Abnormal Psychology - Quiz 4,

Historical Explanations of Abnormal Behavior

*Supernatural causes*: ~1350 AD -Prehistoric to Middle Ages -Salem Witch trials -exorcism, trephination *Physiological Explanations*: ~460 BC -4 'humors' (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm) - Hippocrates -bloodletting, diet, lifestyle changes, exercise, cellibacy -Ancient Greece and Rome *More Scientific Explanations*: ~1400s-1700s -viewed as an *illness* -rise of asylums -religious shrines *Moral Treatment Movement*: ~1800s

4 D's of Abnormality

*distress*: cause you distress or pain *dysfunction*: impair your ability to function *deviance*: deviate greatly from a cultural norm *danger*: result in harm to oneself or others

Benjamin Rush

*father of American psychiatry* promoted *moral treatment* in US

Biological Perspective (factors that are considered to be relevant)

*genetics*: inheritance or mistakes -mutations, inherited mutations, normal evolutionary principles *evolutionary* genes contribute to adaption and survival -fear = survival (current environment rapidly changed, do we have too much fear?) -contemporary pressures may cause this genetic inheritance to be less adaptive and leave some people prone to abnormal psychological patterns

Incidence vs Prevalence

*incidence*: number of new cases that emerge in a given period *prevalence*: total number of cases in a given period

Naturalistic and Analog Observations

*naturalistic observations*: occur in everyday environments -observations are generally made by "participant observers" and reported to a clinician -reliability and validity are a concern *analog observations*: used and conducted in artificial settings -if naturalistic observation is impractical

Existential Perspective

*psychological abnormality*: arises when client uses *self-deception* to hide from responsibilities -client feels overwhelmed by societal forces; quitting becomes habitual

Psychodynamic Perspective (strengths and limitations)

*strengths* -first to recognize the importance of psychological theories and systematic treatment for abnormality -saw abnormal functioning nested in the same processes as normal functioning *limitations*: -unsupported ideas; difficult to research -non-observable concepts -inaccessible to human subjects (unconscious)

Sociocultural Perspective (strengths and limitations)

*strengths*: -added to clinical understanding and treatment of abnormality -increased awareness of clinical and social roles -have been clinically successful when other treatments have failed *weaknesses*: -research is difficult to interpret -models are unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals

Biological Perspective (strengths and limitations)

*strengths*: -considerable respect in the field -constantly produces valuable new info -treatments bring great relief *limitations*: -limits understanding of abnormal functions by excluding nonbiological factors -may produce significant undesirable effects

Personality Inventories (strengths and limitations)

*strengths*: -easier, cheaper, and faster to administer than projective tests -objectively scored and standardized -appear to have greater validity than project tests *limitations* -cannot be considered highly valid -measured traits often cannot be directly examined -tests do not allow for cultural differences in responses

Response Inventories (strengths and limitations)

*strengths*: -have strong face validity *limitations*: -not all have been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and/or validity procedures (Beck Depression Inventory and a few others are exceptions)

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective (strengths and limitations)

*strengths*: -most common approach -can be tested; is research-based -has show to be helpful *weakenesses*: -precise role of cognition in abnormality has yet to be determined -therapies do not help everyone -some changes may not be possible to achieve

Humanistic-Existential Perspective (strengths and limitations)

*strengths*: -taps into domains missing from other models -emphasizes the individual -optimistic -emphasizes health *limitations*: -focuses on abstract issues -difficult to research -weakened by disapproval of scientific approach; may be changing

Projective Tests (strengths and limitations)

*strengths*: -until 1950s, the most commonly used tests for personality assessment -now used to *gain supplementary information* *limitations*: -reliability and validity not consistently shown -may be biased against minority ethnic groups

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective (relation between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors)

*thoughts*: what we *think* affects how we feel and act *behaviors*: what we *do* affects how we think and feel *emotions*: what we *feel* affects how we think and act

Clinical Interviews Limitations

-lack validity or accuracy -interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment -lack of reliability

Controversies over the newest version of the DSM

-major depressive disorder and recent bereavement (disorder vs situation) -premenstrual dysphoric disorder category -somatic symptom disorder category -combination of patterns into single substance use disorder -gambling disorder category placement -autism spectrum disorder category -mild neurocognitive disorder and aging (disorder vs situation)

Rights to Participants

-participate voluntarily -informed consent -can end participation at any time -benefits outweigh costs/risks -protected from physical and psychological harm -have access to info about the study -protect privacy (confidentiality, anonymity)

Scdhmeicel, VOLSKOV, and demaree

4 studies showed that those with higher WMCs were better able to appraise emotional stimuli in an unemotional manner The first two studies used the operation span task to measure WMC People with higher WMCs were better able to suppress their facial expressions in response to both negative and positive stimuli

Aristotle

"Anybody can become angry, that is easy; but to be angry with the right person, and to the right degree, and at the right time, and for the right purpose, and in the right way, that is not within everybody's power, that is not easy."

Marcus Aurelius

"If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment."

What is the psychodynamic theory behind IAD?

Aggressive and hostile wishes toward another person are transferred (through the defense mechanisms of repression and displacement) into physical complaints.

What are some common clinical examples of PFAOMC?

Anxiety-exacerbated asthma Manipulation of insulin by individuals with diabetes in order to lose weight.

What are psychological factors for disorders of desire

Anxiety; depression; maladaptive cognitive beliefs about sex; history of abuse

Possible treatment for exhibitionistic disorder?

Aversion therapy •In vivo and/or imagined •Orgasmic reorientation •Teaches individuals to respond to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation.

Treatment for fetishistic disorder?

Aversion therapy •In vivo and/or imagined •Orgasmic reorientation •Teaches individuals to respond to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation.

___ is a method in which a drug with a similar chemical makeup is given in place of an addictive drug, and ___ are used to block the effects of psychoactive drugs. A. Antagonist substitution; agonist drugs B. Agonist substitution; antagonist drugs C. Relapse prevention; agonist drugs D. Relapse prevention; antagonist drugs

B. Agonist substitution; antagonist drugs

___ are psychoactive substances that are among the most likely to produce physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. These substances include alcohol and anxiolytic drugs. A. Opioids B. Depressants C. Stimulants D. Hallucinogens

B. Depressants

Which of the following is an accurate statement about alcohol use? A. Education is negatively correlated with recent alcohol use. B. Half of all Americans over the age of 12 report being current drinkers of alcohol. C. Female college students were more likely than male college students to report several episodes of binge drinking in a two week period. D. Alcohol use in the elderly population is typically high.

B. Half of all Americans over the age of 12 report being current drinkers of alcohol.

Which of the following hallucinogenic substances is processed synthetically? A. marijuana B. LSD C. psilocybin D. mescaline

B. LSD

Which of the following is an accurate statement about alcoholism? A. A progressive pattern leading to alcoholism is inevitable for those who drink alcohol. B. The factors that determine a drinker's susceptibility to alcoholism are not yet known. C. Alcohol use and aggressive behavior are negatively correlated. D. Use of alcohol by preteens and young teenagers does not predict later abuse.

B. The factors that determine a drinker's susceptibility to alcoholism are not yet known.

Among the opioids are both natural substances (opiates) and the synthetic narcotic called: A. morphine B. heroin C. methadone D. codeine

C. methadone

Experts in the field of substance abuse were asked about the relative addictiveness of various drugs. At the top of the list, as most addictive, was: A. crack cocaine B. heroin C. nicotine D. methamphetamine

C. nicotine

Cognitive Reappraisal

Changing the way we think about a particular situation in order to control emotional experience

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive factors involved in conduct disorder?

Children with conduct disorder tend to consider a narrow range of responses to perceived provocation by others.

How does cognitive reappraisal impact coping?

Cognitive appraisal helps an individual think about an event or stimulus in a way that changes their emotional response to it. Cognitive appraisal is healthy as a coping strategy. lowers impact of depression, closer relationships etc.

From which theoretical perspective are most psychotherapies for conduct disorder derived?

Cognitive-behavioral

What are the best predictors of a favorable outcome in treating bulimia?

Earlier onset, higher socioeconomic status

Mood Modification

Experience of having a need met can lead to feeling 'high' or feelings of peace & escape.

What is the psychodynamic viewpoint of SSD?

The somatic symptoms present substitute for repressed instinctual impulses (Freud). Primary & Secondary gain: Primary gain: somatic symptoms keep internal conflicts out of awareness. Secondary gain: somatic symptoms enable the individual to avoid unpleasant activities or to receive sympathy from others.

Has any medication proven useful in treating bulimia?

Yes, antidepressants

Mental Status Exam

a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's psychological (abnormal) functioning measures: -*awareness* -*orientation (time and place)* -attention span -memory -judgment and insight -thought content and processes -mood -appearance

Ted Bundy was found guilty of abducting, raping and murdering young women. He was determined to be a serial killer as well as _____.

a sociopath

Family Systems Theory

a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

Existentialist View

emphasis on accurate *self-awareness* and *meaningful life* psychological dysfunction is caused by *self-deception*

Humanist View

emphasis on people as *friendly, cooperative, and constructive* focus on drive to *self-actualize* through honest *recognition of strengths and weaknesses*

Oppositional defiant disorder differs from conduct disorder in that in oppositional defiant disorder children tend to:

be chronically negativistic

WMC (working memory capacity)

been defined as one's ability to retain relevant information during a distractor task OR the ability to maintain goal-relevant information while encountering alternate goals or distractions.

Tobias's therapist has been working with his parents to develop a system of reinforcement and punishment to control his aggressive behaviors. His therapist is taking a _____ approach.

behavioral

Transported to the hospital after a suicide attempt, a man is later admitted to the hospital's psychiatric wing. His history showed other self-destructive behaviors and recklessness. MOST likely, if the man is diagnosed with a personality disorder, it will be:

borderline

________________ personality disorder Characterized by instability, including major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, and impulsivity Unstable interpersonal relationships Prone to bouts of anger, which sometimes result in physical aggression and violence; also may direct impulsive anger inward and harm themselves

borderline

Gross (1998)

both groups decrease in expressive behavior ; those who used reappraisal reported less increases ; in felt disgust ; those who suppressed had same amount of disgust but higher physiological response

Three Methods of Investigation (Clinical Researchers)

case study correlational method experimental method

Armando showed behavioral problems in preschool, and they only seem to have gotten worse as he has gotten older. Now that he is in fourth grade, it has become increasingly problematic. His pediatrician suspects that he has a:

childhood-onset conduct disorder.

Existential Therapy

clients encouraged to *accept responsibility* for their lives and problems -relationship between therapist and client includes *shared learning and growth*

Avatar Therapy (Virtual Reality Therapy)

clients use 3d graphical representations to interact in a virtual world of social situations treats: phobias, traumatic memories, fears, social anxiety, loneliness, hallucinations

Jonas's therapist has been working with him on identifying triggers for explosive outbursts and appraising situations in ways that don't provoke aggression. His therapist is taking a _____ approach.

cognitive behavioral

_________________ therapies assist clients with the experience of hallucinations by reinterpreting and accepting. Therapists help change how clients view and react to their hallucinations. What type of therapy is being discussed here?

cognitive behavioral

The term, Dr. Niles discussed, that means an individual is diagnosed with 2 or more disorders __________________

comorbidity

Dodge and Pettit developed a model of how aggressive children process information differently from others. They argue that aggressive children are more likely to:

consider a wide variety of possible reactions to others behaviors.

Malachi has broken into someone's car, cons others, and has shoplifted several times before. These behaviors are all criteria for conduct disorder under _____.

deceitfulness or theft

Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. Rosa is MOST likely suffering from:

delusions of persecution

Somatic Symptom disorder is frequently comorbid with?

depressive and anxiety disorders

concurrent validity

involves comparing a new test with an existing test (of the same nature) to see if they produce similar results. If both tests produce similar results,

imaginal desensitization

involves imagining details of stealing along with an ability to resist the urge

Hugo is cunning, charismatic and sadistic. He never accepts responsibility for his actions and blames his illegal activities on watching violent porn as a child. He most likely _____.

is a sociopath

The prefrontal cortex is the ______ part of the brain develop, leading to ______ development of emotion regulation skills

last, later

While the conduct problems of some youth diminish with age, many children with conduct disorder continue to violate social norms in adolescence and adulthood in a pattern called _____.

life-course-persistent antisocial behavior

Justus shows a lack of guilt for his actions, a lack of empathy for others, and a lack of concern for performance at school or work. This demonstrates:

limited prosocial emotions

Lack of remorse or guilt for ones actions and lack of concern for performance at school or work, as well as shallow emotions demonstrates:

limited prosocial emotions.

Striatum

located in caudate nucleus, is responsible for reward and behavioural control.

