risk for heart disease/ asthma

repressive coping style

orgasmic reorientation

respond to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation.

a person who stopped eating candy and other sweets, then gradually eliminated other foods until the person was eating almost nothing could be experiencing:

restricted-type anorexia nervosa

female-to-male gender dysphoria

rough while playing games, while puberty they are attracted to females.

opioids

sap of the opium poppy. drug derived (heroin, morphine). cause nausea, narrowing of the pupils, and constipation. prescription drugs

Wes has always been a loner. He has never much cared for being with other people and does not form relationships easily. He appears to be without emotion. Wes may be exhibiting:

schizoid personality disorder

personality disorders are categorized into three main clusters that include all of the follow except: odd dramatic anxiety schizophrenia

schizophrenia

the disorder that appears to be the MOST closely related to schizotypal personality disorder is:

schizophrenia

you found enlarged ventricles during a postmortem analysis on a sample of brain tissue. This is MOST likely to be evidence of:

schizophrenia involving negative symptoms

according to psychoanalyst, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann , schizophrenia is caused by:

schizophrenic mother

which of the following is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the Iraq/Afganistan war

seeing friends seriously wounded or killed

Recently, a client diagnosed with schizophrenia has began to exhibit more symptoms, often saying, "they tell me I'm crazy so I must be crazy". most likely, this is an example of:

self-fulfilling prophecy

Elimination of performance anxiety and the spectator role

sensate focus ("petting" exercises) restrictions are included, and then overtime they learn how to give and receive great sex

pedophilic disorder

sexual contact with children

lifelong type

sexual dysfunction their whole lives

fetishistic disorder

sexual urges, sexually arousing fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object or nongenital body part. common in men than women. (behaviorists-classical conditioning) includes aversion therapy

The Rosenthal effect

should be avoided using the blind design

Based on a recent research, it can be concluded that the impact of repeated combat deployments

significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD

most common form of treatment for erectile disorder

sildenafil (viagra), tadalofil (cialis), vardenafil (levitra)

(Sociocultural) low sexual desire occur when...

situational pressures- divorce, death in family, job stress, infertility, having a baby, relationships. cultural standards.

Depressants

slows the activity of the central nervous system. Reduce tension and inhibitions. alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioids

Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:

social factors leading to stress

David Rosenhan sent "pseudopatients" to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that _____greatly impacts mental illness.

social labeling

Which of the following is BEST supported by current research?

social support seems to aid recovery in cancer patients

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. it is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk" This complaint is consistent with a ____explanation of generalized anxiety disorder

sociocultural

If a clinician is particularly interested in a client's family background and community influences, MOST likely that that clinician's orientation is:

sociocultural

The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client's family structure, societal norms, and a client's roles in society is:

sociocultural

which theoretical orientation would support the finding that westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do other people around the world?

sociocultural

if you looked in Jeanette's medicine cabinet, you would find dozens of prescriptions and even more over-the-counter medications. Every time she sneezes, Jeanette is sure she has the latest deadly flu, although no physician has ever found anything wrong with her. Jeanette probably suffers from:

somatic symptom disorder

a patient with a heart condition complained of adhesions from the scar, leg cramps, and joint stiffness. He seemed to be hurting all over, but no medical reason could be found to explain the symptoms. The BEST diagnosis for this disorder is:

somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern)

The fact that some people in the advanced states of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning:

somatogenic

research suggests that which of the following people would be most likely not to develop a stress disorder following trauma?

someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control

gender dysphoria

sometimes run in the family. genetic or prenatal. Richard Carroll

some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in:

state anxiety

Lauren has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Lauren is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in :

state-dependent learning

amphetamines

stimulant drugs that are made in labs. trying to lose weight, athletes seeking an extra burst of energy. what a rush! cause emotional letdown

Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane. It frightened her even thought she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karens dear of this dog is an example of

stimulus generalization

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a

stressor

having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:

stressor

poor health is BEST described as a

stressor

Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his answers reflect a pro-environmentalist position. This is an example of:

subject bias

sociocultural theorist

substance abuse and dependency are more likely to appear in families and environments where substance use is valued, or at least accepted

stimulants

substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system, result in increased blood pressure and heart rate, greater alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking.

in response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the

sympathetic nervous system

in response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the:

sympathetic nervous system

pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is

systematic desensitization

The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to:

teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions

free-basing

technique in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated, or "freed"

regarding emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from prebinge, through binge, to postbinge is best described in sequence as:

tension, powerlessness, shame.

Greek and Roman views

the Greeks and Romans wanted to name the disorders

a friend asks you," you're taking an abnormal psych. course. whats the most effective treatment for social anxiety disorder? your BEST research based answer is

the best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast and longer than the best drug therapy

The term used to refer to the comprehensive view of the causes and maintenance of a person's abnormal behavior that a psychologist develops is:

the clinical picture

which of the following would be the MOST common type of hallucination?

the dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along

The pleasant feeling called a "high" produced by using narcotics is due to

the drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphin

Which would most MOST appropriately be studied using a quasi-experiemental design?

the effects of parents with schizophrenia on children's adjustment

David Rosenhan sent eight normal people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight complained of hearing voices that said "empty, hollow, and thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals, each person acted normally, yet all were diagnosed as schizophrenic. One of the conclusions from this study is that:

the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.

multicultural psychology

the field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, gender, etc. on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how to best adapt diagnoses and treatments to fit different cultures.

