ABSC 100 Final
A conditioned response (CR) is evoked by a novel stimulus because that stimulus resembles a conditioned stimulus (CS). This phenomenon is referred to as... the novel-elicitation effect extension Pavlovian generalization spillover
Pavlovian generalization
The textbook reviewed several best practices for the use of reinforcement in workplace settings; practices to ensure there are no unwanted side-effects of reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT one of those best practices? A. If creativity is important, arrange the reinforcement contingency so that creativity is reinforced B. Let employees know that cheating will be monitored. If cheating occurs, it will be punished. C. The larger the reward the better D. It is rarely useful to arrange very large rewards; they can induce cheating and choke under pressure
The larger the reward the better
Which of the following is NOT one of the six principles of effective punishment? A. Deliver punishers immediately after the problem behavior occurs. B. Deliver punishers non-contingently. C. Combine punishment with extinction or differential reinforcement. D. Focus on reinforcement first. Conduct a functional analysis to identify the reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior and then try to weaken that reinforcer.
Deliver punishers non-contingently.
Imagine that a rat in an operant conditioning chamber is performing very well. He pulls a chain hanging from the ceiling and we give him a food pellet every time. Then we start a new phase. Now we will give him food pellets once, on average, every 15 s, regardless of what he is doing. What will happen to his rate of chain pulling after the phase change? It will go up It will remain the same It will go down The rat will reallocate its time to a tiny blender, which may be used to make piña coladas.
It will go down
A group of researchers is studying a new behavioral intervention designed, over the course of a week or so, to reduce cigarette smoking. The researchers wish to use a single-subject experimental design but they are concerned that if the intervention is effective in reducing cigarette smoking, they will not want to conduct a reversal back to the baseline phase--doing so would be unethical, as it could cause a relapse to smoke. Which single-subject experimental design would you recommend they use? A. Reversal (A-B-A) design B. Comparison (A-B) design C. Alternating-treatments design D. Multiple-baseline design
Multiple-baseline design
In non-human animals, what learning process underlies conditioned reinforcement? Operant learning Pavlovian learning Post-operant learning Phylogenetic selection
Phylogenetic selection
Assuming that food is a positive reinforcer, what is the best description of this contingency: IF lever press -- THEN no food? Positive reinforcement Operant extinction Negative reinforcement Punishment
Operant extinction
_____ refers to the process or procedures whereby a reinforcer increases operant behavior above its baseline level. Rewarding Incentivizing Reinforcement Reinforcing
Reinforcement
When Harry Potter was given the cloak of invisibility, he was able to travel to forbidden places at Hogwarts school without being seen by others who might have punished this behavior. After getting the cloak, Harry's nighttime hall-wandering behavior increased in frequency. The invisibility cloak... functioned as a neutral stimulus functioned as a positive reinforcer allowed Harry to avoid the watchful eye of the punisher functioned as a negative reinforcer
allowed Harry to avoid the watchful eye of the punisher
The single-subject experimental design used when conducting a functional analysis of behavior is the _____ design. alternating-treatments multiple-baseline comparison reversal
alternating-treatments
_____ measures the interval of time elapsing between the start and the end of the behavior, whereas _____ measures the period of time between the opportunity to respond and the response itself. frequency; latency latency; frequency duration; latency latency; duration
duration; latency
A ___________________ schedule of reinforcement specifies a constant time interval that must elapse before a single response will produce the reinforcer. fixed-interval (FI) variable-ratio (VR) fixed-ratio (FR) variable-interval (VI)
fixed-interval (FI)
When properly implemented, shaping can create a state of ___________. That is, a state in which we lose track of time and self. flow nirvana affiliation anhedonia
flow
When an individual is learning a new behavior, especially one that takes a lot of skill (like surgery techniques), it is important to _____ the behavior the millisecond it occurs. That is, the conditioned reinforcer should immediately follow the response. This helps the individual learn which response produced the backup reinforcer. curate mark fold land
mark
Pavlovian generalization occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is evoked by a(n) _____ stimulus because that stimulus resembles a conditioned stimulus (CS). over-learned VS Raynerian novel
novel