Cognitive Restructuring

looking at the situation from a different angle (Ignoring, re-interpreting, forgiving)

Enmeshed

members are grossly overinvolved in one another's activities, thoughts, and feelings

_____________ people with this personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others Exaggeration of achievements and talents, often arrogance Selective about friends; often favorable first impressions Some make suicide attempts, often to manipulate others Common among normal teenagers and does not usually lead to adult diagnosis.

narcissistic

Current Trends of Clinician's understanding and treating abnormal functioning

negative public attitudes still exist more theories and treatment types more research and information more disagreements about abnormal functioning more focus on multicultural factors -new psychotropic meds (antipsychotic, antidepressant, etc.)

When label was 5 years old, she was playing with a stuffed pigeon when a burglar broke into his home. Now, as an adult, Label is terrified of pigeons. Why do cognitive-behavioral therapists believe Label dreads pigeons, even though she should know they are harmless?

not labels brain has been rewired by childhood trauma

What personality factors are seen in anorexic patients?

obsessive and rigid, displaying emotional restraint, preference for the familiar, having a high need for approval, poor adaptability to change.

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective

focuses on *maladaptive behaviors and/or cognitions* in understanding and treating psychological abnormality uses *conditioning to modify maladaptive behaviors or cognitions*

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective (treatment techniques)

focuses on *maladaptive thinking processes* -inaccurate/disturbing assumptions and attitudes -illogical thinking therapists help client recognize, challenge, and change problematic thinking exposure therapy acceptance and commitment therapy mindfulness-based techniques

Managed Care program

focuses on reducing costs of treatment (lots of cons) insurance company determines key care issues dominant form of insurance for people in the US reimbursements for mental disorders tend to be lower than those for medical disorders

Positive reappraisal

focusing on positive aspects of negative or challenging situations ("benefit finding")

Humanistic-Existential Perspective (Franz's Gestalt theory and therapy techniques)

goal is to *guide clients toward self-recognition through challenge and frustration* techniques -skillful frustration -role playing -rules (here and now; "i" language)

____________ personality disorder Individuals are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention Engagement in attention-getting behaviors and always on stage Approval and praise are lifeblood Vain, self-centered, and demanding Some make suicide attempts, often to manipulate others

histrionic

Therapist Interpretation

psychodynamic technique where the therapist listen and encourage the patient to talk -*resistance*: an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy -*transference*: redirection of feelings associated with important figures in patient's life toward the therapist -*dream interpretations*: "royal road to the unconscious

What is a Ego Defense Mechanism, and how is it related to coping?

psychological regulation strategies that serve to resolve the tension between the id and the superego, and keep disturbing wishes and desires hidden from consciousness This is related to coping because they help the person alleviate anxiety

Another word for a sociopath is:

psychopath

Pedophilic disorder may begin around the time of

puberty

What mental health statistic has increased recently?

rate of youth experiencing mental health conditions is on the rise tele-mental health services increasing increase in mental health apps

Criticism of the treatments for Impulse Control Disorder

reductionist in nature

In terms of antisocial behavior, girls appear to engage in _____, such as excluding their peers, gossiping about them, and colluding with others to damage the social status of their targets, more so than boys.

relational aggression

Nadia excludes other girls from play, gossips about her "friends," and has ganged up with other girls to cyber bully others. These are examples of:

relational aggression

Gossiping, cyber bullying, and getting others to ostracize someone are all behaviors that exemplify:

relational aggression.

Some researchers argue that antisocial behavior in girls isn't rare, it just takes another form such as engaging in

relational aggression.

Some researchers argue that antisocial behavior in girls isn't rare, it just takes another form such as engaging in:

relational aggression.

What is "rumination" and how is it related to coping?

rumination is thinking continuously about a problem for a long time, focusing on negative aspects of the situation instead of possible solutions. It is not a good to dwell on certain negative events. It can make you sick.

Humberto often loses his temper, argues with his teacher and parents, and his parents report he is vindictive. He is not aggressive toward people or shoplifts but he is hostile in general. Humberto is likely to have a _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

What personality disorder is characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others?

paranoid personality disorder

Gross and Levenson

participants view 3 clips. 1 neural and 2 disgust ; found that people are able to hide their emotions but people had same amount of negative emotion ; also found that masking emotion cause more physiological response

Short-term Psychodynamic Therapy

patients choose a single problem (a dynamic focus) to work on

Self-Monitoring Observations

people observe themselves and carefully record frequency of behaviors, feelings, or cognitions as they occur over time provides a means of measuring private thoughts or perceptions

Raine et al. found that differences in the brains between males and females with antisocial personality disorder accounted for the differences in the number of antisocial symptoms they had. Specifically, it was differences in the volume of the:

prefrontal cortex

Men with borderline personality disorder tend to have more________ problems, while women with BPD tend to have more ____________ disorders

substance use, eating

accelerants are

substances that accelerate fires or explosions such as gasoline

Jimmy's fantasy team

sucks

Response - focused emotion regulation

suppression and exaggeration

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior -lobotomy -trephination (biological perspective treatment)

Estella's therapist has her repeat phrases to help her avoid reacting negatively to situations. Her therapist's use of self-talk is trying to:

teach her to control impulsive behaviors.

If a therapist and a child are discussing how to respond to another child that has cut in line in the cafeteria the therapist is attempting to:

teach the child adaptive problem solving skills.

The first step in cognitive-behavioral therapy is to:

teach the child to recognize situations that trigger anger or aggressive impulses.

Mindfulness-based Techniques

teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds during meditation and to accept such thoughts in a nonjudgmental way (acceptance and commitment therapy) useful for treating anxiety and depression becoming increasingly popular

One long-standing theory is that aggressiveness, such as that shown by people with antisocial personality disorder, is linked to the hormone _____.

testosterone

Research has shown that males with high levels of the hormone _____ are more likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior than males with lower levels.

testosterone

Tariq is 12 years old and often stays out late at night despite his parents grounding him; he has also run away from home and been gone overnight and often doesn't go to school. These behaviors are all criteria for conduct disorder under _____.

serious violations of rules

Most of the pharmacological treatments for intermittent explosion disorder target levels of:

serotonin

Children who have been diagnosed with conduct disorder:

show abnormal cortisol levels both at rest and in response to a stressor.

7. What is 'attentional control' and how is it related to coping?

simply avoid looking or thinking about the thing that is causing you distress. It helps the person forget about the thing for a while.

antecedent - focused emotion regulation

situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change ; prior to full onset of emotion

Tolerance

the process whereby increasing amounts of particular activity are required to sufficiently modify mood.

Working Through

they psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems takes a long time

3 Categories of Clinical Assessment

-clinical interviews -tests -observations

Approximately _____% of individuals diagnosed with childhood-onset conduct disorder engages in criminal behavior and drug abuse as teens.

50

positive reinforcer

A reward that increases the likelihood of their repeating the behaviour.

Alcohol may influence which of the following systems? A. GABA system B. glutamate system C. serotonin system D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Sensory symptoms of CD include

Altered, reduced, or absent skin sensation, vision, or hearing

Tristan's peers described his as being resentful of others, touchy, and having a short fuse. These are characteristics for oppositional defiant disorder under which category of criteria?

Angry/irritable mood

Compare age of onset of bulimia to age of anorexia

Anorexia usually between 14-18 years, bulimia usually has an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood

Situation selection

Approaching or avoiding certain people, places or objects; choose environments to control range of contextual event

Deliberately annoying peers, blaming others for your mistakes and refusing to do what your mom asks are all examples of what category of criteria for oppositional defiant disorder?

Argumentative/defiant behaviors

The DSM-5 criterion for conduct disorder involves several categories of behaviors. Which of the following is NOT a category of criteria?

Argumentative/defiant behaviors

What are common cognitive responses in people with SSD?

Attention focused on somatic symptoms, worry about illness, fear that physical activity may damage body.

Treatment for pedophilic disorder

Aversion therapy •In vivo and/or imagined •Orgasmic reorientation •Teaches individuals to respond to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation. •Relapse-prevention training

Treatment for sexual sadism?

Aversion therapy •Relapse-prevention training

Which of the following is an accurate statement about opiate (narcotic) addiction? A. Discontinuing narcotic use brings on withdrawal symptoms in 1-2 hours. B. Since opiates (narcotics) are usually injected, users are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS. C. The withdrawal process for narcotic addiction takes about 1 to 3 weeks. D. Most addicts die before the age of 50 from a drug overdose.

B. Since opiates (narcotics) are usually injected, users are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS.

In early DSM editions, alcoholism and drug abuse were classified as sociopathic personality disorders because they were considered to be: A. criminal behaviors B. morally deficient behaviors C. signs of mental illness D. symptoms of psychosis

B. morally deficient behaviors

Which of the following is true with regard to gender differences in oppositional defiant disorder?

Boys with oppositional defiant disorder are more likely to be physically aggressive

in what way does the imaginal desensitization therapy help in reducing the compulsive drive?

By reducing the levels of psychological & physiological arousal associated with impulse control disorders.

_________________ PERSONALITY DISORDER is characterized by pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of; clinging and obedient, fear of separation from loved ones

dependent

Suggested factors for factitious disorder include

depression, unsupportive parental relationships during childhood, a strong need for social support that is not available.

Psychological factors for disorders of orgasm?

depression; childhood trauma

Biopsyschosocial Perspective

different disorders have different causes same disorder can have different causes in different people different treatments can overcome different causes physiology provides a common pathway

Clinical Researchers

discover universal laws and principles search for nomothetic (universal) understanding do not typically assess, diagnose, or treat individual clients rely on the scientific method

Families whose members engage in antisocial behaviors may experience a:

downward social drift

Because of his father's antisocial behaviors, Nico's dad has had difficulties keeping good jobs. His family lives in a poor neighborhood and has much financial difficulty. Based on everyone's negativity, he believes the world is against him. He hangs with the wrong kids and displays much of the aggressive and antisocial behaviors. This is an example of:

downward social drift.

This cluster of personality disorders consists of antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

dramatic

EMDR

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

Recurrent and frequent acts of impulsive acts of aggression that is out of proportion to the situation are characteristics of:

intermittent explosion disorder.

What are possible medical risks associated with bulimia?

Fatigue; headaches; puffy cheeks; loss of dental enamel; menstrual irregularity or ammenorrhea; electrolyte imbalance

What are biological factors for DOEs?

Hormonal imbalance; vascular problems; diabetes; spinal cord injury; multiple sclerosis; kidney failure; dialysis treatment

What are biological factors for disorders of desire

Hormone imbalance; illness; stress; medications

IRB purpose

Institutional Review Board ethics committee in a research facility empowered to *protect the rights and safety of human research participants*

Impulse control Therapy

Involves changing distorted thoughts and is directly linked to the feeling-state explanation of impulse control disorders.

In 1963, Congress passed the Community Mental Health Act. What president was responsible for this Act?

John F. Kennedy

Tool to measure impulsive stealing

Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale

Exposure Therapy

a *behavior-focused* intervention in which fearful persons are repeatedly *exposed to the objects or situations they dread*

What are the severity ratings for bulimia nervosa?

Mild: 1-3 episodes of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week. •Moderate: 4-7 episodes of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week. •Severe: 8-13 episodes of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week. •Extreme: 14 or more episodes of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week.

Placebo

a fake drug used in the testing of medication

What is the process model of emotion regulation? (James Gross)

a model that organizes emotion regulation strategies according to their place in the emotion process itself- as an alternative way of thinking about and classifying emotion regulation strategies. 1. Situation-focused 2. Cognition focused 3. Response -focused

gambling disorder

a non-substance-related disorder involving the persistent urge to gamble

Psychological and behavioral factors of PFAOMC include

Psychological distress, patterns of interpersonal interaction, coping styles, maladaptive health behaviors such as denial of symptoms and poor adherence.

Which of the following statements is true regarding treatment for antisocial personality disorder?

Psychotherapy tends to focus on controlling anger and impulsive behaviors, developing coping strategies, and increasing empathy.

Nature of data collected in Grant et al's study

Quantitative

Logan showed behavioral problems in preschool, and they only seem to have gotten worse as he has gotten older. He is more likely to continue to engage in antisocial behaviors into adulthood then kids who developed the behavioral patterns at a later age, a pattern called:

life-course-persistent antisocial behavior

In IAD, an individual's distress is not from their physical complaint, but from the ___________.

meaning, significance, or cause of the complaint.

What are often comorbid with bulimia?

mood and anxiety symptoms

Suzanne has been diagnosed with conduct disorder. Her therapist has been teaching her to talk to herself when she is faced with difficult situations. By repeating phrases that help to calm her down and control her impulsive behaviors, she learns to avoid reacting negatively to situations. Which technique is Suzanne's therapist using?

Self-talk

What personality factors are seen in bulimic patients?

mood swings, poor impulse control, obsessive-compulsive behavior

Children with conduct disorder are:

more likely to have parents with antisocial behaviors.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

most widely used *personality inventory* originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Projective Tests types

mostly psychodynamic -Rorschach test -thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) -Sentence-completion test -drawings

What makes anorexia so dangerous to an individual's health?

Semi-starvation/starvation severely affects most major organs and physiological consequences may include dehydration, constipation, abdominal pain, cold intolerance, emaciation, hypotension, dryness of skin, lanugo (a fine downy body hair), bradycardia, peripheral edema.

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to poor impulse control and aggression in people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

Serotonin

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to the impulse of aggressive behavior in people diagnosed with intermittent explosion disorder?

Serotonin

What are the algolagnic disorders?

Sexual masochism disorder, sexual sadism disorder

Richards and Gross

Study 1: Suppression led to reliable decrements in memory while viewing an emotional film Study 2: Suppression led to decrements in verbal memory, whereas reappraisal had no effect

Szasz

Suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote *The Myth of Mental Illness* societies invent the concept of mental illness to better control or change people who threaten the social order

muscle relaxation

Used in therapies to relieve tension from within the body and mind.

What is YBOCS used for?

Used to assess the gambling severity in Grant's study

Y-BOCS

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale

Do eating disorders run in families?

Yes

partial positive reinforcement

You do not receive a reward each time

exaggeration

amplify expression

Children with oppositional defiant disorder show abnormalities in what areas of the brain?

amygdala

brain imaging studies of patients with borderline personality disorder find higher activation in the ______________ when seeing emotional images

amygdala

Trephination

an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

What did Crisp say about anorexia?

anorexia is a phobic avoidance disorder The phobic objects are normal adult body weight and shape. Fear is a metaphorical flight from growth. Family and cultural influence contribute to perceptions of being overweight as the individual moves toward puberty. In response, an attempt is made to maintain pre-pubertal weight as a means to avoid the unwelcome aspects of growth.

_______________ personality disorder Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation At least 2 percent of adults have this personality disorder, men as frequently as women

avoidant

Biological Perspective

biological basis and medical perspective considers illness to be brought about by *malfunctioning physical elements* -brain anatomy: cerebrum focus, neurons -brain chemistry: hormones alter behavior & cognitions

A child diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder is most likely to:

blame others for their own mistakes.

Of these personality disorders, which is the most likely to be seen in an emergency room?

borderline

Cognitive Reappraisal

change thought process about a situation

Tyrell appears to be deliberately trying to annoy the other kids in his class. He sometimes refuses to do what his teachers tell him and gives many reasons why he shouldn't have to do his work. His mom reports that he is sometimes sweet and other times rude, but he appears to get angry easily. Tyrell is likely to have a _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

While the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia respond well to conventional antipsychotic drugs, the _____ symptoms respond best to atypical antipsychotic drugs.

positive; negative

Treatment/Therapy

procedure designed to *change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior*

Withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

Research

the systematic search for facts through the use of careful observations and investigations

What is resilience?

those who recover easily from negative events

The DSM-5 identifies 10 personality disorders and separates these into how many groups or "clusters"?

three

covert sensitization

use of aversive imagery to reduce the occurrence of an undesired response

Clinical Tests

used to *gather information about psychological functioning* from which *broader information is inferred* (projective tests)

Beck Depression Inventory

used to assess the severity of depression that has already been diagnosed

Gossiping, cyber bullying, and getting others to ostracize someone are all behaviors that exemplify:

relational aggression

Feeling-state theory

relies on underlying thoughts about particular behaviours to explain obsessions

Ruminative responses are defined as

repeatedly mentally dwelling on ones mood without acting to change it

Epidemiological Studies

reveal the *incidence and prevalence* of a disorder in a particular population (special form of correlational research)

_____________ personality disorder is characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships; little demonstration of emotions.

schizoid

What does the "commitment" in "acceptance and commitment therapy" refer to?

taking action in accordance with ones personal values

Response Inventories

tests designed to measure a person's responses in *one specific area of functioning* -affective inventories -social skills inventories -cognitive inventories usually based on *self-report*ed responses

Catharsis

the *reliving of past repressed feelings* in order to *settle internal conflicts* and overcome problems

What is mentalization

the capacity to understand ones own mental states and those other people form

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Number of items in K-SAS

11

Dorothea Dix

1800s America Boston school teacher who founded 32 mental hospitals

Research with soldiers and adolescents suggests that people often use substances to: A. cope with unpleasant feelings B. to raise awareness of their feelings C. both of these D. neither of these

A. cope with unpleasant feelings

Drug use has ___ in recent years. A. declined B. increased dramatically C. remained the same D. increased slightly

A. declined

A research study of 6,000 lifetime drinkers (DeWitt et al., 2000) found that drinking at an early age (ages 11-14): A. was predictive of later alcohol use disorders B. had no relationship to alcohol use later in life C. caused more frequent blackouts than drinking at later ages D. resulted in more severe withdrawal symptoms than drinking at later ages

A. was predictive of later alcohol use disorders

Oppositional defiant disorder has a high rate of comorbitiy with which of the following disorders?

ADHD

In 2003, researchers at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimated that about _____ Americans are probably dependent on alcohol. A. 1.5 million B. 10 million C. 15 million D. 25 million

B. 10 million

What are the biggest risk factors for developing an eating disorder?

Being teenage and female

Substances that distort sensory experiences, feelings and perceptions are known as: A. opiates B. hallucinogens C. "roofies" D. "benzos"

B. hallucinogens

In behavioral terms drugs like aspirin are considered negative reinforcers because they: A. make a person feel good B. stop a person from feeling pain C. have toxic effects on the nervous system D. can cause frequent users to become dependent on them

B. stop a person from feeling pain

In the impulse control disorders, the individual feels _____ prior to carrying out the act. A. relaxed and calm B. tense and aroused C. spaced out D. angry and aggressive

B. tense and aroused

Although most psychoactive substances interact with specific substances in the brain cells, the effects of _____ are much more complex because several different neurotransmitter systems are affected. A. opiates B. tranquilizers C. alcohol D. marijuana

C. alcohol

A probable psychological cause of substance-related disorders is A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. both a and b D. none of the above

C. both a and b

Many individuals use drugs as negative reinforcement, i.e., to escape from the unpleasantness (pain, stress, anxiety) in their lives. This phenomenon is called all of the following EXCEPT: A. self-medication B. tension reduction C. controlled dosing D. negative affect

C. controlled dosing

Alcohol and the drugs Seconal, Halcion, and Valium are all classified as: A. stimulants B. opiates C. depressants D. narcotics

C. depressants

Which of the following does NOT describe the specific effect of alcohol on a particular neurotransmitter system? A. serotonin - alcoholic cravings B. glutamate - alcoholic blackouts C. dopamine - slurred speech D. GABA - anti-anxiety effect

C. dopamine - slurred speech

In a laboratory research study involving "drug addiction" in animals, it was demonstrated that the positive reinforcing effect of drugs was: A. biological only B. tied to social and cultural influences C. free from social and cultural influences D. biological, social and cultural

C. free from social and cultural influences

Which of the following is an example of alcohol's effects on brain functioning? A. faster reaction time B. improved judgment C. impaired motor coordination D. clear speech

C. impaired motor coordination

Ecstasy or MDMA: A. increases appetite B. rarely causes Emergency Room visits C. is now used more than LSD D. acts like speed, but has major withdrawal symptoms

C. is now used more than LSD

Which of the following is not considered in the text as a cognitive factor related to causes of substance-related disorders? A. sense triggers B. expectancy effect C. opponent process theory - negative reinforcement D. none of the above

C. opponent process theory - negative reinforcement

Although most impulse control disorders are considered rare, one that affects an increasing number of people is _____. A. kleptomania B. pyromania C. pathological gambling D. intermittent explosive disorder

C. pathological gambling

What CBT therapy is used with EDs?

Changing eating behaviors by rewarding or modeling appropriate behaviors. •Identifying and changing distorted or rigid thought patterns. •Modify cognitions related to body shape and weight •Identify and address triggers to maladaptive behavior •Replace dietary restraint and purging with more normal eating and activity patterns •Develop skills in self-control and self-monitoring

Jim is unable to cut down or control his substance use. He has been experiencing decreased effects when taking the same amount of drugs. Jim's drug use has begun to disrupt his work and family responsibilities. According to DSM-IV, what would Jim's diagnosis be? A. substance intoxication B. substance dependence C. substance abuse D. none of the above

C. substance abuse

In terms of substance-related disorders, the word "addiction" is most closely associated with: A. substance use B. intoxication C. substance dependence D. polysubstance abuse

C. substance dependence

Cognition focused Strategies (coping style)

Changing the way we attend to think about a situation, in order to encourage some emotions and/or deter others

Behavioral theory for fetishistic disorder?

Classical conditioning

Feeling-state

Composed of positive emotions and memory of the behaviour which leads to impulse-control problems.

Which behavioral disorder among adolescents and children is characterized by a chronic pattern of unconcern for the basic rights of others?

Conduct disorder

Behavioral Approach

Considers only the action of the person involved in the compulsive behaviour

An adolescent diagnosed with an impulse control disorder said, "I just want to die. I spend all my time getting even with people who have done wrong to me." When asked about a suicide plan, the adolescent replied, "I'll jump from the bridge near my home. My father threw kittens off that bridge, and they died because they couldn't swim." Rate the suicide risk. a. Absent c. Moderate b. Low d. High

D The suicide risk is high. The child is experiencing feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. The method described is lethal, and the means to carry out the plan are available.

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a benzodiazepine? A. Halcion B. Valium C. Xanax D. Seconal

D. Seconal

Relapse prevention is a treatment method that A. looks at the learned aspect of dependence. B. sees relapse as a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills. C. looks at relapse as inevitably leading to more drug use. D. both a and b

D. both a and b

People who abuse or are dependent upon alcohol A. are likely to go through periods marked by different levels of alcohol use. B. were aided by a methodically sound study of Alcoholics Anonymous members by Jellinick. C. may be at an increased risk to behave aggressively. D. both a and c

D. both a and c

Which of the following terms is the definition of sedative? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

D. calming

Of the following types of drug prevention strategies which one has the potential for the most successful outcome (according to the information in your textbook)? A. education-based programs (e.g., DARE) B. skills training to resist social, media and peer pressure to use drugs C. relapse prevention programs focusing on the learned aspects of dependence, i.e., the failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills D. cultural attitude change (e.g., widespread enactment of no-smoking legislation)

D. cultural attitude change (e.g., widespread enactment of no-smoking legislation)

All of the following occur in persons who are alcohol dependent for even short periods of time EXCEPT: A. blackouts and/or seizures B. hallucinations C. memory loss D. dementia

D. dementia

Which of the following would NOT be an example of substance use? A. smoking a cigarette B. drinking a cup of coffee C. taking a sleeping pill D. getting drunk

D. getting drunk

Which of the following is the most routinely used illegal substance in the United States? A. opioids B. heroin C. cocaine D. marijuana

D. marijuana

The most commonly consumed of all the psychoactive drugs are the stimulants, which include all of the following EXCEPT: A. caffeine B. cocaine C. nicotine D. mescaline

D. mescaline

In a study involving the sons of alcoholics who were at high risk themselves for developing alcoholism, it was found that: A. they were less sensitive to the positive effects of alcohol when it was first ingested B. they were more sensitive to the negative effects of alcohol after a few hours C. both of these D. neither of these

D. neither of these

Which of the following effects is associated with cocaine use? A. decreased alertness B. increased appetite C. decreased pulse and blood pressure D. rapid and irregular heartbeat

D. rapid and irregular heartbeat

What disorders are often comorbid (or have some of their features present) with anorexia?

Depression and OCD behaviors (Preoccupied with thoughts of food, collect recipes, hoard food)

A child diagnosed with intermittent explosion disorder is most likely to perform which of the following behaviors?

Destroy Property

Behavioral theory for sexual sadism

Developed via classical conditioning

behavioral viewpoint of SSD?

Emphasize the role of learning and reinforcement Parental modeling and cultural customs/norms may teach individuals to express somatic symptoms.

As babies, children who develop conduct disorder tend to have been _____, at least as reported by their parents.

Extremely rational

Psychodynamic Perspective (relation to psychodynamic theory)

Freud proposed person's behavior determined by underlying unconscious, dynamic, psychological forces abnormal symptoms are the result of conflict among these forces personality shaped: -id: pleasure principle -ego: reality principle -superego: morality principle new events and pressures require adjustment in the id, ego, superego at each stage

Miller

Gave cognitive explanation to understand impulse control disorders.

Dopamine

Happy Chemical

Role of Cognition in Emotion

If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. AND If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment.

What are the general diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa?

Individual engages in starvation behavior, has intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with the weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

Psychodynamic theory for sexual sadism

Individuals inflict pain in order to achieve a sense of power or control •Possibly due to feelings of inadequacy

Cognitive theory behind IAD?

Individuals with the disorder amplify their somatic sensations.

Psychodynamic theory behind voyeuristic disorder?

Individuals with voyeuristic disorder are seeking to gain power over others, possibly because they feel inadequate or are sexually or socially shy.

What are the four subtypes of sexual dysfunctions?

Lifelong: sexual problem that has been present from 1st sexual experience •Acquired: sexual disorders that develop after a period of relatively normal sexual function. •Generalized: sexual difficulties that are not limited to certain types of stimulation, situations, or partners. •Situational: sexual difficulties that only occur with certain types of stimulation, situations, or partners.

One of the abnormal genes seen in children with conduct disorders is the _____ gene, which regulates the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

MAOA

To what lengths will individuals with factitious disorder go to convince people they are ill?

May falsify medical records, induce abnormal lab results or illness, deceptively report neurological or somatic symptoms . May go to extremes to create the appearance of illness. Research their supposed ailments and are impressible knowledgeable about medicine

Prevalence of kleptomania

More in women than men

Has any medication proven useful in treating anorexia?

No

Does pedophilia appear to go away?

No, appears to be a lifelong condition

In binge eating disorder, binge eating occurs, on average, at least _____.

Once a week for three months

Diagnostic criteria for fetishistic disorder?

Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from either the use of nonliving objects or a highly specific focus on nongenital body part(s), as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. •The fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Diagnostic criteria of sexual masochism disorder?

Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. •The fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

Which of the following factors may account for the higher rate of conduct disturbances in boys than in girls?

Parents are more likely to physically punish boys severely than girls.

Which of the following parenting styles is likely to increase a child's vulnerability to conduct disorder?

Parents who physically abuse their children

operant conditioning

Positive reinforcement is based on this principle.

Treatment of Individuals with Severe Mental Disturbance - Treatment before 1950 and Today

Pre 1950: almost all outpatient care took the form of *private psychotherapy* Today: outpatient care is the primary mode of treatment, more insurance coverage -prevention programs are increasing -programs dealing with one specific kind of psychological problem have been created

Raine et al. found reductions in the volume of the _____ in both women and men with antisocial personality disorder.

Prefrontal cortex

Conversion Disorder vs. Factitious Disorder or an actual organic disorder

Rapid appearance of symptoms, particularly after psychological trauma or stress La belle indifference Selective symptoms Example: if paralyzed limb moves during sleep

Which of these describes an explicit emotion regulation strategy?

Reaching out to a friend who you know always makes you feel better

cognitive change

Reappraisal of event, cognitively change the emotional meaning of the event

Factitious disorder is common in people who:

Received extensive treatment for a medical problem as a child. Carry a grudge against the medical profession. Have worked as a nurse, laboratory technician, or medical aide. Have poor social support, few social relationships, and little family life.

How do individuals respond to mental health services recommendations with SSD?

Reluctantly or go as a last resort

What are common behaviors of people with SSD?

Repeated body checking for abnormalities, avoidance of physical activity, repeatedly seeking reassurance.

Which of the following is true regarding treatments for antisocial personality disorder?

Research has indicated that norepinephrine can help to control impulsive and aggressive responses

Disadvantage of self-report measure

Response Bias

What are the two subtypes of anorexia and what are the diagnostic criteria for them?

Restricting type •During the last 3 months, the individual has not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior. •Weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise. •Binge-eating/purging type •During the last 3 months, the individual has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior.

How does treatment for gender dysphoria work?

Revolves around educating the family in accepting the person with gender dysphoria, as well as helping the individual learn to fit into their experienced gender, also may involve helping the individual with getting the proper surgeries and hormone treatments

What differs binge eating disorder from bulimia?

The binge eating is not associated with inappropriate compensatory behavior following the binge, there are also not usually strict dietary restrictions as there are in bulimia, there is also a much higher rate of improvement in binge eating patients.

What are disorders of excitement and give an example

The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle is marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing. •Erectile disorder

What are some treatment methods for SSD?

Therapy may focus on assisting the individual to cope with presenting symptoms, express underlying emotions, and develop alternative strategies for expressing their feelings. Psychodynamic therapy focuses on the underlying unconscious conflict. Behavior therapy focuses on the role of reinforcement and may incorporate exposure-based interventions.

What are some other associated features of CD?

There may be episodes of unresponsiveness resembling a coma. May be a history of multiple somatic symptoms. Onset may be associated with stress or trauma, either psychological or physical in nature. Associated with dissociative symptoms

impulse control disorders

a class of psychiatric disorders characterized by impulsivity - failure to resist a temptation, an urge, an impulse, or the inability to not speak on a thought.

pyromania

a compulsion to set things on fire

kleptomania

a continual urge to steal regardless of economic motive

Free Association

a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

Dimensional Information

a rating of *how severe* a client's symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality

People with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience:

a second anxiety disorder

Sociocultural Model

abnormal behavior includes social and cultural forces that influence an individual -social labels and roles; diagnostic labels -social connections and supports -family structure and communication

Somatogenic Perspective

abnormal functioning has *physical causes* *Emil Kraepelin* - "physical factors are responsible for mental dysfunction" *new biological discoveries* - linked such things as *untreated syphilis and general partial paralysis* results were generally disappointing until effective medication was developed

Psychogenic Perspective

abnormal functioning has *psychological causes* *Mesmer*: hysterical disorders *Freud*: psychoanalysis; outpatient therapy psychoanalytic theory and treatment became widely accepted

Individuals with antisocial tendencies:

are capable of ending their delinquent acts permanently.

Suppressing emotional expression

attempting to block the behavioral expression of an emotion, such as a facial expression

Humanistic-Existential Perspective (Describe Carl Roger's client-centered therapy approach)

basic human need for *unconditional positive regard* therapist creates a *supportive climate* -unconditional positive regard -accurate empathy -genuineness

The Community Approach Human beings experiencing Schizophrenia Poor coordination of services is one of the difficulties within the community approach. Challenges: Failure of communication between and within community mental health agencies Poor communication between state hospitals and community mental health centers Solutions Community therapists as _______ managers

case

Sexual masochism disorder is believed to develop via

classical conditioning

Assessment

collection of relevant information to reach a conclusion

Glover

conducted a study on covert sensitization

What is psychological inoculation?

dealing with a stressor by exposing yourself to milder versions of the stressful events

Biological Perspective (treatment approaches)

drug therapy brain stimulation psychosurgery

The age of onset for intermittent explosion disorder is:

early adulthood

People with IAD tend to be _______ about illness and _______ are prominant in __________ life.

easily alarmed, illness concerns, an individual's daily life

Advantages of double-blind procedure

eliminates the possibility of participant and researcher bias and increases the validity of the results.

Implicit and explicit remotion regulation strategies tend to use the same parts of the brain

false

Modern Treatment

federal regulations and World Health Organization influence *biopsychosocial approach*

Brain imaging studies of patients with borderline personality disorder find lower activation in the _________________ lobes when seeing emotional images

frontal???? maybe

In terms of conduct disorder, _____.

girls tend to show high rates of depression as adolescents and adults

People with antisocial personality disorder:

have a low tolerance for frustration and often act impetuously.

supressors

hide emotions and have less positive relationships

Cognitive suppression

hide the emotional response and/or expression

In individuals with anorexia nervosa, fear of being overweight is ____ by weight loss

not alleviated

suppression

not show anything ; causes more symptoms of physiological arousal

Gross process model for emotion regulation

step 1. situation selection step 2. situation modification step 3. attentional deployment step 4. cognitive change step 5. response modulation

Family therapy Many persons recovering from schizophrenia and other severe disorders live with family members. This can create significant family ________.

stress

Rosenhan Study

study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.

Categorical Information

the name of the category (disorder) indicated by the client's symptoms

Sociocultural factors for DOEs?

•Situational pressures; relationship problems; cultural standards

Multicultural Perspective

-greater sensitivity to cultural issues -inclusion of cultural morals and models -culture-sensitive therapies, gender-sensitive therapies

Family-Social Treatments

-group therapy -family therapy -couple (marital) therapy -community treatment (sociocultural perspective)

Approximately _____% of individuals diagnosed with childhood-onset conduct disorder are also diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder as adults.

35

Drug Therapy types

-*antianxiety drugs*: anxiolytics, minor tranquilizers -*antidepressant drugs* -*antibipolar drugs*: mood stabilizers -*antipsychotic drugs* (biological perspective treatment)

Brain Stimulation types

-Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) -Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) -Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) -Deep Brain Stimulation (biological perspective treatment)

Epidemiological studies have indicated that antisocial personality disorder is one of the most common personality disorders, with approximately _____ of the general population being diagnosed with the disorder at some time in their lives.

4 percent

Factors that Influence Treatment a Patient/Client Receives

-assessment information -therapist's theoretical orientation -current research -general state of clinical knowledge (currently focuses on empirically supported, evidence-based treatment) -client factors (what does client want?) -client's expectancy of therapy's success is as important as treatment itself

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective (3 types of conditioning)

-classical conditioning (Pavlov's Dog) -modeling (Bandura bobo dolls) -operant conditioning (Little Albert)

Clinical Interview

-face to face encounter -basic *background data* gathered with specific theoretical focus -unstructured or structured

Controversies over the DSM

-reliability of personality disorders is low -a standard system does not guarantee an accurate diagnosis -must have diagnosis for insurance coverage (miss diagnoses) -overlap between disorders (comorbidity) -disorders that aren't disorders? (mathematical disorder) -effect of labeling someone with a mental health disorder (stigmatized, self-fulfilling prophecy)

3 Essential Features of Therapy

1. *sufferer* or patient 2. trained, socially accepted *healer* or therapist 3. *series of therapeutic contacts* between the healer and the sufferer

What are the three types of coping? Are any of them better than another? In which situation?

1. Situation-focused (Problem focused) 2. Cognition focused (appraisal focused) 3. Response -focused (Emotion focused) Problem focused is the best Cognition focused is the next best and Emotion focused is useful as the last resort

6 Leading Theoretical Perspectives

1. psychoanalytic 2. biological 3. cognitive-behavioral 4. humanistic-existential 5. sociocultural 6. developmental psychopathology no single perspective dominates the clinical field

Eating disorders become twice as common after the age of __.

12

Philipp Pinel

1792; France renovated hospitals Tuke did similar work in England

Antipsychotic medications were discovered in the _________s.

1950s

Some studies estimate that as much as _____% of the population meets the DSM-5 criteria for intermittent explosion disorder.

20

Approximately _____% of children and adolescents has a diagnosis of conduct disorder.

3-7

Approximately _____% of individuals diagnosed with childhood-onset conduct disorder are chronically unemployed, have a history of unstable relationships, and frequently engage in impulsive physical aggression or abuse their spouse.

50

Twin studies find that the concordance rate for antisocial behaviors is nearly _____ in MZ twins.

50 percent

Between ____% and ___% of patients show full recovery or significant improvement in bulimia

50%, 75%

Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs: Symptoms reduce in about ____ percent of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.

70

As many as _____ of people with antisocial personality disorder also abuse alcohol and illicit drugs.

80 percent

An adolescent was arrested for prostitution and assault on a parent. The adolescent says, "I hate my parents. They focus all attention on my brother, who's perfect in their eyes." Which type of therapy might promote the greatest change in the adolescent's behavior? a. Family therapy c. Play therapy b. Bibliotherapy d. Art therapy

A Family therapy focuses on problematic family relationships and interactions. The patient has identified problems within the family. Play therapy is more appropriate for younger patients. Art therapy and bibliotherapy would not focus specifically on the identified problem.

Parents of an adolescent diagnosed with a conduct disorder say, "We don't know how to respond when our child breaks the rules in our house. Is there any treatment that might help us?" Which therapy is likely to be helpful for these parents? a. Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) b. Behavior modification therapy c. Multi-systemic therapy (MST) d. Pharmacotherapy

A In parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), the therapist sits behind one-way mirrors and coaches parents through an ear audio device while they interact with their children. The therapist can suggest strategies that reinforce positive behavior in the adolescent. The goal is to improve parenting strategies and thereby reduce problematic behavior. Behavior modification therapy may help the adolescent, but the parents are seeking help for themselves. Multi-systemic therapy is much broader and does not target the parents' need.

An adolescent diagnosed with conduct disorder has aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and mood symptoms. The treatment team believes this adolescent may benefit from medication. The nurse anticipates the health care provider will prescribe which type of medication? a. Second-generation antipsychotic c. Calcium channel blocker b. Anti-anxiety medication d. Beta-blocker

A Medications for conduct disorder are directed at problematic behaviors such as aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and mood symptoms. Second-generation antipsychotics are likely to be prescribed. Beta-blocking medications may help to calm individuals with intermittent explosive disorder by slowing the heart rate and reducing blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure but are not used for persons with impulse control problems. An anti-anxiety medication will not assist with impulse control.

