Abnormal Psychology-Chapter 3

Alex is attractive and single and recently posted a profile on an online dating website. During his fourth week on the website he decided to be more open and honest on his profile and revealed that he has an anxiety disorder. The next week he removed the information about his disorder from his profile. The number of positive responses he received to his online profile over the weeks is shown here. Judging from the number of positive responses Alex received to his online dating profile, what seems to be true about the majority of people in his online dating community? None of them are interested in dating someone with an anxiety disorder. They have no problem at all dating someone with an anxiety disorder. They are hesitant to date someone with an anxiety disorder. Most of them have an anxiety disorder.

They are hesitant to date someone with an anxiety disorder.

People with psychological disorders are sometimes shunned, judged, or discriminated against by others in society. This is referred to as stigma and can make treating or coping with a disorder more difficult. Frances lives in a country where anyone who has been diagnosed with a personality disorder is prohibited from holding public office. This is an example of ( ).

structural stigma

This neuroimaging procedure uses multiple X-ray exposures of the brain from different angles. A computer then reconstructs pictures of various slices of the brain.

CT Scan

diagnostic system. These were the first nosologies to be divided into three sections: one for introducing the manual, one for presenting the disorders, and one for describing disorders and conditions that require future research.

DSM-5

These nosologies lacked precision, often differing substantially from one another and relying heavily on unproven theories of etiology.

DSM-I and DSM-II

Because these nosologies were the first to be atheoretical in their approach, they became a tool for clinicians from a variety of points of view.

DSM-III and DSM-III-R

Diagnosis is a process of deciding the degree to which a particular characteristic or set of characteristics is present.

Dimensional

（）is the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity.

EEG

13.What is the primary risk of applying a semistructured interview too rigidly when working to make an initial assessment of a client's particular difficulties? a. It eliminates the need for an actual person to administer the interview; that is, it creates the potential for a computer to gather exactly the same information. b. It can inhibit the patient from volunteering important information that was not specifically asked about. c. It eliminates the validity of the interview since it is not being given in a standardized way. d. It can lead to an underdiagnosis (false-negative) when a person truly does suffer from a psychological condition.

It can inhibit the patient from volunteering important information that was not specifically asked about.

Which of the following is a criticism of the DSM-5? It emphasizes validity at the expense of reliability. It emphasizes reliability at the expense of validity.

It emphasizes reliability at the expense of validity.

Which of the following is true of the above assessment procedure? It tends to produce inconsistent results. It tends to produce consistent results with a very high degree of interrater reliability.

It tends to produce consistent results with a very high degree of interrater reliability.

18.With regard to the new DSM (DSM-5), which of the following is a primary point that your authors have made? a. DSM-5 is likely to be the last edition of DSM, as the ICD is likely to "take over" as the primary diagnostic manual. b. Overall DSM-5 has not changed substantially from DSM-IV. c. DSM-5 is far more valid for diagnosing disorders in minorities than any edition to come before it. d. DSM-5 has abandoned a categorical form of diagnosis and has replaced it with a dimensional approach.

Overall DSM-5 has not changed substantially from DSM-IV.

17.Which of the following psychological conditions, which for years was a point of intense debate in the field of psychopathology, has officially been added to DSM-5? a. Negativistic personality disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Mixed anxiety-depression disorder d. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

This approach identifies certain essential characteristics and also allows for certain nonessential variations without changing the classification.

Prototypical

Which of the following is a critique of the categorical approach? This approach cannot account for the complexity of psychological disorders. Theorists have not been able to agree on the number of dimensions.

This approach cannot account for the complexity of psychological disorders.

Psychophysiology refers to changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events. Psychophysiological assessment is another method for assessing brain structure and function specifically and nervous system activity generally. Psychophysiological measurements may be taken either directly from the brain or peripherally from other parts of the body. True or False: Psychophysiological assessment is used for assessing seizures. True False

True

This test contains both verbal scales, which measure vocabulary, knowledge of facts, short-term memory, and verbal reasoning skills, and performance scales, which assess psychomotor abilities, nonverbal reasoning, and ability to learn new relationships.

WAIS-IV

Which of the following suggest standardization that is less than ideal? Check all that apply. a)The measure has not been given to large numbers of people who differ on important factors such as age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, and diagnosis. b)The measure does not provide very strict procedures for delivering and scoring the assessment. c)The scores of individuals from different groups have not been pooled for comparison purposes. d)The measure does not provide a translation in at least two languages.

abc

When the classification strategy focuses on what is unique about an individual's personality, cultural background, or circumstances, it uses what is known as ( ) strategy.

an idiographic

A clinical（） is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder.

assessment

9.A(n) ________ assessment uses direct observation to formally evaluate a person's thoughts, feelings, and actions in specific situations or contexts. a. behavioral b. naturalistic c. affective d. multimodal

behavioral

14."Either a person does or does not suffer from a particular psychological disorder." This statement is most consistent with a ________ approach to diagnosis. a. dimensional b. idiographic c. prototypical d. categorical

categorical

8.________ is the process of determining whether the particular problem affecting an individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder. a. Clinical assessment b. Prevalence c. Etiology d. Diagnosis

diagnosis

3.Erin has been having seizures lately, so her physician decides to send her for a neuroimaging test so that she can see Erin's brain structures in multiple layers. Erin is placed in a high strength magnetic field through which radio signals are transmitted, and these signals excite different areas of brain tissue. Erin has been sent by her doctor for ________. a. Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c. computerized axial tomography (CAT) d. single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A researcher develops a new self-report screening test for measuring the severity of depression. In general, individuals' scores, and thus their diagnoses, are quite different when they repeat the test one week later. This suggests that the test has poor( ) , specifically poor ( ).

reliability test-retest reliability

15.Nicholas is taken to the doctor because he suffers from an ear infection. While there, he is asked to step on the scale and his weight is recorded as 85 pounds. When he comes back a week later for a follow-up, he steps on the scale again. Once again his weight comes back at 85 pounds. The scale in the doctor's office appears to be ________. a. valid b. nomothetic c. standardized d. reliable

reliable

During this neuroimaging procedure, the patient's head is placed in a high-strength magnetic field. Radio frequency signals are transmitted through the brain tissue, sensors read the signals, and a computer integrates the information to produce a high-resolution brain image. During this neuroimaging procedure, a person lies inside a large cylindrical magnet, and radio waves are beamed through the magnetic field. Sensors read the signals, and a computer integrates the information to produce a high-resolution brain image.

MRI

Psychological tests include specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses that might be associated with a specific disorder and more general tools that assess long-standing personality features. The following situation is about a psychologist who is interested in assessing a patient. A psychologist is evaluating a patient who hit his head in a snowboarding accident. The psychologist is interested in identifying the extent of the patient's brain impairment. What type of test would most likely be used by the psychologist to assess this? Neuropsychological test Projective test Intelligence test Personality inventory

Neuropsychological test

Behavioral assessment is the use of direct observation to formally assess an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts. Most clinicians assume that a complete picture of a person's problems requires direct observation in naturalistic environments, such as people's everyday lives. Which of the following describe a behavioral observation in a natural environment? Check all that apply. Observing a child in his school A parent answering a behavioral rating scale about his child Observing a person who compulsively hoards in his home

Observing a child in his school Observing a person who compulsively hoards in his home

This neuroimaging procedure uses injections of radioactive tracer molecules, which attach to blood, oxygen, or glucose. A computer picks up the information from the tracers to construct a three-dimensional image of where the radioactive blood, oxygen, or glucose is being used in the brain.

PET Scan

All clinical assessment techniques are subject to strict requirements, including evidence that they actually do what they are designed to do. Which of the following qualities determine the precision and accuracy of a clinical assessment? Therapeutic validity and acculturation Reliability and practicality Reliability, validity, and standardization

Reliability, validity, and standardization

10.Why is it necessary that an assessment measure be standardized before it is used in real clinical settings? a. Standardization makes sure that a person's scores are compared to others who are similar on important dimensions, such as age, race, and sex. b. Standardization ensures that the findings of a given measure will be both reliable and valid. c. The use of standardized assessment tools is required by insurance companies and third-party payers of medical benefits in order to approve mental health services. d. A measure that is standardized is the only one that can produce results that are consistent with the DSM-5 criteria for a psychological disorder.

Standardization makes sure that a person's scores are compared to others who are similar on important dimensions, such as age, race, and sex.

The mind and the body are actually a single system. Many physical illnesses, such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, syphilis, and sepsis can cause psychological problems that mimic the symptoms of behavioral, cognitive, or mood disorders. Natasha came to the student health clinic with her roommate. Natasha was feeling very confused. She had a headache that had lasted for the previous three or four hours, and she was having difficulty remembering things. Natasha's roommate is very concerned because Natasha does not usually have headaches and she is usually very sharp. Many problems presenting as disorders of behavior, cognition, or mood, on careful physical examination, may be caused by a temporary toxic state. Which of the following are potential physical causes of Natasha's psychological symptoms that should be ruled out by a physical examination before the clinician makes a diagnosis? Amnesia Temporary toxicity caused by food poisoning Onset of a medical condition

Temporary toxicity caused by food poisoning Onset of a medical condition

This simple test requires the person undergoing the assessment to copy various lines and shapes that are drawn on a card.

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

1.79-year old Ruth is participating in a mental status exam at her gerontologist's office. Which of the following would not be one of the domains explored in this assessment? a. Her mood and affect b. Her current medications c. Her sensorium d. Her intellectual functioning

Her current medications

This test can be scored and interpreted by a computer program.

MMPI

There is only one set of causative factors per disorder, which does not overlap with those of other disorders.

Categorical

During the clinical interview, the clinician makes observations about the person being interviewed. The mental status exam is a way of systematically organizing observations of a person's behavior, which helps a clinician identify whether a psychological disorder might be present. It also helps the clinician identify which aspects of the person's behavior and condition need to be assessed in greater detail. Observations about a person's feelings, for example, would be put into the category of （）.

mood and affect

16.Dr. McCutcheon is trying to formulate a means of identifying people who are likely to develop antisocial personality disorder. He administers the MMPI-2 to several thousand people - some of whom do and some of whom do not have this diagnosis - and determines a specific MMPI profile for people with antisocial personality disorder. He then suggests that this can be used to accurately anticipate who will and who will not develop this condition. Dr. McCutcheon is using a ________ strategy in his work. a. nomothetic b. idiographic c. culture-fair d. standardized

nomothetic

All diagnostic systems used in health care settings, such as those for infectious diseases, are ( ) systems.

nosological

4.If a classification, such that used to identify insects or rocks, is used in a scientific context, it is most often called a(n) ________. a. hermeneutic b. nomenclature c. ontology d. taxonomy

taxonomy

5.One of the primary problems with the administration of the MMPI-2 is a. the fact that this, like every other intelligence test, is culturally biased against minorities. b. the fact that it has no way of determining if a person is answering honestly. c. the inability to validate the clinician's interpretation of the client's unconscious projections. d. the time and tedium of responding to 567 items.

the time and tedium of responding to 567 items

A clinic creates a new survey to measure its clients' sense of progress in their therapy. The scores on the survey correlate well with the therapy progress ratings that the clients' therapists completed the same week. This suggests that the survey has good ( ) , specifically good ( ).

validity concurrent validity

Which DSM edition or editions used the multiaxial format to assist with diagnosis? Check all that apply. DSM-I DSM-IV DSM-5

DSM-IV

7.As your textbook points out, people with intellectual disabilities have been labeled with many names throughout history, including moron, imbecile, idiot, and mentally retarded. What is the important lesson from this fact? a. People have a real lack of sensitivity that underlies the initial use of these terms. b. Psychopathology should be assessed in terms of severity of problems rather than just determining whether a person does or does not have an issue. c. Labels that start out in a neutral way and are meant simply to describe something can pick up a negative and hurtful stigma. d. We have not come very far in the diagnosis of cognitive deficits.

Labels that start out in a neutral way and are meant simply to describe something can pick up a negative and hurtful stigma.

There are still substantial questions about the reliability of which of the following tests? Check all that apply. Rorschach WAIS MMPI

Rorschach

This test requires the person undergoing assessment to tell what he or she sees in 10 inkblot pictures.

Rorschach inkblot test

This neuroimaging procedure works like PET, although this procedure uses a different tracer substance and is somewhat less accurate.

SPECT

12.Which of the following is an accurate statement with regard to the changes that occurred between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5? a. The mutiaxial format of DSM-IV, which involved 5 different axes in a complete diagnosis, was removed. b. Homosexuality was finally removed from the DSM as a "psychological illness." c. The personality disorders were reduced from 10 individual diagnoses (in 3 clusters) to 5 different conditions (with no clusters). d. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were finally acknowledged to be essentially the same condition, and they were both collapsed into a new diagnosis called "Pathological Eating Syndrome."

The mutiaxial format of DSM-IV, which involved 5 different axes in a complete diagnosis, was removed.

20.The primary theory of how measures like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)work is that a. people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto ambiguous, revealing such thoughts to the therapist. b. Depression and anxiety are "two sides of the same coin." c. People who suffer from serious psychopathology will have different neurological activity. d. people are well-aware of their own personality issues and thus can honestly assess their own functioning in a pen-and-paper format.

people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto ambiguous, revealing such thoughts to the therapist.

6.In order for a classification system to be valuable, it must lead clinicians to the same diagnosis of the same clinical situation. This is called reliability. In looking at the DSM, Morey and Ochoa (1989) demonstrated that one area significant reliability concerns is in diagnosing ________ disorders. a. sexual b. eating c. personality d. sleeping

personality

19.In 1904, a French psychologist by the name of ________ was asked by the government of that nation to design a test that would identify children who were slow learners. Along with colleague Theodore Simon, this individual developed what is generally regarded as the first intelligence test. a. Marie Curie b. Jean Piaget c. Alfred Binet d. Wilhelm Wundt

Alfred Binet

11.In 1980, DSM-III was published. It was regarded as a significant departure from the editions to come before it. In which of the following ways did DSM-III change compared to DSM-II? a. DSM-III was the first to actually list the symptoms needed for a specific diagnosis. b. DSM-III was the first to include homosexuality as a psychology illness. c. DSM-III was the first to consider physiological contributors to mental disorders. d. DSM-III was the first to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis.

DSM-III was the first to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis.

The task force for these nosologies reviewed voluminous literature in all areas pertaining to the diagnostic system and identified large sets of data collected for other reasons but that, with re-analysis, would be helpful to the development of the diagnostic system.

DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR

( ) is the process of determining whether a particular problem afflicting an individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder. The diagnosing clinician refers to the criteria listed in the DSM-5.

Diagnosis

Judging from the pattern of positive responses Alex received to his profile and the fact that he removed the information about his anxiety disorder from his profile the next week, how does he probably feel about having an anxiety disorder? He probably feels that online dating is a great way to overcome his anxiety disorder. He probably feels that having an anxiety disorder makes him more appealing and desirable. He probably feels that having an anxiety disorder makes him very appealing to other people with anxiety disorders. He probably feels that having an anxiety disorder makes him less appealing and desirable.

He probably feels that having an anxiety disorder makes him less appealing and desirable.

Neuroimaging can be divided into two categories. One category includes procedures that examine the structure of the brain. The second category includes procedures that examine the functioning of the brain. Read the following example and use it to answer the subsequent question. A doctor is monitoring the development of a slowly growing tumor in a patient's parietal lobe. Which category of neuroimaging technique should the doctor use? Structure Function

Structure

2.Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the DSM-5 that is discussed by your textbook? a. The manual strongly emphasizes reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity. b. The manual is too tied to one specific theoretical approach to psychopathology (the behavioral model). c. The manual makes too many recommendations regarding appropriate treatment approaches. d. The manual has placed too much emphasis on the 5-axis system.

The manual strongly emphasizes reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity

Here is an example of how a clinician may conduct a behavioral assessment. A teacher has complained repeatedly about a student, Leif, who throws things at students in class. The clinician observes Leif in class and notices that he always throws things at children who have just called him a name. Leif has good aim and often hits and injures the children at whom he is throwing things. After being hit, the child usually stops calling Leif names. Identify the antecedent in the scenario from the following choices: The other child no longer calling Leif names Leif throwing something at another student A child calling Leif a name

A child calling Leif a name

The clinical interview is at the core of most clinical assessments. It is used to gather important information about an individual's current and past behaviors. The clinical interview typically assesses what brought the individual into treatment as well as significant events from the individual's history. Which of the following statements is true of the unstructured interview? This interview can be administered by computer. A clinician uses his or her own methods to collect information from the patient.

A clinician uses his or her own methods to collect information from the patient.

If a clinician feels that a client is changing his or her behavior due to being observed, then( ) is distorting the clinician's observation.

Reactivity

Read the scenario and answer the question that follows. Three different doctors interviewed Kamil during his weeklong stay at an inpatient psychiatric ward, but they were unable to agree on whether to diagnose him with histrionic or borderline personality disorder. What possible problematic aspect of a diagnostic system does the description reflect? Reliability Predictive validity Content validity

Reliability