A _______________ punisher is a contingent consequence that functions as a punisher because, the evolutionary past of the species, this consequence decreased the chances of survival. primary secondary Darwinian conditioned
primary
Thinking about how you ate too much for lunch is an example of... a. private behavior b. public behavior c. non-physical behavior d. imprinted behavior
private behavior
Under a(n) ______________ schedule of reinforcement, the faster one responds, the sooner the reinforcer will be obtained. ratio interval temporal quadratic
ratio
A breakpoint is a useful measure of ______________________. The breakpoint is the maximum amount of behavior the reinforcer will maintain. reinforcer efficacy habit formation incentive salience evocative potential
reinforcer efficacy
Some behavior analysts conduct research in controlled laboratory settings, where confounding variables are prevented from occurring. These individuals work in _____. behavioral science delivery applied behavior analysis organizational behavior management the experimental analysis of behavior
the experimental analysis of behavior
In the famous "Little Albert" study, a very young child (Albert) learns to fear a white rat. This was accomplished by presenting the rat to Albert and then, a few seconds later, banging a metal bar loudly behind the toddler. Albert was frightened by the loud noise (he cried and crawled away). By the end of the Pavlovian conditioning processes, Little Albert showed conditioned fear (crying and crawling away) when the rat was placed in front of Albert (the banging noise was not presented on these test trials). Which of these events was the unconditioned stimulus (US)? the white rat the loud banging noise the fear of the white rat the fear of the loud banging noise
the loud banging noise
What makes negative reinforcement of the escape variety, SRE-, unique is the consequence of behavior is... the presentation of a pleasant stimulus the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus the removal or reduction of a stimulus none of the above
the removal or reduction of a stimulus
Generally speaking, a variable is a... thing that cannot be measured description of the mind-body interactive locus thing that is not the same each time (it can change) description of behavior
thing that is not the same each time (it can change)
If a parent reliably scowls at a child before getting very angry and yelling, the scowl alone can evoke a conditioned fear response. In this example of Pavlovian conditioning, the angry yelling is classified as a(n) _____ because it elicits fear with no prior learning. conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR) unconditioned stimulus (US)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
The book discusses several attractive features of the token economy. Which of the following is one of those attractive features? A. More difficult behaviors can be awarded more tokens, so there is fair compensation for the desired behavior. B. It's easy to keep tokens on hand, so you can always reinforce desired behavior when you see it happening. C. Reinforcing with a token is less likely to disrupt the desired behavior, relative to providing the backup reinforcer. D. Because tokens can be exchanged for lots of different backup reinforcers, motivation to keep earning more tokens is always high. E. All of the above
All of the above
The first scientist to demonstrate that reinforcers increase the probability of behavior was _____. John B. Watson B. F. Skinner Rosalie Rayner Edward L. Thorndike
Edward L. Thorndike
The primary effect of extinction is that it gradually reduces the previously reinforced behavior. However, extinction also has four other predictable effects on behavior. Which of the following is NOT one of those effects? Extinction-induced resurgence Extinction-induced residual momentum Extinction-burst Extinction-induced variability Extinction-induced emotional behavior
Extinction-induced residual momentum
Brad is a 7-year old child who hates doing homework. When his parents sit him down and he starts to do his homework, Brad quickly throws a fit. Screaming and crying until his parents give in, and let him leave the homework session. If Brad's screaming and crying are operant behaviors maintained by reinforcement, what kind of reinforcement do you think is maintaining this problem behavior? Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement - escape Negative reinforcement - avoidance Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement - escape
There are two problems with self-reported measures of behavior. Which of the following is NOT one of those problems? A. Sometimes people will stretch the truth in their self-reports, often to make themselves look better than they are. B. Self-reports rely on flawed human memories--we often cannot recall whether or how often we engaged in a behavior. C. Participants often respond randomly when completing self-report surveys and questionnaires.
Participants often respond randomly when completing self-report surveys and questionnaires.
_____ describes the procedure in which the CS is presented repeatedly without the US, the effect of which is a reduction or elimination of the CS's ability to evoke the CR. Operant extinction Ignoring Graduated reduction Pavlovian extinction
Pavlovian extinction
Chapter 4 presented the figure below when discussing Kamin's (1969) study which illustrated the importance of the principle of redundancy. In Phase 1, the light acquired CS properties because it signaled a delay-reduction to the US (from 30 mins to 3 mins). In Phase 2, an auditory stimulus is presented at the same time as the light. In the test phase... A. The auditory stimulus set the occasion for the CS. B. The auditory stimulus did not function as a CS (it did not evoke the CR). C. The auditory stimulus functioned as a CS (it evoked the CR). D. The auditory stimulus set the occasion for the CR.
The auditory stimulus did not function as a CS (it did not evoke the CR)
When an operant response becomes habitual, it is evoked by _____________________ even when ___________________. A. our motivational state; no reinforcers are available B. a desire; others are present C. habit; we aren't thinking D. an antecedent stimulus; an abolishing operation (AO) has been imposed
an antecedent stimulus; an abolishing operation (AO) has been imposed
The reinforcer provided after the conditioned reinforcer is called a(n) _____ reinforcer. outside backup up=front sideways
backup
Antecedent events happen _____ behavior. A. before B. after C. because of D. during
before
A _____ is a precise specification of the topography of the target behavior, allowing observers to reliably identify instances and non-instances of that behavior. treatment plan behavioral definition learning objective actuarial definition
behavioral definition
Some behavior analysts provide behavioral services which are informed by prior research conducted in a laboratory and/or clinical setting. These individuals work in the field of _____. A. behavioral customer service B. data-analysis services C. behavioral service delivery D. the experimental analysis of the behavior
behavioral service delivery
The _____ design is often referred to as a "quasi-experimental design" because it cannot rule out confounds. multiple-baseline comparison (A-B) reversal (A-B-A) alternating-treatments
comparison (A-B)
Behavior is not random. There is always a cause or multiple causes that influence behavior. This assumption is known as _____. correlation determinism developmentalism categorization
determinism
In the procedure known as differential reinforcement, a previously reinforced behavior is placed on _____, while a second behavior is _____. This is a useful procedure when the goal is to reduce problem behavior and replace it with a more adaptive behavior. reinforcement; extinguished hold; targeted for change a penalty zone; removed from that zone extinction; reinforced
extinction; reinforced
Scientific hypotheses need to be specific enough to be proven wrong. If a hypothesis cannot be proven wrong, it is not a scientific hypothesis because it is not... sustainable believable falsifiable justifiable
falsifiable
The Premack principle holds that a ____________________ behavior will function as a reinforcer when made contingent upon a ______________________ behavior. learned; instinctive high-probability; low-probability instinctive; learned low-probability; high-probability
high-probability; low-probability
Use the delay-reduction ratio to decide which of these stimuli will function as a more effective conditioned stimulus (CS) and a more effective conditioned reinforcer: Inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 120 seconds. CS->US interval is 10 seconds. Inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 10 seconds. CS->US interval is 10 seconds. Inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 20 seconds. CS->US interval is 10 seconds. Inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 120 seconds. CS->US interval is 30 seconds.
inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 120 seconds. CS->US interval is 10 seconds.
Lilly is assigned homework at 8am and begins her homework at 3pm. This 7-hour interval between the opportunity to respond and the initiation of the response is known as _____. latency duration frequency response time
latency
One predictor of how quickly operant extinction will decrease a response is the prior rate of reinforcement. The _____ frequently the response had been reinforced, the _____ slowly the response will undergo extinction. This direct relation between prior reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction is called the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). less; less less; more more; less none of the above
less; more
_____ _____ is the tendency for loss-prevention (SRA-) to influence behavior more than the presentation of the same stimulus (SR+). income shock loss aversion avoidance aversion prevention science
loss aversion
For this item, your task is to decide what behavioral process, if any, is at work. Within each item, the target behavior is italicized and the stimulus change is bolded. For items that describe reinforcement processes, you should assume that turning ON and OFF the reinforcer would increase and decrease behavior, respectively. Jerry hates getting water in his eyes when he swims. So, when he goes to the pool he is always careful to pick up his swimming goggles. Just before getting into the pool, he puts the goggles on. That way, he never gets water in his eyes. Assuming that this stimulus prevention functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a... positive reinforcer (SR+) negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-) negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-) none of the above
negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-)
For this item, your task is to decide what behavioral process, if any, is at work. Within each item, the target behavior is italicized and the stimulus change is bolded. For items that describe reinforcement processes, you should assume that turning ON and OFF the reinforcer would increase and decrease behavior, respectively. The couple decided that they did not want more children after their fourth child was born. The husband elected to have a vasectomy because his physician told him that this would prevent him from impregnating his wife again. Assuming that this stimulus prevention functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a... positive reinforcer (SR+) negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-) negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-) none of the above
negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-)
There are two kinds of punishment, they both decrease the future probability of behavior. One kind of punishment involves presenting a contingent consequence which decreases the future probability of behavior. That kind of punishment is called... positive punishment negative punishment punishment vectral punishment
positive punishment
The parents consulted with the behavior analyst because their child threw tantrums at bedtime. This typically went on for hours, which meant that the child was not getting enough sleep (nor were the parents). The parents said they had been using timeout - when the child tantrums in bed, they remove the child from the bed and bring him to the living room where he has to sit quietly in a timeout chair for 30 minutes while the parents (and the child) watch TV. Despite their good intentions, the tantruming continues. The behavior analyst explained to the parents that timeout only works if it is a timeout from... positive punishment negative punishment positive reinforcement bed
positive reinforcement
Scott dated a married woman. He didn't know she was married until her husband showed up at Scott's apartment and punched Scott squarely in the face. It has been 20 years since this incident occurred and, during that time, Scott never dated another married woman. The punch in the face appears to have functioned as a conditioned punisher primary punisher negative punisher none of the above
primary punisher
A scientific hypothesis is falsifiable if other scientists can _____. test it and definitively find that it is wrong (if it is wrong) find the hypothesis in a disreputable journal replicate the hypothesis in their lab or clinic show that its internal logic is circular
test it and definitively find that it is wrong (if it is wrong)
When given a choice between fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules, if the ratio value is low (e.g., FR 3 vs. VR 3), we don't prefer one over the other. However, when the ratio values get larger (e.g., FR 100 vs. VR 100) humans and nonhuman animals prefer... neither one -- the ratio value really doesn't matter fixed-ratio schedules variable-ratio schedules variable-interval schedules
variable-ratio schedules
The book discusses two strategies for identifying stimuli that function as reinforcers. Which of those strategies is appropriate for nonverbal humans and nonhuman animals? concurrent ingredients choice task nonverbal coordinated assessment stimulus preference assessment preference survey
stimulus preference assessment
_____ learning occurs when a food or drink acquires CS properties because, after it is consumed, the individual experiences a nauseous, gastro-intestinal illness (the US). olfactory avoidance food allergy generalized consumption taste aversion
taste aversion
In the famous "Little Albert" study, a very young child (Albert) learns to fear a white rat. This was accomplished by presenting the rat to Albert and then, a few seconds later, banging a metal bar loudly behind the toddler. Albert was frightened by the loud noise (he cried and crawled away). By the end of the Pavlovian conditioning processes, Little Albert showed conditioned fear (crying and crawling away) when the rat was placed in front of Albert (the banging noise was not presented on these test trials). Which of these events was the conditioned response (CR)? A. the white rat B. the loud banging noise C. the fear of the white rat D. the fear of the loud banging noise
the fear of the white rat
During a stimulus preference assessment... A. the individual completes a survey, indicating things they enjoy doing in their spare time. B. the individual completes a survey, indicating things that they anticipate will reinforce their behavior if those things were made contingent upon behavior. C. the individual is given free access to several items/activities (e.g., games, toys, candy). The behavior analyst carefully records how much time the individual spends with each. Those items that interacted with the most are guaranteed to function as effective primary reinforcers. D. the individual makes a series of choices between several concurrently available items/activities. The things that are chosen most often appear at the top of the preference hierarchy and are most likely to function as reinforcers.
the individual makes a series of choices between several concurrently available items/activities. The things chosen most often appear at the top of the preference hierarchy, and are most likely to function as reinforcers.