Which assessment findings support a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder? a. Negative, hostile, and spiteful toward parents. Blames others for misbehavior. b. Exhibits involuntary facial twitching and blinking; makes barking sounds. c. Violates others' rights; cruelty toward people or animals; steals; truancy. d. Displays poor academic performance and reports frequent nightmares.

A Oppositional defiant disorder is a repeated and persistent pattern of having an angry and irritable mood in conjunction with demonstrating defiant and vindictive behavior. The distracters identify findings associated with conduct disorder, anxiety disorder, and Tourette's syndrome.

A 16-year-old diagnosed with a conduct disorder has been in a residential program for 3 months. Which outcome should occur before discharge? a. The adolescent and parents create and agree to a behavioral contract with rules, rewards, and consequences. b. The adolescent identifies friends in the home community who are a positive influence. c. Temporary placement is arranged with a foster family until the parents complete a parenting skills class. d. The adolescent experiences no anger and frustration for 1 week.

A The adolescent and the parents must agree on a behavioral contract that clearly outlines rules, expected behaviors, and consequences for misbehavior. It must also include rewards for following the rules. The adolescent will continue to experience anger and frustration. The adolescent and parents must continue with family therapy to work on boundary and communication issues. It is not necessary to separate the adolescent from the family to work on these issues. Separation is detrimental to the healing process. While it is helpful for the adolescent to identify peers who are a positive influence, it's more important for behavior to be managed for an adolescent diagnosed with a conduct disorder.

Opiates

A group of drugs which have historically been used as painkillers

Behavioral theory for VD?

A learned behavior that can be traced to a chance and secret observation of a sexually arousing scene.

Cognitive behavioral theory for disorders of sexual pain?

A learned fear response due to the expectation that intercourse will be painful. •Fear may have developed due to a variety of factors and/or situation.

What are the diagnostic criteria for Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions?

A medical symptoms or condition (other than a mental disorder) is present. •Psychological or behavioral factors adversely affect the medical condition in one of the following ways: •The factors have influenced the course of the medical condition as shown by a close temporal association between the psychological factors and the development or exacerbation of, or delayed recovery from, the medical condition. •The factors interfere with the treatment of the medical condition. •The factors constitute a well-established health risk for the individual. •The factors influence the underlying pathophysiology, precipitating or exacerbating symptoms or necessitating medical attention.

Global Assessment of Functioning Scale

A tool with which K-SAS was compared to evaluate the validity levels

A nurse on an adolescent psychiatric unit assesses a newly admitted 14-year-old. An impulse control disorder is suspected. Which aspects of the patient's history support the suspected diagnosis? Select all that apply. a. Family history of mental illness b. Allergies to multiple antibiotics c. Long history of severe facial acne d. Father with history of alcohol abuse e. History of an abusive relationship with one parent

A, D, E Parents who are abusive, rejecting, or overly controlling cause a child to suffer detrimental effects. Other stressors associated with impulse control disorders can include major disruptions such as placement in foster care, severe marital discord, or a separation of parents. Substance abuse by a parent is common. Acne and allergies are not aspects of the history that relate to the behavior.

The brain's tendency to reorganize by forming new neural connections is called: A. neuroplasticity B. neuroelasticity C. neurovariability D. neuroimagery

A. neuroplasticity

All of the following are informative and accurate statements about inhalants EXCEPT: A. Inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students. B. Symptoms of inhalant use include slurred speech, dizziness, and euphoria. C. Long-term inhalant use can damage bone marrow, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain. D. Use of inhalants can cause users to be antisocial and aggressive.

A. Inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning marijuana use and abuse? A. Paranoia and hallucinations can occur. B. Tolerance develops rapidly. C. Psychological dependence can occur with even occasional use. D. Marijuana is free of carcinogens.

A. Paranoia and hallucinations can occur.

Relapse prevention refers to a treatment mode which views relapse as: A. a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills B. a failure of willpower C. proof that a person will never be able to control their drinking D. an insurmountable obstacle to treatment for substance abuse

A. a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills

Ritalin seems to decrease cocaine use in: A. addicts with ADD B. all cocaine addicts C. men but not women D. people with allergies

A. addicts with ADD

The term opioids refers to ___ substances that have a narcotic effect, while opiates are ___ that have a narcotic effect. A. all; substances found in the poppy B. naturally occurring; synthetic drugs C. synthetic; all substances D. all; chemicals in the brain

A. all; substances found in the poppy

According to your book, controlled drinking is believed to be: A. at least as effective as abstinence B. much more effective than abstinence C. much less efficient than abstinence D. helpful for everyone

A. at least as effective as abstinence

All of the following analgesic substances are classified as opiates EXCEPT: A. cocaine B. codeine C. heroin D. morphine

A. cocaine

Until 1903, Coca-Cola contained which of the following? A. cocaine B. heroin C. caffeine D. chocolate

A. cocaine

Nicotine synergism refers to combining nicotine with: A. contextual cues B. expectancies C. practice D. experience

A. contextual cues

Differences in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) rates among women who drink may be due to: A. cultural differences B. cognitive differences C. metabolic differences D. emotional differences

A. cultural differences

Research on changes in Korean drug use patterns suggests that: A. cultural norms can override biological factors which would inhibit alcohol use B. cultural norms cannot override biological factors which would inhibit alcohol use C. personality factors which contribute to substance use D. all of the above

A. cultural norms can override biological factors which would inhibit alcohol use

What explains the apparent stimulation, feeling of well being, and outgoing behavior that occur as the initial effects of alcohol ingestion? A. depression of the inhibitory centers in the brain B. activation of the inhibitory centers in the brain C. depression of the autonomic nervous system D. stimulation of the autonomic nervous system

A. depression of the inhibitory centers in the brain

Stimulation of the _____ neurons in the "pleasure pathway" (the site in the brain that seems to be involved in the experience of pleasure) probably causes the "high" associated with cocaine use. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. adrenaline D. endorphin

A. dopamine

The "pleasure pathways," or internal reward centers, in the human brain are primarily made up of: A. dopamine-sensitive neurons B. serotonin-sensitive neurons C. both of these D. neither of these

A. dopamine-sensitive neurons

Substance abuse prevention efforts have focused on: A. education-based approaches B. changing laws regarding drug use and possession C. working with parents to change substance use D. all of the above

A. education-based approaches

Factors that affect whether alcohol will cause organic damage include A. frequency of use. B. whether the body has time to recover between binges. C. blood alcohol levels attained while drinking. D. all of the above

A. frequency of use.

A recent research study on alcoholism suggests that use of illegal drugs is influenced by environmental factors but abuse and dependence are more influenced by: A. genetic factors B. psychological factors C. non-biological factors D. cultural factors

A. genetic factors

Blackouts appear to be related to the interaction of alcohol with the _____ system. A. glutamate B. serotonin C. GABA D. dopamine

A. glutamate

Alcohol is related to violence because it: A. increases impulsivity B. increases rational thinking C. causes aggression D. decreases aggressive behavior

A. increases impulsivity

Because of its impact on GABA receptors, alcohol _____ neuronal communication. A. inhibits B. facilitates C. randomizes D. eliminates

A. inhibits

Marijuana use often results in: A. mood swings B. blunted sensory experience C. an accurate sense of time D. enhanced nausea

A. mood swings

According to Jellinek's model (no longer considered accurate but still of scientific interest), an individual with alcoholism progresses through four stages. Which of the following incorrectly describes the characteristic behaviors associated with each of Jellinek's stages? A. prealcoholic stage - hangovers, DWI or DUI charges, blackouts B. prodromal stage - drinking heavily but few outward signs of problems C. chronic stage - loss of control accompanied by occasional binges D. crucial stage - primary activities focused on getting and drinking alcohol

A. prealcoholic stage - hangovers, DWI or DUI charges, blackouts

Which of the following terms is the definition of hypnotic? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

A. sleep-inducing

Alcoholism, previously considered a _____, is now conceptualized by many as a disease. A. sociopathic personality disturbance B. schizophrenic-like behavioral pattern C. type of dependent personality disorder D. hysterical conversion syndrome

A. sociopathic personality disturbance

Caffeine is a ___ that affects the brain stem by ___. A. stimulant; blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine. B. depressant; blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine. C. stimulant; aiding in the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine. D. depressant; aiding in the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine.

A. stimulant; blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine.

Nicotine is a(n) ___, alcohol is a ___, and morphine is a(n) ___. A. stimulant; depressant; opioid B. stimulant; depressant; hallucinogenic C. depressant; stimulant; opioid D. opioid; hallucinogenic; stimulant

A. stimulant; depressant; opioid

Enkephalins and endorphins are natural opioids found in: A. the brain B. the humoral system C. DNA D. poppy seeds

A. the brain

The path from drug use to dependence often involves A. the experience of stress B. the genetic tendency to inherit a sensitivity to certain drugs C. the substance being abused helps to manage positive feelings D. substance abuse helps people to get even with others

A. the experience of stress

Substance abuse can be seen from either a biological or a psychosocial perspective. For example, the condemnation of drug abuse as an official sin by the Catholic Church is an example of _____. A. the moral weakness model B. the disease model of dependence C. the AA model of drug dependency D. a 12-step program

A. the moral weakness model

The integration of both positive and negative reinforcement in explaining why the "crash" that follows the initial euphoria of drug use is not a deterrent to further drug use is called: A. the opponent-process theory B. amotivational syndrome C. substance induced myopia D. an expectancy effect

A. the opponent-process theory

Contingency management involves: A. the use of reinforcement for specific behaviors B. the elimination of abuse cues C. altering expectations D. use of medications to create substance aversions

A. the use of reinforcement for specific behaviors

The common factor among psychoactive drugs may be: A. their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain B. the ease of obtaining them and the relatively inexpensive cost C. the similar way in which they are metabolized in the body D. their identical effect on neurotransmitters at the synapse

A. their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain

Two important aspects of a definition of substance dependence are ___ and ___. A. tolerance; withdrawal B. withdrawal; relapse C. relapse; tolerance D. alcohol delirium; tolerance

A. tolerance; withdrawal

he DSM-5 criterion for conduct disorder involves several categories of behaviors. Which of the following is NOT a category of criteria?

Argumentative/defiant behaviors

In a study in rural North Carolina, researchers found that in Native American children:

As income increased for families, conduct disorders decreased.

Butler

Asked two women to watch an upsetting film and then discuss their reactions Unbeknownst to the other, one woman was asked to either suppress, reappraise, or interact naturally with her conversation partner As expected, partners of suppression participants showed greater increase in blood pressure than partners of participants who either reappraised or interacted naturally

What is la belle indifference? What disorder is it usually associated with?

Associated with conversion disorder, and is a lack of concern about the nature or implication of the symptoms of the disorder.

A 15-year-old was placed in a residential program after truancy, running away, and an arrest for theft. At the program, the adolescent refused to join in planned activities and pushed a staff member, causing a fall. Which approach by nursing staff will be most therapeutic? a. Planned ignoring c. Neutrally permit refusals b. Establish firm limits d. Coaxing to gain compliance

B Firm limits are necessary to ensure physical safety and emotional security. Limit setting will also protect other patients from the teen's thoughtless or aggressive behavior. Permitting refusals to participate in the treatment plan, ignoring, coaxing, and bargaining are strategies that do not help the patient learn to abide by rules or structure.

A child known as the neighborhood bully says, "Nobody can tell me what to do." After receiving a poor grade on a science project, this child secretly loaded a virus on the teacher's computer. These behaviors support a diagnosis of: a. conduct disorder. b. oppositional defiant disorder. c. intermittent explosive disorder. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

B Oppositional defiant disorder is a repeated and persistent pattern of having an angry and irritable mood in conjunction with demonstrating defiant and vindictive behavior. Loading a virus is a vindictive behavior in retribution for a poor grade. Persons with conduct disorder are aggressive against people and animals; destroy property; are deceitful; violate rules; and have impaired social, academic, or occupational functioning. There is no evidence of explosiveness or distractibility.

An 11-year-old diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder becomes angry over the rules at a residential treatment program and begins shouting at the nurse. What is the nurse's initial action to defuse the situation? a. Say to the child, "Tell me how you're feeling right now." b. Take the child swimming at the program's pool. c. Establish a behavioral contract with the child. d. Administer an anxiolytic medication.

B Redirecting the expression of feelings into nondestructive, age-appropriate behaviors such as a physical activity helps the child learn how to modulate the expression of feelings and exert self-control. This is the least restrictive alternative and should be tried before resorting to measures that are more restrictive. A shouting child will not likely engage in a discussion about feelings. A behavioral contract could be considered later, but first the situation must be defused.