Johann Weyer

the first medical professional to specialize in mental illness

Research using the social readjustment rating scale indicates that

the greater the life stress, the greater chance of illness

which of the following accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?

the hypothalamus excited the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters causing even more arousal.

which of the following accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituituary-adrenal pathway of the stress response

the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids

according to the psychodynamic perspective if someone keeps engaging in immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts

the immoral images represent id impulses

If you were working in the field of psychoneuroimmunology, you would be studying:

the links between stress and illness

if you were working in a field of psychoneuroimmunology you would be studying

the links between stress and illness

One hundred psychiactric parents were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists who did not know which pill each participant receives, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What is the control group?

the ones who got the placebo

If you could "get inside the brain" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would most likely find that:

the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in his brain

Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?

the psychodynamic approach

As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range of scores in the group is small.

the results are likely to be statistically significant

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of abnormal behavior

the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder is:

the severity of manic episodes

Kelly was in a passenger plane.....etc.

the severity of the trauma

positive psychology

the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities

psychoanalysis

the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology

transgender experiences (gender dysphoria)

their gender is different from the gender category to which they were born physically

psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common:

their lack of strong support from controlled studies

One of the MAIN findings from the research on the relationship between psychology and physical illness is:

there is a strong relationship between psychology and physical illness.

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be most correct (based on the research) in saying that

there is little evidence that debriefing works

How do personality disorders differs from the personality characteristics of typical people?

they are more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behavior

what do acute and post traumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?

they are triggered by traumatic events

what do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?

they are triggered by traumatic events

according to Hilde Bruch, which of the following would characterize ineffective parents whose children are prone to eating disorders?

they decide when the child is hungry and misinterpret the actual condition of their children

Lady gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:

they freely choose and enjoy their behavior

Women tolerate alcohol LESS well than men because

they have less of a stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol

MAO inhibitors are biochemical agents that alleviate depressive symptoms in approximately half of the clinically depressed patients who take them. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs?

they interfere with the destruction of norepinephrine

DSM-5 paraphilias

this disorder should be applied when paraphilias causes individuals significant distress or impairment or when the satisfaction of the paraphilias place the individuals or other people at risk of harm

acoording to behaviorists why do patients engages in compulsive behaviors?

those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced

danger

threat to themselves or others

Mendon began by taking one amphetamine a day to control his appetite. After a month or so, the one pill did not work as well but two pills did. This is an example of

tolerance

In many areas, asylums of the 1500s, such as the Bethlehem Asylum in London became:

tourist attractions

ancient views

trephination and exorcism to rid the body of evil spirits

people with low incomes are ____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of these stress disorders.

twice

to be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least:

two weeks

people who are consistently angry, impatient, competitive, driven, and ambitious, are displaying a ____and are at greater risk for heart disease.

type A personality

an example of evidence for psychophysiological disorders is that:

ulcers, asthma, insomnia, and chronic headaches probably have physical and psychological causes

An example of evidence for psychophysiological disorders is that

ulcers, asthma, insomnia, and cronic headaches probably have physical and psychological causes

delayed ejaculation

unable to complete or has very delayed ejaculations during sex. 8% male

bulimia is always characterized by:

uncontrollable overeating

research by cognitive theorists on the topic of social anxiety disorder has shown support for the prevalence of all the following among those with this diagnosis EXCEPT

underestimating how badly the social event went

distress

uneasiness associated with issue

withdrawl

unpleasant symptoms. people who stop using the amount they are used to, go crazy (bad reaction).

increasing sexual and general communication skills

used at home. giving each other instructions. training to have better communication

opium

used in the treatment of medical disorders of both physical and emotional pain.

If you are similar to most other people , which of the following are you MOST likely to do to relieve stress?

watch TV, read or listen to music

addressing physical and medical factors

when dysfunctions caused by medical problems, they address that problem.

performance anxiety and spectator role

when man has erectile problems, he's fearful about failing to have one during sex

"second-line" treatments

when meds are unsuccessful or too risky

religious rituals and superstitions behavior such as not stepping on cracks would be considered a compulsive behavior

when they interfere with daily function and cause distress

male-to-female gender dysphoria: androphilic type

while young they were pretty and gentle, attracted to male.

rate of alcoholism is the highest over 18%

white american and hispanic american men

of the following, those least likely to experience specific phobias are

white american males

One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain

why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety

sex-change or sexual reassignment surgery

with 1-2 years of hormone therapy. removal of penis and restructuring of a vagina

directed masturbation training

women is taught step by step how to masturbate effectively and eventually to reach orgasm during sexual intercourse.

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

women more than men. involuntary contractions of the muscles around the vagina that prevent entry of penis. (vaginismus)

heroin

wonder drug used for cough medicine. more addictive

which of the following is an example of metaworry?

worrying about worrying

of the following, the BEST description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is:

worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal

The BEST way to select a random sample of 10 students from a class would be to

write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close eyes, and pick 10 papers.

relaxation training

•A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations.