Abnormal Psychology Final
All of the following are substance use treatments guided by a mental health professional, except:
12 step programs
__________ is a common childhood disorder that is characterized by inattentiveness, excessive energy, and impulsivity.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Justin has a history of rocky relationships. He feels like he never learned to trust anyone since he had an abusive and neglectful childhood. He finds that he impulsively enters new relationships with great enthusiasm, but these relationships "go up in flames," and he ends up depressed, and sometimes even suicidal. He frequently "loses [his] cool" and doesn't feel like he really knows how to regulate his emotions. He may have what diagnosis?
Borderline personality disorder
This disorder has the highest rate of suicide attempts, with approximately 50% of those diagnosed seriously attempting suicide, and 10% completing suicide.
Borderline personality disorder
Which personality disorder is most associated with an elevated suicide risk?
Borderline personality disorder
Alcohol is a __________.
Depressant
Treatment is best established for borderline personality disorder. The treatment with the best evidence for treating BPD is:
Dialectical behavior therapy
__________ is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy specially designed to treat people with borderline personality disorder.
Dialectical behavior therapy
Many psychologists have concerns about the system of diagnosis in the DSM-5. This has caused a movement towards a _______ system in mental health diagnosis.
Dimensional
Which event in the 1950s led to improvements in biological treatments for mental disorders?
Discovery of psychotropic medications
Stephanie has been dating her boyfriend for the past three years. She is strongly attracted to him sexually and becomes excited during their sexual intimacy. She becomes aroused during her sexual contact (e.g., elevated heart rate, vaginal lubrication), but is unable to achieve orgasm. This is very frustrating for her and has placed a strain on her relationship with her boyfriend, as he feels inadequate sexually. What disorder might Stephanie have?
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Which of the following is the most frequent sexual dysfunction for which women present in treatment?
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Kimberly was sexually assaulted when she was in high school. Now, she is in college and is in a happy and healthy relationship with her partner. However, Kimberly has been experiencing difficulty with sexual functioning--when she is intimate with her partner, her vaginal muscles spasm involuntarily, making sexual intercourse very painful and typically impossible. She is very distressed by this as she would like to be sexually intimate with her partner and these difficulties are placing a strain on their relationship. What disorder might Kimberly have?
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Janet loves to be the center of attention at all times. She wears extremely revealing clothing and flirts constantly with anyone she can. She likely has which of the following?
Histrionic personality disorder
Which of the following is not true in personality disorder diagnosis?
Identification of more categories of personality disorders would improve diagnosis.
George has difficulty falling asleep, waking up, and doesn't feel rested when he wakes from sleep. George reports feeling fatigued and sleepy during the day. What disorder might George have?
Insomnia
Matt experiences difficulty falling asleep and often wakes up far earlier than he needs to for work most days of the week. He doesn't wake up feeling rested and feels tired and fatigued throughout the day. What disorder might Matt have?
Insomnia
Which of the following is a benefit of the case study method?
It allows for the examination of rare disorders or conditions.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the DSM-5?
It is categorical.
Leslie is about to have bariatric weight loss surgery. She is evaluated by a psychologist, who determines she has binge eating disorder. What did Leslie's psychologist most likely base this diagnosis on?
Leslie reported a lack of control over eating, leading to numerous binges every week.
Based on the MOST current research, we can conclude that:
MMR vaccinations are not related to the development of autism spectrum disorder.
Which statement BEST describes why treatment outcomes vary in clients?
Many factors, both on the client side and on the clinician side, can affect therapy outcomes.
Which of the following is true about opioid use in the U.S.?
Most opioids are obtained either through a valid prescription or from a friend or relative.
Which of the following is TRUE of the insanity defense?
NGRI acquittees often spend double the amount of time in custody
Arvind is feeling overwhelmed at work and has been having anxiety episodes for a few weeks. Acting on the advice of a friend, Arvind takes a vacation and feel less distress. Is this an example of therapy?
No, there is no trained treatment provider in this scenario.
Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?
None of the models is complete in itself.
Your friend Ricky loves to keep everything so neat and tidy that moving a single item will cause incredible frustration. He may have which of the following?
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
This type of substance has been on the rise, with a 200% increase in the rate of overdoses since 2000.
Opioid
Which personality disorder revolves around a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, including family members and friends?
Paranoid
Which is true about the motivational interviewing approach to change?
People are often ambivalent to change, and need motivation to make it happen.
A community screening for depression might identify __________.
People at risk for depression if they are not treated
According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:
People with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.
___________ Disorder is the most prevalent sexual dysfunction in men whereas __________ Disorder is the most common problem for which men seek treatment.
Premature Ejaculation; Erectile
Michael's therapist is conducting an initial interview with him. The therapist spends a lot of time asking questions about Michael's parents and his early life experiences. Since he seems to view Michael's parents as the "root cause" of his problems, this therapist is most likely oriented toward the __________ model.
Psychodynamic
Dr. Jones and Dr. Smith evaluate Sam with the same test and come to different conclusions. This suggests there is a problem with which of the following?
Reliability
Screening measures are not used for diagnosis because:
Screening measures have a low threshold, meaning they over-identify individuals that may have a disorder and follow up is required.
Avoidant personality disorder is highly overlapping with which anxiety disorder?
Social anxiety disorder
What behavior suggests that a child has autism spectrum disorder?
The child is not responsive to other people.
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the Masters & Johnson Human Sexual Response Cycle model?
The model does not address plateau of sexual arousal.
One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What is the control group?
The participants who got the placebo
Which of the following is not true regarding the clinical picture of REM Sleep Arousal Disorder?
The person cannot be diagnosed without negative effect on others
What diagnosis is indicative of insanity?
This is a trick question--insanity isn't a diagnosis in the DSM-5 and isn't reflective of any one particular disorder
True or False: I can have two clients with Major Depressive Disorder that do not share a single symptom.
True
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models.
Mario has just returned from his third deployment to Iraq. For several months after returning, he is unable to sleep and has difficulty dealing with flashbacks of mortar fire over the compound in which he worked. Using a biopsychosocial model, we might explain his problems as deriving from __________.
a biological or psychological vulnerability, as well as the stress of deployment
All of the following situations may require breaking confidentiality, except:
a client reporting they robbed a bank
The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that __________.
a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it (i.e., they can learn from observing others)
Which of the following is not one of the three prongs of the Dusky statute for competency to stand trial?
ability to make sound legal decisions
Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of intellectual disability?
adaptive impairment
Among young women in today's culture, anorexia nervosa is generally interpreted as __________.
an attempt to achieve an ideal state of thinness
Ben set up an elaborate scheme to mine gold in the Rockies. He had a large town meeting and sold stock in his company for only $5 per share. He showed pictures of the mine and said the company expected to gross $100 million each month. As it turns out, he was a terrific con artist who had made several successful proposals such as this in towns across America in the last couple of years. He is MOST likely suffering from:
antisocial personality disorder.
An inappropriate compensatory behavior may be defined as __________.
any action taken to counteract a binge or avoid weight gain
Kyle keeps hearing the sound of the devil telling him to commit crimes. What type of hallucinations is he experiencing?
auditory
The most common type of hallucinations is __________.
auditory
Disorders that consist of serious impairments in a child's reciprocal social interaction and communication and include stereotypical behaviors, interests, and activities are called __________.
autism
Lack of eye contact is a key feature in which of the following?
autism
If a test does not provide the same (or similar) score when given to the same participants on the same day, it may likely have which of the following?
bad reliability
If a test about depression is actually measuring psychosis, it may likely have which of the following?
bad validity
The diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior assumes that __________.
biological and environmental factors interact to determine the likelihood that a person will exhibit abnormal behavior
Which model of abnormal behavior acknowledges an interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in the development of mental health disorders?
biopsychosocial
Research studies of specific personality disorders have mainly focused on __________ or __________ personality disorders, due to their prevalence in clinical and/or forensic settings.
borderline; antisocial
James overeats regular meals several times a day and then vomits his meals. He likely has which of the following?
bulimia nervosa
What is the newest structure of the brain?
cerebral cortex
Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in:
compensatory behaviors.
Which of the following is not a requirement of informed consent for therapy?
coverage of criminal law
Treatment of schizophrenia should begin as soon as possible after symptoms appear because __________.
delayed treatment increases the severity of the functional impairment
Alfonso believes he has a romantic relationship with his co-worker; however, his co-worker has made efforts to get a restraining order against him. His friends and family have tried to convince him that he does not have a relationship with this co-worker, but he always has an explanation for why they are wrong. He does not report hallucinations, or other cognitive and social difficulties. Alfonso's most likely diagnosis is:
delusional disorder
Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. Rosa is MOST likely suffering from:
delusions of persecution.
What is differential diagnosis?
determining which diagnosis most clearly describes the patient's symptoms
Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called:
diagnosis
Which of the following is true regarding the etiology of substance use disorders?
differences in brain structure, especially reward pathways
The DSM-5 follows the categorical model of personality; a person either has a personality disorder or does not. However, many researchers contend that a better approach to understanding personality disorders is the __________ model, which displays the full range of a trait along a continuum.
dimensional
Psychosis is best defined as:
disconnection from reality
Mathematics disorder, or __________, is the diminished disability to understand mathematical terms, operations, or concepts; recognize numerical symbols or arithmetic signs; or copy numbers/figures correctly.
dycalculia
Juan is a freshman at a local university. He gets up at the same time each day and follows the same pattern: showering and shaving, dressing, and checking his backpack for required books, notebooks, and pens. Early in the first semester, this behavior took approximately 30 minutes. As the semester progressed, Juan spent more and more time checking and rechecking his backpack to make sure he had everything he needed. Toward the end of the semester, Juan was always late for his first class because of his "thoroughness." A psychologist might conclude that Juan's behavior is __________.
dysfunctional due to the problems it has begun to cause
Disorder of written expression, or __________, includes difficulty composing grammatically correct sentences; frequent grammatical, punctuation, or spelling errors; and diminished ability to organize coherent paragraphs.
dysgraphia
Reading disorder, the most common type of learning disorder, is also known as __________.
dyslexia
The precondition model of pedophilia poses what four factors?
emotional congruence, sexual arousal, blockage, and disinhibition
Therapies that have received clear research support are called:
empirically supported treatments.
Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called:
epidemiological studies.
Which of the following is not an EPPCC principle of ethics?
equality
James is a 35 year old male that is happily married. He has always been sexually attracted to his wife and desires sexual contact with her, however, lately he has had difficulty achieving an erection, and when he is able to achieve erection, he has difficulty maintaining his erection during sex. James feels ashamed of this, and has now begun to avoid sexual intimacy with his wife. What disorder might James have?
erectile disorder
Which of the following does not represent a need for treatment?
experience of distress
A research procedure in which random assignment is used with a generalizable sample to assign participants to experimental and control groups to determine a manipulation's effect on another variable is called a(n):
experiment
Whereas the behavioral approach focuses on __________, the cognitive model targets __________ in explaining behavior.
external events; mental processes
The Secret Service has brought Ben to the emergency room of a local hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. He was found trying to scale the fence that surrounds the White House and insists that he is the President of the United States. Family members confirm that Ben is being treated for schizophrenia. What type of delusion is Ben experiencing?
grandiose
Having a biological predisposition for a disorder means that a person __________.
has increased vulnerability to developing a disorder
Anna shows no emotions when people tell her happy or sad stories and complains of hearing voices in her head telling her that the TV is spying on her. At times, she remains motionless in her chair for hours. When she does get out of her chair, she poses like the statue in the town square. Which of these represents a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
hearing voices in her head
The two structural brain abnormalities that are consistently found in schizophrenics are __________.
increased size of brain ventricles and decreased amounts of gray matter
For people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given full knowledge of the nature of the study and their rights. This principle is called:
informed consent.
Clinical assessments are important as they lead to a diagnosis. The diagnosis is often needed in order to gain which of the following?
insurance company reimbursement
Treatment of sleep disorders may include all of the following, EXCEPT:
lithium
The National Institutes of Health is conducting a study of aging that has been in progress for several years. This study requires that each participant agree to undergo a complete psychological and physical evaluation every three years. Information from this study has generated new findings in risk factors for many disorders. This research has a __________ design.
londitudinal
The treatment of choice for schizophrenia is __________.
medication
DSM-5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is:
most widely used in the United States.
Researchers using a cross-sectional study design observe:
multiple groups of participants with the same condition at a single point in time, with each group being from a different age range.
Sam is 38. He is unemployed and lives with a family member. One afternoon, he shows his neighbor, Sean, a YouTube video of his music performance "We're going to make it big real soon! I write a lot of things; I'm in the Poets' Society of America." "Well, I'm leaving to go the gym," Sean says, hoping Sam will leave. Sam responds, "You can work out all the time but you'll never surpass me."Sam then describes the expensive brand-name athletic shoes he owns. Sam may have __________ personality disorder.
narcissistic
People diagnosed with schizophrenia have __________.
neither split nor multiple personalities
A placebo control group is one in which __________.
no active treatment is given
The best way to cure an intellectual disability is through _______.
none
Which of the following is not grounds for civil commitment?
not taking medication
Treatment of sleep disorders often includes all but which of the following?
obtaining physical exhaustion prior to sleep
Psychotic disorders are characterized by unusual thinking, distorted perceptions, and __________.
odd behaviors
Marijuana could be classified as any of the following substance types, EXCEPT:
opiate
Carl's therapist evaluates his depression every three months with a series of tests while he is undergoing treatment. This refers to which of the following?
outcome evaluation
Reese is distrustful of others and reacts quickly to perceived threats. Even though he has no evidence, he is sure his wife is unfaithful. He finds it almost impossible to forgive those he thinks have wronged him. Reese displays the characteristics of:
paranoid personality disorder.
The most important personality trait found in cases of anorexia nervosa is __________.
perfectionism
A long-term, pervasive pattern of inflexible and maladaptive functioning is called a __________
personality disorder
The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model.
psychodynamic
In some ways, ________ is considered a more extreme version of antisocial personality disorder.In some ways, ________ is considered a more extreme version of antisocial personality disorder.
psychopathy
Abnormal behavior is defined as behavior that is inconsistent with the individual's developmental, cultural, and societal norms, creates emotional distress, or __________.
results in dysfunction
Sleepwalking is characterized by ________, whereas sleep terrors are characterized by _________.
rising from bed and walking about; abrupt terror arousals from sleep
Jocelyn is a sophomore in college majoring in elementary education. She sought counseling at the advice of one of her professors. During her first visit, Jocelyn stated that since she could remember, she has always preferred to stay at home and either read or watch movies by herself. She has no friends and no inclination to date. The therapist noted that the most striking aspect of Jocelyn's personality was the complete lack of emotion. In fact, Jocelyn appeared highly detached from the world and did not seem to be bothered by this. Jocelyn may have ________ personality disorder.
schizoid
Which is the most prevalent treatment used for substance use disorders?
self-help group (ex. AA)
Social skills training has been demonstrated to improve the __________ of persons suffering from schizophrenia despite the chronicity of the disorder.
social functioning
While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual, __________ models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual.
sociocultural
Which person is MOST likely to have bulimia based on the descriptions provided?
someone who repeatedly gorges on food and as a result spends an excessive amount of time working out
Which is NOT a possible symptom of substance use disorder?
spending most of waking hours intoxicated
Which medication has been used the MOST in the treatment of ADHD?
stimulants
Which of the following is the most commonly used type of substance?
stimulants
In operant conditioning, a reinforcer serves to __________ a behavior it follows.
strengthen
Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by...
sudden and irresistible sleep attacks.