A nurse works with an adolescent who was placed in a residential program after multiple episodes of violence at school. Establishing rapport with this adolescent is a priority because: (select all that apply) a. it is a vital component of implementing a behavior modification program. b. a therapeutic alliance is the first step in a nurse's therapeutic use of self. c. the adolescent has demonstrated resistance to other authority figures. d. acceptance and trust convey feelings of security for the adolescent. e. adolescents usually relate better to authority figures than peers.

B, D Trust is frequently an issue because the adolescent may never have had a trusting relationship with an adult. Trust promotes feelings of security and is the basis of the nurse's therapeutic use of self. Adolescents value peer relationships over those related to authority. Rewards for appropriate behavior are the main component of behavior modification programs.

What are the primary distinguishing factors between the behavior of persons diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and those with conduct disorder (CD)? Select all that apply. The person diagnosed with: a. ODD relives traumatic events by acting them out. b. ODD tests limits and disobeys authority figures. c. ODD has difficulty separating from loved ones. d. CD uses stereotypical or repetitive language. e. CD often violates the rights of others.

B, E Persons diagnosed with ODD are negativistic, disobedient, and defiant toward authority figures without seriously violating the basic rights of others, whereas persons with conduct disorder frequently behave in ways that do violate the rights of others and age-appropriate societal norms. Reliving traumatic events occurs with posttraumatic stress disorder. Stereotypical language behaviors are seen in persons with autism spectrum disorders.

Among the so-called recreational or illicit "designer drugs" is a dissociative anesthetic that produces a sense of detachment along with a reduced awareness of pain. It is called: A. Ecstasy (MDMA) B. "K" or "Special K" C. Eve D. Nexus

B. "K" or "Special K"

According to a study conducted in the 1980's what percentage of narcotic addicts passed away by suicide or overdose? A. 10 B. 22 C. 45 D. 70

B. 22

In trying to understand why some individuals become addicted to drugs and others do not, it is important to consider the negative reinforcement that is associated with the anxiolytic effect, i.e., a drug's ability to: A. produce a "high" B. reduce anxiety C. metabolize quickly D. relieve pain

B. reduce anxiety

The correct pairing of the names, causes, and symptoms of two types of organic brain syndromes that may result from chronic, long-term alcohol abuse are: A. dementia - loss of intellectual abilities caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine B. Wernicke's disease - confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine C. dementia - confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain D. Wernicke's disease - loss of intellectual abilities caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain

B. Wernicke's disease - confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine

Which of the following drugs is known to have an anxiolytic (anxiety-relieving) effect? A. methamphetamine B. alcohol C. caffeine D. LSD

B. alcohol

The possibility that a heavy drinker's cognitive ability might improve if the person stops drinking is based on research findings showing that: A. alcohol damages neurons in the brain but not the neurotransmitters B. alcohol damages the connections between the neurons but not the neurons themselves C. alcohol damages the neurons in the brain but not the connections between them D. alcohol damages the neurotransmitters but not the neuronal connections

B. alcohol damages the connections between the neurons but not the neurons themselves

In the 1980's, a research study focusing on seventh and eighth graders' expectations about drinking alcohol revealed that some of the students begin drinking because they think it will have positive effects on their social behavior and cognitive and motor skills, a phenomenon called: A. alcoholic myopia B. an expectancy effect C. opponent-process theory D. regressive alcoholism

B. an expectancy effect

Legally available narcotic medications, including morphine and codeine, are used primarily as: A. antagonists B. analgesics C. antibiotics D. antidotes

B. analgesics

Which of the following terms is the definition of anxioltytic? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety-reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

B. anxiety-reducing

Which of the following types of drugs typically is used in large amounts to commit suicide? A. benzodiazepines B. barbiturates C. stimulants D. hallucinogens

B. barbiturates

The drug opiate-antagonist naltrexone is a treatment for substance abuse that works by: A. substituting a chemically similar drug for the addictive drug B. both counteracting the effects of opiates and producing withdrawal symptoms C. producing a cross-tolerance effect in a drug user D. producing only a temporary euphoric effect if opiates continue to be used

B. both counteracting the effects of opiates and producing withdrawal symptoms

The most common of the psychoactive substances, used by 90% of Americans, is: A. nicotine B. caffeine C. marijuana D. opium

B. caffeine

The community reinforcement approach, a new type of program that has been started to address the problem of substance abuse, includes all of the following components EXCEPT: A. a non-substance abusing relative participates with the alcoholic in relationship improvement sessions B. encouraging the substance abuser to accept that his or her friends may continue to be users but associating with them is still OK C. assistance with employment, education, finances, or other social service areas is provided to help reduce stress D. suggesting options for new recreational activities to replace previous drug related activities

B. encouraging the substance abuser to accept that his or her friends may continue to be users but associating with them is still OK

In trying to understand why some people continue to use drugs until they become dependent on them and others are able to stop before this happens, it is important to consider: A. how sensitive a person is to both the negative effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects of alcohol after a few hours B. how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects after a few hours C. how sensitive a person is to the negative effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the positive effects a few hours later D. how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the positive effects a few hours later

B. how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects after a few hours

All of the following are symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol EXCEPT: A. nausea and/or vomiting B. hypersomnia C. hallucinations D. delirium tremens

B. hypersomnia

The drug called Antabuse helps people abstain from drinking alcohol by: A. causing alcoholic drinks to taste bitter B. interfering with the body's metabolism of alcohol C. making people allergic to alcohol D. reducing the pleasurable feelings that are associated with alcohol

B. interfering with the body's metabolism of alcohol

Drug-addicted parents may contribute to their child's drug use by: A. failing to monitor the child's behavior B. making drugs available to child C. creating an environment where peers use drugs D. all of the above

B. making drugs available to child

A person with a genetic vulnerability to substance dependence A. will inevitably develop that dependence. B. may choose not to use the substance in order to avoid becoming dependent. C. will be more likely to try the substance. D. has no control over whether he or she initiates use of the substance.

B. may choose not to use the substance in order to avoid becoming dependent.

Yesterday you asked your friend Ray for a couple of aspirin tablets. Ray has been taking a psychology course and informs you that, in behavioral terms, aspirin is a _____ reinforcer. (After listening to this, your headache begins to gets worse.) A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. variable

B. negative

The text differentiates two types of substance dependence. The type associated with tolerance and withdrawal is referred to as ___ dependence, whereas the type associated with drug-seeking behaviors is referred to as ___ dependence. A. psychological; physiological B. physiological; psychological C. alcohol; marijuana D. marijuana; alcohol

B. physiological; psychological

Both morphine and codeine are analgesics, which means that they: A. activate the central nervous system B. relieve pain and produce euphoria C. increase alertness D. cause delusions and dissociative experiences

B. relieve pain and produce euphoria

Use of the testosterone derived anabolic-androgenic steroids differs from other illicit drug use because: A. the "high" produced from steroid use is more intense than that experienced with other drugs B. steroids are used to increase body mass and enhance performance C. more females than males use anabolic steroids D. steroids can be taken orally or by injection

B. steroids are used to increase body mass and enhance performance

In the 1950's, James Olds used electrical stimulation on the brains of rats and discovered: A. the aggressive center of the brain B. the pleasure center of the brain C. that rats did not like to have their brains electrically stimulated D. that rats had no brains

B. the pleasure center of the brain

The prevailing view that alcohol abuse usually follows a predictable downward spiral was based on Jellinek's mid 20th century survey of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) members that asked them how alcohol had affected them physically and psychologically. Data from this survey are now considered inaccurate because: A. respondents faked their answers to the questions on the survey B. too few AA members answered the survey questions C. since the survey was only sent to older members of AA, information on the progression of alcohol use was not available D. Jellinek himself became an alcoholic and never finished the research

B. too few AA members answered the survey questions

In some individuals chronic alcohol use causes physical damage to the body. Whether this occurs depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT: A. blood alcohol levels during drinking periods B. type of alcohol consumed (e.g., beer, wine, liquor) C. genetic vulnerability D. how frequently drinking binges occur, how long they last, and how much time elapses between binges

B. type of alcohol consumed (e.g., beer, wine, liquor)

From a physiological perspective, the reason that a nicotine addict smokes cigarettes frequently throughout the day is to prevent withdrawal symptoms, which include all of the following EXCEPT: A. irritability B. weight loss C. depression D. difficulty concentrating

B. weight loss

The American Psychiatric Association defines substance abuse in terms of: A. how drunk or intoxicated a person gets after ingesting a psychoactive substance B. whether or not the substance interferes with the person's life C. the type and intensity of the substance abuser's biological reaction D. which drug is used and whether it is legal or illegal

B. whether or not the substance interferes with the person's life

Biological factors for disorders of orgasm?

Biological factors: diabetes; multiple sclerosis; neurological disease; medications

An adolescent diagnosed with a conduct disorder stole and wrecked a neighbor's motorcycle. Afterward, the adolescent was confronted about the behavior but expressed no remorse. Which variation in the central nervous system best explains the adolescent's reaction? a. Serotonin dysregulation and increased testosterone activity impair one's capacity for remorse. b. Increased neuron destruction in the hippocampus results in decreased abilities to conform to social rules. c. Reduced gray matter in the cortex and dysfunction of the amygdala results in decreased feelings of empathy. d. Disturbances in the occipital lobe reduce sensations that help an individual clearly visualize the consequences of behavior.

C Adolescents with conduct disorder have been found to have significantly reduced gray matter bilaterally in the anterior insulate cortex and the amygdala. This reduction may be related to aggressive behavior and deficits of empathy. The less gray matter in these regions of the brain, the less likely adolescents are to feel remorse for their actions or victims. People with intermittent explosive disorder may have differences in serotonin regulation in the brain and higher levels of testosterone. Neuron destruction in the hippocampus is associated with memory deficits. The occipital lobe is involved with visual stimuli but not the processing of emotions.

Shortly after the parents announced that they were divorcing, a 15-year-old became truant from school and assaulted a friend. The adolescent told the school nurse, "I'd rather stay in my room and listen to music. It's easier than thinking about what is happening in my family." Which nursing diagnosis is most applicable? a. Chronic low self-esteem related to role within the family b. Decisional conflict related to compliance with school requirements c. Ineffective coping related to adjustment to changes in family relationships d. Disturbed personal identity related to self-perceptions of changing family dynamics

C Depression is often associated with impulse control disorder. The correct nursing diagnosis refers to the patient's dysfunctional management of feelings associated with upcoming changes to the family. The teen displays self-imposed isolation. The distracters are not supported by data in the scenario.

An adolescent acts out in disruptive ways. When this adolescent threatens to throw a pool ball at another adolescent, which comment by the nurse would set appropriate limits? a. "Attention everyone: we are all going to the craft room." b. "You will be taken to seclusion if you throw that ball." c. "Do not throw the ball. Put it back on the pool table." d. "Please do not lose control of your emotions."

C Setting limits uses clear, sharp statements about prohibited behavior and guidance for performing a behavior that is expected. The incorrect options represent a threat, use of restructuring (which would be inappropriate in this instance), and a direct appeal to the child's developing self-control that may be ineffective.

An 11-year-old diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder becomes angry over the rules at a residential treatment program and begins cursing at the nurse. Select the best method for the nurse to defuse the situation. a. Ignore the child's behavior. b. Send the child to time-out. c. Accompany the child to the gym and shoot baskets. d. Role-play a more appropriate behavior with the child.

C The child's behavior warrants an active response. Redirecting the expression of feelings into nondestructive age-appropriate behaviors, such as a physical activity, helps defuse the situation here and now. This response helps the child learn how to modulate the expression of feelings and exert self-control. This is the least restrictive alternative and should be tried before resorting to a more restrictive measure. Role-playing is appropriate after the child's anger is defused.

An adolescent was recently diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder. The parents say to the nurse, "Isn't there some medication that will help with this problem?" Select the nurse's best response. a. "There are no medications to treat this problem. This diagnosis is behavioral in nature." b. "It's a common misconception that there is a medication available to treat every health problem." c. "Medication is usually not prescribed for this problem. Let's discuss some behavioral strategies you can use." d. "There are many medications that will help your child manage aggression and destructiveness. The health care provider will discuss them with you."

C The parents are seeking a quick solution. Medications are generally not indicated for oppositional defiant disorder. Comorbid conditions that increase defiant symptoms, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, should be managed with medication, but no comorbid problem is identified in the question. The nurse should give information on helpful strategies to manage the adolescent's behavior.

An adolescent was arrested for prostitution and assault on a parent. The adolescent says, "I hate my parents. They focus all attention on my brother, who's perfect in their eyes." Which nursing diagnosis is most applicable? a. Disturbed personal identity related to acting out as evidenced by prostitution b. Hopelessness related to achievement of role identity as evidenced by feeling unloved by parents c. Ineffective coping related to inappropriate methods of seeking parental attention as evidenced by acting out d. Impaired parenting related to inequitable feelings toward children as evidenced by showing preference for one child over another

C The patient demonstrates a failure to follow age-appropriate social norms and an inability to problem solve by using adaptive behaviors to meet life's demands and roles. The defining characteristics are not present for the other nursing diagnoses. The patient never mentioned hopelessness or disturbed personal identity. The problem relates to the patient's perceptions of parental behavior rather than the actual behavior.

