EES 1 FINAL

How does the rock cycle work?

(how does on rock change into another rock) a. To become sedimentary - erosion, deposition, lithification b. To become igneous - melting and crystalization c. To become metamorphic - heat and pressure

How many years of the last 20 have been the hottest on record?

16 years

How far did it retreat in 3 years.

2.5 miles

When was the last glacial period in North America?

20,000 years ago

When was the largest mass extinction on earth?

250 million years ago at the end of the Permian period

How many times did they have to turn the camera for the Columbia Glacier in Alaska?

3 times

Out of the 1400 glaciers in Yukon Territory how many got bigger? How many disappeared?

4. Over 300 disappeared

How old is the earth? What is this age based on?

4.6 billion years old; based on ages of meteorites

How long ago did the dinosaurs become extinct?

65 million years ago

How large of an earthquake (with respect to magnitude) can occur on the San Andreas?

8.3

What is an unconformity?

A gap in the rock record

define tarn

A mountain lake or pool, formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier

What is the drainage basin of a river?

All of the area that drains into a particular river

What are the different types of fossilization?

Amber entombment, freezing, permineralization, replacement, tar impregnation, recrystallization

Understand the difference between an anticline and a syncline.

Anticline is upfolding or an arch. Syncline is downfolding or a trough.

What is a trace fossil?

Anything that indicates an animal was present- not any of the animal parts

Why is there an area of "creep" along the San Andreas near Parkfield?

Because the fault contains serpentitie in that area, which alters to talc and allowing the fault to slip easliy

What are the types of load carried by a stream?

Bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

What is the California state gemstone?

Benitoite

What is the difference between a meandering and a braided stream?

Braided - multiple channels, coarse material, high sediment Meandering - single channel, some clay, natural levees

Why is California a perfect place to study geology?

California is rare because it has an example of every topic in the textbook in one state. We have a representation of all three plate boundaries, all three fault types, all volcano types, the three rock types. We have coastal processes and deserts; we have glaciers and glacial evidence; we have petroleum and fossils. There is much more, but this gives the general idea.

define cirque

Cirque Glaciers - erode basins in mountainsides

What are the three types of sediments?

Clastic, chemical, and biologic

What is the difference between a confined and unconfined aquifer?

Confined - Impermeable layers above and below aquifer Unconfined - Impermeable layer below the aquifer

What drives plate tectonics?

Convection in the mantle

Know the layers of the earth and the general composition of the different layers.

Core: iron and nickel Crust: aluminum, silicon, oxygen Mantle: magnesium, silicon

What is the internal structure of the earth? I.e. what are the layers?

Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core

What are the plate tectonic boundaries? Where can examples of each be found?

Divergent - mid Atlantic ridge, East African rift Convergent - Himalayas, Cascades, Andes Transform - San Andreas Fault

What is mass wasting?

Downslope movement of material through gravity

What is infiltration?

Downward movement of water through the soil column

What is catastrophism?

Earth has undergone many catastrophes in the past; changes were faster than today's rates; allows for a young earth ( -6000 years)

What is the main force acting on landslides?

Excessive rainfall, rapid snow melt, earthquake, volcano, cutting toe

What types of deformation can occur due to compression?

Faulting and Folding

Who is James Balog?

Geologist/ Photography that created the Extreme Ice survey

What is the California state mineral?

Gold

What are the physical properties of minerals?

Hardness. Cleavage. Luster. Color. Streak. Texture.

What is necessary for metamorphism to occur?

Heat and pressure

What prevents debris from moving?

Internal friction

What does magnetic inclination tell us about where a rock formed?

Latitude at which the rocks formed

What is the difference between magma and lava?

Magma- molten rock below surface Lava- molten rock above surface

What did William Mulholland want to do with Yosemite Valley?

Make it into a dam and reservior it.

What is the largest volcano on earth?

Mauna Loa

Know three minerals and their uses.

NOT Granite but QUARTZ - used as an abraisive; used to make glass, gemstones GALENA - ore of lead for TV glass, auto batteries, solder, ammunition, pain GRAPHITE - used as a lubricant (as in graphite oil), pencil leads, fishing rods

What two plates does the San Andreas Fault separate?

North America and Pacific

Which is denser, oceanic crust or continental crust?

Oceanic

Which seismic waves are fastest?

P waves

What is considered to be the age of invertebrates? Dinosaurs? Mammals?

Paleozoic - age of invertebrates Mesozoic - age of dinosaurs Cenozoic - age of mammals

What is foliation?

Parallel alignment of minerals

What is porosity?

Percent of pore space in a rock or soil

Why do glaciers matter?

Place you can see climate change happen.

What was Harry Hess' contribution to plate tectonics?

Proposed seafloor spreading

What is the difference between relative and absolute dating?

Relative puts things in a sequence; Absolute assigns a number/age

What is viscosity?

Resistance to flow

What type of faults have the highest magnitude earthquakes?

Reverse Faults

What is the difference between Richter magnitude and MMI magnitude?

Richter measures energy release; MMI describes damages

What is the motion of the San Andreas Fault?

Right Lateral

What are magnetic anomalies? What would likely occur if the magnetic field reversed today?

Rocks that contain reverse magnetism from todays Increased skin cancer, no disaster

What is textural maturity?

Rounded grain in sedimentary rock = mature Angular grains = immature

What is an isotope

Same number of protons; varying number of neutrons

What is Californias state rock?

Serpientite

What types of rock are associated with shield, composite (strato), and caldera-type volcanoes?

Shield - basalt gabbro Composite- andesite and diorite Caldera - rhyolite and granite

What is the goal of the Extreme Ice Survey?

Show Climate change in pictures

What factors contribute to a volcano's eruption intensity?

Silica content; gas content; viscosity

What dictates the velocity of a river?

Slope, channel shape, channel smoothness

How does crystal size relate to cooling rate?

Slow cooling- large crystals Fast cooling - small crystals

What is the California state fossil?

Smilodon

How does mechanical weathering affect chemical weathering?

Speeds it up

Where do deep-focus earthquakes occur?

Subduction zone

What caused the 2004 tsunami that killed some 200,000 people?

Subduction zone earthquake

What is Pangea?

Supercontient when all contients were together

What is the principal of uniformitarianism?

The present is the key to the past; laws of nature have not changed over time; Earth must be very old

What is permeability?

The rock or soils ability to transmit fluid

What does porphyritic mean?

Two distinct crystal sizes

How did Yosemite Valley go from a v-shaped valley to a u-shaped valley, and finally to a box-shaped valley?

V- shaped stream valley to U-shape through glaciation, large lake left behind and sedimentation filled the "u" shape to a flat bottom = box shape

What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships?

Whatever is cutting is younger than rock it cuts

What is liquefaction?

When soil turns to a slurry due to shaking

Who designed the LA Aqueduct?

William Mulholland

Is ice a mineral?

YES

Given what you know about plate tectonics, is the seafloor likely to be older or younger than the continental crust?

Younger

What is the law of superposition?

Youngest layer on top

define horn

a sharp-edged peak.

What is the difference between an unaltered fossil and an altered fossil?

a) Unaltered fossil has the original material. b) Altered has undergone some form of change

What are the types of mechanical (physical) weathering?

a) unloading b) frost wedging c) root wedging, d)animal activity

What are the types of chemical weathering?

a)oxidations. b) hydrolysis, c) dissolution

What happens when two continental plates collide? Two oceanic plates?

a. Continent-continent = Mountain buildings (Himalayas) b. Oceanic - Oceanic = Subduction & volcanic island arc (Aleutain Islands) c. Continental-oceanic = subduction and volcanic arc on the crust (Cascades and Andes)

Know the contributions of Andrija Mohorovicic, Beno Gutenberg, and Inge Lehman to geology

a. Crust-mantle boundary - Mohorovic b. Core-mantle boundary - Gutenberg c. Inner core/outer boundary- Lehman

Where does erosion take place in a meandering stream? Deposition?

a. Erosion - outside meander bend = cut bank b. Deposition - inside meander bend = point bar

Know how to tell if a glacier is advancing, retreating, or is stationary.

a. If accumulation is greater than ablation = advancing b. If accumulation is less than ablation = retreating c. If accumulation is equal to ablation = stationariy

What are the four pieces of evidence that Arthur Wegener used for continental drift?

a. Matching fossils b. Matching rocks c. Puzzle piece fit of contients d. Glacial stratians

What types of faults are associated with compression, tension, and shear?

a. Normal Faults- tensional stress b. Reverse Faults- compressional c. Strike Slip- shear

define aerete

long serrated ridges

What is the definition of a mineral?

naturally occuring, inorganic, crystalline solid, definite, chemical composition

How do we know about the Earth's interior?

seismic waves

Define Saltation

the movement of hard particles such as sand over an uneven surface in a turbulent flow of air or water.

define hanging valley

typically formed when the main valley has been widened and deepened by glacial erosion, leaving the side valley cut off abruptly from the main valley below