What is a constellation of co-occurring signs and symptoms with a largely unknown underlying pathology?
syndrome
The three MOST common factors that contribute to a positive treatment outcome are client factors, therapist factors, and:
the client-therapist relationship.
Although many advances have occurred in the treatment of schizophrenia, __________.
the long-term outcome for patients is still quite poor.
A psychologist is interested in finding the lifetime prevalence rate for substance abuse in the U.S. His main interest is in learning __________.
the number of people who report substance abuse problems at any point in their lives
In motivational enhancement therapy (MET), as opposed to more traditional substance abuse treatment, __________
the therapist assumes the client may be ambivalent about change
Basic principles underlying the insanity defense include all of the following except:
these individuals would become worse in prison
Which of the following is not true regarding women and substance use?
they are less likely to have other mental health diagnoses
Which of the following refers to requiring an increased dose of a substance to achieve the desired effect?
tolerance
Both at college and at home, Bob uses illicit drugs only "socially." His use does not produce problems with his social, educational, or occupational functioning. Bob's behavior constitutes substance __________.
use
Use of which of the following can be helpful in treating anorexia nervosa?
use of a multidisciplinary team
Dr. Smith uses a test on depression but the results are only indicative of anxiety. This demonstrates a problem with which of the following?
validity
You are a psychologist who is treating two patients with depression: one patient has depressed mood, hypersomnia, and fatigue, while the other has a lack of interest in activities, psychomotor agitation, indecisiveness, and thoughts of suicide. During the course of treating them both, you notice that they have almost no symptoms in common and their treatment looks quite different. Given your understanding of the limitations of the DSM diagnostic criteria, what problem do these two cases illustrate?
within diagnosis heterogeneity
The onset of intellectual disability is always before which age?
18
___________ reflect problems in the amount, timing, or quality of sleep whereas ____________ reflect abnormal behaviors or physiological events during sleep.
Dyssomnias; parasomnias
What is the code for professional ethics in psychology?
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (EPPCC)
This type of substance abuse treatment focuses on identifying antecedants (or triggers) for substance use behaviors in order to help develop more appropriate thoughts, behaviors, and coping skills in response.
Cogntive behavioral treatment
Why is antisocial personality disorder considered to be easier to diagnose than other personality disorders?
Conspicuous, deviant behaviors (e.g., cruelty to animals/people, property destruction) allow for easier diagnosis.
Which is of the following is not a standard of the Belmont Report to improve the ethics and fairness of the research process?
Morality: research should be consistent with cultural values
Correlation does not equal causation.
TRUE
Which study findings were MOST likely generated from an epidemiological study?
The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the United States.
Historical treatment of schizophrenia included long-term hospitalization. This changed in the 1970s with the development of what treatment?
antipsychotic medication
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia __________.
are one of the earliest signs of schizophrenia
If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, the researcher can conclude that:
as stress increases, health decreases.
All individuals with pedophilic disorder molest children.
false
Psychological, rather than pharmacological, treatments are ineffective for sleep disorders.
false
You have to hit rock bottom for substance use disorder treatment to be effective.
false
To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:
flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
As compared to individuals with anorexia nervosa, individuals with bulimia nervosa are more __________.
impulsive
Treatment for learning disorders generally occurs __________.
in educational settings
Harm reduction focuses on _______ whereas abstinence places emphasis on ________.
reducing problematic substance use; complete absence of substance use
One specifier for substance use disorder is remission in a controlled environment--which of these is not an example of a controlled environment?
"dry" college campus
Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality factors?
kindness