A report from the Substance Abuse and Health Services Administration (2003) indicates that about _____ of Americans reported binge drinking in the month preceding the report. A. 2% B. 23% C. 51% D. 65%

C. 51%

Nicolai has been an alcoholic for many years. He has also experienced major depression and manic episodes. According to Compton, et al., (2003), about _____ of alcoholics also have an additional psychiatric disorder. A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 99%

C. 75%

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)? A. AA is clearly an effective treatment for some people with alcohol dependence. B. More than 3% of the adult population of the United States has attended an AA meeting. C. AA advocates controlled drinking in which former alcoholics can become social drinkers. D. It is difficult to conduct accurate research on AA because participation is anonymous.

C. AA advocates controlled drinking in which former alcoholics can become social drinkers.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about trichotillomania? A. More males than females are diagnosed with this problem. B. Compulsive hair pulling is confined to the head only. C. Between 1% and 5% of college students are diagnosed with this disorder. D. Cognitive behavioral interventions have not been effective in treating this disorder.

C. Between 1% and 5% of college students are diagnosed with this disorder.

Research that asks individuals to indicate alcohol use during the previous one month period has found that alcohol use is highest among: A. Hispanics B. Asian Americans C. Caucasian Americans D. persons with multiracial backgrounds

C. Caucasian Americans

Which of the following is characteristic of nicotine? A. DSM-IV describes an intoxication pattern for nicotine. B. It takes nicotine between 30 and 45 seconds to reach the brain. C. Nicotine is considered to be highly addictive. D. none of the above

C. Nicotine is considered to be highly addictive.

Misuse of the benzodiazepine _____ has resulted in it being referred to as the "date rape drug." A. Amytal B. Halcion C. Rohypnol D. Ritalin

C. Rohypnol

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a barbiturate? A. Amytal B. Seconal C. Rohypnol D. Nembutal

C. Rohypnol

The condition called delirium tremens, also known as the "DTs," involves hallucinations and body tremors during withdrawal from: A. heroin B. cocaine C. alcohol D. marijuana

C. alcohol

The drugs that directly stimulate the internal reward center or pleasure pathways in the brain include: A. amphetamines and cocaine B. the opiates C. all of these D. none of these

C. all of these

Which of the following terms is the definition of anticonvulsant? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

C. anti-seizure

The benzodiazepine medications are prescribed primarily to treat: A. pain B. depression C. anxiety D. addiction

C. anxiety

An alcoholic who is highly motivated to stop drinking and who understands the possibly severe consequences of treatment may be prescribed the drug called Antabuse. This medication is an example of an _____ treatment for alcoholism. A. agonist (substitution) B. antagonist C. aversive D. AA

C. aversive

The DSM-IV-TR definition of substance dependence includes both physiological and psychological aspects, specifically: A. tolerance and withdrawal B. drug seeking behaviors C. both of these D. neither of these

C. both of these

Which of the following are examples of agonist types of treatment for substance abuse? A. the use of methadone to treat heroin addiction B. a nicotine patch or nicotine gum to treat addiction to cigarette smoking C. both of these D. neither of these

C. both of these

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the opponent-process explanation of drug addiction? A. an increase in positive feelings will be followed by an increase in negative feelings B. an increase in negative feelings will be followed by an increase in positive feelings C. both of these D. neither of these

C. both of these

A person who is physiologically dependent on a drug will experience: A. tolerance to the effects of the drug B. withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn C. both tolerance and withdrawal D. neither tolerance nor withdrawal

C. both tolerance and withdrawal

The field of research called "functional genomics" is concerned with how: A. to find the genes that are responsible for alcoholism B. alcoholics function in their daily lives C. genes work to influence addiction D. people recover from alcoholism

C. genes work to influence addiction

Alcohol can initially appear to cause stimulation because it: A. makes vision and hearing more acute B. has an excitatory affect on the brain C. has an inhibitory affect on the brain D. alters motor coordination

C. has an inhibitory affect on the brain

A research study suggesting that 20% to 50% of young children (ages 3-6) have already had some exposure to alcohol asked the children to: A. taste small amounts of wine, whiskey and beer B. describe what wine, whiskey and beer taste like C. identify alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks by smell D. talk about family members and other relatives who drink alcohol

C. identify alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks by smell

You have just heard about a situation in which someone who was drunk vandalized a building and assaulted a security guard. From your knowledge of abnormal psychology, you are aware that although alcohol does not cause aggressive behavior, it may: A. stimulate the inhibitory center of the brain, causing aggressive behavior B. activate the aggressive genes in the person's DNA C. impair the ability to consider the consequences of acting impulsively D. increase the anxiety associated with being punished for one's actions

C. impair the ability to consider the consequences of acting impulsively

attention deployment

Control focus of attention on the contextual event to reduce or enhance emotion - distraction vs. concentration

A 15-year-old ran away from home six times and was arrested for shoplifting. The parents told the court, "We can't manage our teenager." The adolescent is physically abusive to the mother and defiant with the father. Which diagnosis is supported by this adolescent's behavior? a. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) c. Intermittent explosive disorder d. Conduct disorder

D Conduct disorders are manifested by a persistent pattern of behavior in which the rights of others and age-appropriate societal norms are violated. Intermittent explosive disorder is a pattern of behavioral outbursts characterized by an inability to control aggressive impulses in adults 18 years and older. Criteria for ADHD and PTSD are not met in the scenario.

The family of a child diagnosed with an impulse control disorder needs help to function more adaptively. Which aspect of the child's plan of care will be provided by an advanced practice nurse rather than a staff nurse? a. Leading an activity group c. Formulating nursing diagnoses b. Providing positive feedback d. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

D The advanced practice nurse role includes individual, group, and family psychotherapist; educator of nurses, other professions, and the community; clinical supervisor; consultant to professional and nonprofessional groups; and researcher. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is an aspect of psychotherapy. The distracters describe actions of a nurse generalist.

A 12-year-old has engaged in bullying for several years. The parents say, "We can't believe anything our child says." Recently this child shot a dog with a pellet gun and set fire to a neighbor's trash bin. The child's behaviors support the diagnosis of: a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. b. intermittent explosive disorder. c. defiance of authority. d. conduct disorder.

D The behaviors mentioned are most consistent with criteria for conduct disorder, for example, aggression against people and animals; destruction of property; deceitfulness; rule violations; and impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. Intermittent explosive disorder is a pattern of behavioral outbursts characterized by an inability to control aggressive impulses in adults 18 years and older. The behaviors are not consistent with attention deficit and are more pervasive than defiance of authority.

In a large survey among college-age men and women, it was found that: A. about 75% of the respondents had gone on a binge of heavy drinking once in the preceding two weeks B. there was no relationship between frequency of drinking and grades C. students with a grade-point average of "A" had no more than one drink per week. D. "D" and "F" students averaged 11 alcoholic drinks per week.

D. "D" and "F" students averaged 11 alcoholic drinks per week.

In the United States, the annual death rate related to cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol and illegal drugs is estimated to be: A. 25,000 B. 50,000 C. 250,000 D. 500,000

D. 500,000

Although AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) programs are considered effective, the drop out rate for GA (Gambler's Anonymous) programs is: A. 10-30% B. 30-50% C. 50-70% D. 70-90%

D. 70-90%

Which of the following is an accurate statement about amphetamines and/or amphetamine use disorders? A. Amphetamines cause a period of depression and fatigue (called "crashing"), which is followed by feelings of elation and euphoria. B. Amphetamines cause an increase in appetite and a decrease in fatigue. C. Amphetamines decrease the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the nervous system. D. Amphetamine overdose can cause hallucinations, panic, agitation, and paranoid delusions.

D. Amphetamine overdose can cause hallucinations, panic, agitation, and paranoid delusions.

Brain plasticity is a factor in: A. tolerance B. withdrawal C. cravings D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Cravings seem to be exacerbated by: A. the availability of drugs B. specific moods C. places and objects associated with drug taking D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Expectancies about alcohol use: A. start before people even start drinking B. predict who will later have drinking problems C. change over time and alcohol use D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Hallucinogenic drugs A. include LSD. B. occur naturally in a variety of plants. C. can be produced synthetically. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Health-wise, marijuana: A. wards off nausea B. eases glaucoma symptoms C. contains as many carcinogens as tobacco smoke D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Pathological gamblers display which of the following behaviors? A. need to gamble with increasing amounts of money B. restlessness without gambling C. jeopardizing of relationships, jobs, education, or finances to support gambling D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Research suggests that alcohol-related car accidents and assaults decreased following the: A. limitation of alcohol access to underage drinkers B. increased local enforcement of drinking and driving laws C. encouragement of bars to limit alcohol served to inebriated patrons D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is true of substance-related disorders? A. They kill 500,000 Americans every year. B. They cost hundreds of billions of dollars each year. C. They play a role in homelessness. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

"Crack babies," born to mothers who have used cocaine, often develop problems that areattributed not only to the effects of cocaine but also to: A. inadequate parenting B. mother's use of alcohol, nicotine and/or other drugs C. disrupted home environments D. all of these

D. all of these

Carol has been addicted to narcotics for many years. Recently she has been trying to quit and has not used any drugs for the last week. We can expect that Carol will be experiencing: A. fever and chills B. nausea, vomiting and diarrhea C. aches and pains D. all of these

D. all of these

Consequences of long-term excessive drinking include: A. liver disease and/or pancreatitis B. cardiovascular disorders C. brain damage D. all of these

D. all of these

Research suggests that children between the ages of 3 and 6 : A. cannot recognize the smell of alcohol B. can all recognize the smell of alcohol C. automatically dislike the smell of alcohol D. can frequently recognize the smell of alcohol

D. can frequently recognize the smell of alcohol

Your shy and introverted friend tells you that she has discovered a wonder drug that produces feelings of euphoria and is not addictive. When you realize that she is talking about cocaine, you inform her that: A. scientists agree that it is wonder drug just as she describes B. in the early 20th century cocaine was an ingredient in Pepsi-Cola C. cocaine will make her more social and outgoing D. dependence on cocaine develops slowly over a period of years

D. dependence on cocaine develops slowly over a period of years

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank alcohol while pregnant. Symptoms of FAS include all of the following EXCEPT: A. cognitive deficits and behavior problems B. distorted facial features C. learning difficulties D. excessive fetal growth

D. excessive fetal growth

The ALDH2 gene A. increases an individual's tolerance of alcohol. B. increases the likelihood of "blackouts" from low doses of alcohol. C. increases the likelihood of a severe "flushing effect" in people of Asian descent. D. increases the depressive effects of alcohol.

D. increases the depressive effects of alcohol.

Nikki has decided to stop smoking (again). She can expect to experience which of the following withdrawal symptoms? A. elevated mood B. decreased appetite C. weight loss D. irritability

D. irritability

___ refers to the physiological reaction called drunkenness or high. A. Substance use B. Substance abuse C. Substance dependence D. none of the above

D. none of the above

A perspective of substance dependence that involves "drug-seeking behaviors" includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. repeated use of the drug B. a desperate need to ingest more of the drug C. resuming drug use after a period of abstinence D. physical symptoms when the drug is no longer used

D. physical symptoms when the drug is no longer used

Substance intoxication includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. the specific drug that is used B. how much of a drug is used or ingested C. the drug user's individual biological reaction D. physiological dependence on the drug

D. physiological dependence on the drug

Although alcohol use and aggression are positively correlated, the factors that actually determine aggressive behavior involve all of the following EXCEPT: A. quantity and timing of alcohol consumed B. the person's previous history of violence C. the circumstances and events related to the person's drinking D. the person's level of intelligence

D. the person's level of intelligence

Substance abuse is defined as A. more than three glasses of wine or four glasses of beer. B. daily use of a substance. C. weekly use of a substance. D. the use of substances to the point that education, job, or relationships with others are disrupted.

D. the use of substances to the point that education, job, or relationships with others are disrupted.

Pulling one's own hair from anywhere on the body refers to A. pyromania B. kleptomania C. intermittent explosive disorder D. trichotillomania

D. trichotillomania

How Categorical and Dimensional Information is used in the DSM

DSM-5 requires clinicians to provide both categorical and dimensional information as part of proper diagnosis

History of the DSM

DSM1: 128 categories -vague, prose descriptions -subjective interpretation -focused on inpatient psychiatry -focused on cause of behavior tower of babel problem

reward deficiency syndrome

Deficiency in dopamine can lead to perpetuation of compulsions and addictions.

Anorexia often begins with

Dieting

Response Modulation

Directly influencing physiological, experiential, or expression

What are the disorders of orgasm?

Disorders of orgasm in males are generally conceptualized from a behavioral standpoint •Early ejaculation and delayed ejaculation •Female orgasmic disorder

What are two strategies researchers use to try to assess attentional control?

Dot probe task (neutral word vs. threatening word) and the reaction time task (The nun autobiographies)

What is the difference between "coping" and "emotion regulation"?

Emotional Regulation: consists of the strategies we use to control which emotions we have, when we have them, and how strongly we experience and express them. (can include doing something pleasant for the sake of feeling good) Coping: refers to people's attempts to reduce negative emotion during and after a stressful event. The main difference: coping is always an attempt to reduce negative emotion, whereas emotion regulation includes trying to increase or decrease positive emotions, or even trying to increase a negative emotion if it seems like a good strategy in a particular situation

What kind of psychosocial therapy is used with EDs?

Family therapy •Assist family members in managing fears and worries. •Gaining family cooperation •Resolution of family problems •Parental psychopathology, family isolation, poor parent-child relationship. •Restore or establish health family communication

Directed at other things disorder?

Fetishistic disorder, transvestic disorder

What are some factors that contribute to somatic disorders?

Genetic and biological vulnerability Early traumatic experience Learning Cultural and social norms that devalue and stigmatize psychological suffering compared to physical suffering.

Disorders of sexual pain?

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder •Characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse

What are sexual dysfunctions?

Group of disorders characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure.

What are common triggers for a binge in bulimia nervosa?

Negative affect, interpersonal stressors, dietary restraint, boredom

Situation modification

Modify or change a situation to alter its emotional impact; change an aspect of the contextual event

Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological factors involved in conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder?

Neuroimaging studies show abnormalities in the functioning of the anterior cingulate, an area of the brain involved in responding to emotional stimuli.

what is the difference between emotional intensity and emotional arousal?

NOT intensity is the degree to which an emotion activates us, while arousal is how much it motivates behavior

What are the diagnostic criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder?

One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following: Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one's symptoms Persistently high levels of anxiety about health or symptoms Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns. Although any one somatic symptoms may not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent (more than 6 months)

What are the diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder?

One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function. Clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions. The symptom or deficit is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder. The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical evaluation.

What are the diagnostic criteria for exhibitionistic disorder?

Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. •The individual has acted on these urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. •Subtypes are based on the age and physical maturity of the nonconsenting individual.

Diagnostic criteria for sexual sadism disorder?

Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. •The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges of fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Diagnostic criteria of frotteuristic disorder?

Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. •The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

What are the diagnostic criteria for voyeuristic disorder?

Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as manifested by fantasies, urges, and behaviors. •The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. •The individual is at least 18 years of age.

Diagnostic criteria for pedophilic disorder?

Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually rousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally under the age of 13 years or younger) •The individual has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges of fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. •The individual is at least 16 years at at least 5 years older than the child or children in the first criteria above.

Directed at other humans disorder?

Pedophilic disorder

In a sense, the Dodge and Pettit model of aggressive thinking model essentially has several steps. Which best reflects the order of thinking?

Perception, attribution, response search, response selection, action

Cognitive behavioral factors for DOEs?

Performance anxiety: the fear of performing inadequately and a related tension experienced during sex. •Spectator role: a state of mind during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance and enjoyment are reduced

Studies have found that antisocial adults have abnormal levels of functioning in the:

Prefrontal cortex

What are the diagnostic criteria of illness anxiety disorder?

Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness. Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are only mild in intensity. There is a high level of anxiety about health, and the individual is easily alarmed about personal health status. The individual performs excessive health-related behaviors or exhibits maladaptive avoidance. Illness preoccupation has been prevalent for at least 6 months, but the illness that is feared may have changed over that period of time. The illness-related preoccupation is not better explained by another mental disorder.

What are the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa?

Recurrent episode of binge eating, characterized by: •Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. •A sense of lack of control over earing during the episode •e.g.: a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what of how much one is eating •Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. •The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months. •Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight

What are the diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder?

Recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized by: •Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. •A sense of lack of control over earing during the episode •e.g.: a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what of how much one is eating •The binge-eating episodes are associated with one (or more) of the following: •Eating much more rapidly than normal •Eating until feeling uncomfortably full •Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry •Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating •Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterward

Reductionism

Refers to a theory that seems to over-simplify human behavior or cognitive processes, and in doing so, neglects to explain the complexities of the mind.

Theories and treatment of CD are similar to?

SSD

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapies for intermittent explosion disorder?

SSRIs, norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors and mood stabilizers have reduced aggression in individuals with this disorder.

Common feature of Glover's study and Grant's Study

Scope for collection of qualitative data and follow-up interviews

What differs bulimia from anorexia?

Sessions of binging and purging; bulimia patients also usually maintain body weight while anorexic patients have extreme weight loss.

Glover et al (2011)

Showed how covert sensitization can be used effectively to reduce symptoms of kleptomania.

How is Illness Anxiety Disorder treated?

Similar treatment approach to treatment for OCD. Exposure with response prevention May also benefit from group therapy focused on stress reduction and coping skills.

Sociocultural factors for disorders of desire

Situational pressures; relationship problems; cultural standards

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapies for conduct disorder?

Traditional antipsychotic medications, such as Haldol and Mellaril, have been used to treat children with conduct disorder, with some success.

Situation (problem)-focused strategies (coping style)

Used to control the situation either by choosing to be in one situation rather than another, or by changing the situation somehow Situation selection//situation modification //psychological inoculation

Social learning theory behind IAD?

Views the symptoms as a request for admission to the sick role.

Motor symptoms of conversion disorder include

Weakness or paralysis; abnormal movements (ex: tremor); gait abnormalities; abnormal limb posturing

Salience

When a particular activity takes over as the most important activity in a person's life.

Which of the following statements is true regarding psychopathy?

When they need to, people with psychopathy can be gracious and cheerful.

People regulation their emotions when they influence:

Which emotions they have - When they have emotions - How they experience emotions - How they express emotions

Trichotillomania

a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair

Luc bullies other kids, initiates fights, and has date raped his girlfriend. These behaviors are all criteria for conduct disorder under _____.

aggression towards people and animals

_____________ personality disorder People with this disorder persistently disregard and violate others' rights Person be at least 18 years of age to receive this diagnosis (DSM-5) Lie repeatedly, reckless, and impulsive Little regard for other individuals, and can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent Higher rate of alcoholism, substance use disorder, or childhood conduct disorder and ADHD

antisocial

Mauricio is in a bar with his friends when someone bumps into the stool his girlfriend is sitting on. He perceives this as a direct affront to his machismo and that the other man wants to fight. According to Dodge and Pettit, he is having and issue with his:

attribution or interpretation

Personality Inventories

designed to measure *broad personality characteristics* focus on *behaviors, beliefs, and feelings* usually based on *self-report*ed responses

schedules of reinforcement

explains why gamblers don't stop playing once they start losing

Many children with antisocial tendencies:

have experienced harsh and inconsistent parenting and physical abuse.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

helps clients to accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them goal: recognize thoughts as *just thoughts* -clients will eventually be able to let them pass through their awareness without being troubled by them (employs mindfulness-based techniques) becoming increasingly popular

All of the following statements are true regarding people with antisocial personality disorder EXCEPT:

high levels of self-monitoring and self-awareness.

of these symptoms, which would we NOT expect to see if a patient had damage to the prefrontal cortex?

higher tendency towards phobias...

Clinical Assessment

information used to determine whether, *how, and why* a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped

Which is NOT mentioned as being a useful form of psychotherapy for people suffering from schizophrenia?

insight therapy

How insurance impacts assessment and treatment (discussed in other chapters and in the panel)

insurance pushes for immediate diagnoses no coverage without diagnoses

Malachi is playing baseball when the umpire calls a strike. He explodes and starts screaming at the umpire and even threatens him with the bat. He appears to be "out of control" because of his anger. This is typical of Malachi's reactions to frustration and anger. He may well meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for:

intermittent explosion disorder.

Vaughn has violent outbursts that scare his coworkers. He has even destroyed property and been arrested for assault. His outbursts are disproportionate to the amount of frustration the incident should generate and has now led to him being fired as well as a no contact order being placed on him from his girlfriend. He may well meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for:

intermittent explosion disorder.

Oppositional defiant disorder:

is common among most children who develop conduct disorder at a later age.

Zain has had a delinquency issue since he was a young child; he lives with Noelle who has no conduct problems. It is likely that he:

is likely to cease his delinquent acts permanently

Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are found more frequently in children in _____ and in _____.

lower socioeconomic classes; urban areas

Uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions are __________________.

personality

With ___________________ disorders the: Symptoms last for years Among most difficult psychological disorders to treat Affect around 15 percent of U.S. population at some point in life Comorbidity is common

personality

Mass Murders: Where Does Such Violence Come From? Most clinicians believe that mass killers typically suffer from a mental disorder, but which disorders? Identify any one of the disorders Dr. Niles talked about in class.

personality disorders paranoid schizotypal Borderline Antisocial

Spiritual views and interventions

researchers suggest *spirituality can correlation with psychological health* and can be useful to *cope with stressors*

_______________ personality disorder * Characterized by a range of interpersonal problems, marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities * Individuals believe unrelated events pertain to them in important ways; bodily illusions * Demonstrate difficulty keeping attention focused; conversation is typically digressive and vague, even sprinkled with loose associations * Affects 3.9 percent of adults; slightly more males than females

schizotypal

Psychodynamic Perspective (treatment approaches)

seek to *uncover past trauma and inner conflicts* with the therapist acting as a *guide* -free association -therapist interpretation -catharsis -working through -short-term psychodynamic therapies (new trend)

What did Bruch say about anorexia?

self-starvation among individuals with anorexia is related to their struggle for autonomy, competence, control, and self-respect.

Sociocultural factors for disorders of orgasm?

societal norms; stress

Dual Perspectives of Treatment (Early 1900s)

somatogenic and psychogenic

The persistent and consistent personality characteristics that lead us to react in fairly predictable ways are often called personality

traits

Response (emotion)-focused strategies (coping style)

trying to change aspects of emotional responding, once the emotion has already occurred (Suppressing expression of feelings, repression/suppression of feelings from consciousness)

What are the diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria in children?

• A marked incongruence between one's experience/expressed gender and assigned gender of at least 6 months duration and manifested by at least 6 of the following: • A strong desire to be of the other gender or an insistence that one is the other gender. • In boys (assigned gender), a strong preference fro cross-dressing or simulating female attire; or in girls (assigned gender), a strong preference for wearing only typical masculine clothing and a strong resistance to the wearing of typical feminine clothing. • A strong preference for cross gender role in make-believe or fantasy play. • A strong preference for the toys, games, or activities stereotypically used or engaged in by the other gender. • A strong preference for playmates of the other gender. • In boys (assigned gender), a strong rejection of typically masculine toys, games, and activities and a strong avoidance of rough-and-tumble play; or in girls (assigned gender), a strong rejection of typically feminine toys, games, and activities. • A strong dislike of one's sexual anatomy • A strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics that math one's experienced gender. • The condition is associated with clinically significant distress or impairment in social, school, or other important areas of functioning.

What are the diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults?

• A marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months' duration, as manifested by at least two of the following: • A marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics • A strong desire to be rid of one's primary and/or secondary sex characteristics because of a marked incongruence with one's experienced/expressed gender. • A strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the other gender. • A strong desire to be of the other gender. • A strong desire to be treated as the other gender. • A strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other gender. • The condition is associated with clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

What are some possible biological theories for gender dysphoria?

•Brain areas involved in human sexuality and consciousness have been implicated: •Increased blood flow in the Insula •Decreased blood flow in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex •Cluster of cells in the hypothalamus called the bed of nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) was smaller than average in men with gender dysphoria. Possibly runs in families.

What are the diagnostic criteria for Factitious Disorder?

•Imposed on self Falsification of physical symptoms or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deception. The individual presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injured. The deceptive behavior is evident in the absence of obvious external rewards. The behavior is not better explained by another mental disorder. •Imposed on another Falsification of physical symptoms or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, in another, associated with identified deception. The individual presents another individual (victim) to others as ill, impaired, or injured. The deceptive behavior is evident in the absence of obvious external rewards.

Diagnostic criteria for transvestic disorder?

•Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. •The fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. •May involve "purging and acquisition" •The individual discards all items in an effort to overcome urges to cross-dress, and then begins acquiring a women's wardrobe all over again.

What are disorders of desire and list the disorders

•The desire phase of the sexual response cycle consists of an interest in or urge to have sex, sexual attraction to others, and, sexual fantasies. •Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder •Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder •Female sexual interest/arousal disorder Also considered a disorder of excitement

What are the courtship disorders?

•Voyeuristic disorder, exhibitionist disorder, frotteuristic disorder