In the "Little Albert" study, after Pavlovian conditioning was complete, Watson approached Albert while wearing a white furry Santa Claus beard. What was Albert's reaction and what was Watson testing for? A. Albert began to cry and moved away from Watson. This was a test for Pavlovian generalization of Albert's fear of a novel stimulus that resembled the US. B. Albert looked at Watson and said his first word: "Goof-ball." This was testing for the novelty effect on the acquisition of human language. C. Albert began to cry and moved away from Watson. This was a test for Pavlovian generalization of Albert's fear of a novel stimulus that resembled the CS. D. Albert began to cry and moved away from Watson. This was a test for Pavlovian generalization of Albert's fear of a novel stimulus that resembled the CR.
Albert began to cry and moved away from Watson. This was a test for Pavlovian generalization of Albert's fear of a novel stimulus that resembled the CS.
The book describes several kinds of replication that are important in single-subject experimental design research. Which of the following is NOT one of those kinds of replication? A. Within-individual replication; when present, the behavioral effects of the independent variable is sustained over time. B. Across-individual replication; when present, the independent variable is able to systematically influence the behavior of more than one individual. C. Replication across labs; when present, the independent variable produces the same behavioral effect in another lab or in another clinical setting. D. All of these are important in single-subject experimental design research.
All of these are important in single-subject experimental design research.
The family dog had horrible gas. Each night, the family counted 3-4 really bad stink bombs dropped into the TV room air while everyone was enjoying their favorite cooking show. After a few weeks of this, the family invested in a more expensive dog food. Now the family dog almost never fouls the air in the TV room. Although everyone is convinced that the expensive dog food works, we (you and me) know that confounds cannot be ruled out. What single-subject experimental design did the family use? A. Alternating-treatments design B. Multiple-baseline design C. Comparison (A-B) design D. Reversal (A-B-A) design
Comparison (A-B) design
Which of the single-subject experimental design involves a single baseline and a single intervention phase? Comparison (A-B) design Reversal (A-B-A) design Alternating-treatments design Multiple-baseline design
Comparison (A-B) design
The book discusses 6 principles of effective shaping. Which of the following is NOT one of those principles? A. Differential reinforcement: Reinforce the current response-approximation and extinguish everything else, including old response-approximations B. If the next approximation proves too difficult (extinction), lower the reinforcement criterion until responding is earning reinforcers again C. Diminishing marginal ability: Change up the reinforcer periodically. This will increase the individual's interest in learning D. Be sure the learner has mastered each response approximation before advancing to the next one.
Diminishing marginal ability: Change up the reinforcer periodically. This will increase the individual's interest in learning
In Canada the cigarette manufacturers are required to put photographs of cancerous organs on the outside of cigarette packs. Gary is a teenager. He has a collection of cigarette packs with diseased lungs, spleen, heart, etc. Gary buys a lot of cigarettes so he can add more pictures to his collection (in fact, Gary doesn't even smoke, he just thinks the gross looking organs are cool). The Canadian government`s program is obviously not working on Gary because owning one of these pictures is functioning as a(n) Positive punishment Negative reinforcement of the avoidance variety Negative reinforcement of the escape variety Positive reinforcer
Positive reinforcer
When the residents of Troy chose to wheel into the city the large gift horse that the Greeks left outside the city walls, they were surprised by all the Greek warriors who came out and killed or seriously injured them while they slept. Something tells me that if the surviving Trojans were faced with the choice of what to do with another large wooden horse, they would choose to leave it outside the city walls. What behavioral principle/procedure accounts for their decreased willingness to accept equestrian gifts? Extinction Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment
Punishment
Most of us can think of food or drink that we can no longer eat or drink because we became ill after eating/drinking it. If the toxin that made us sick in the US and getting ill (e.g., vomiting) is the UR, then what is the CS? A. The feeling of vomiting B. Feeling nausea at the mere sight/smell of the food/drink that made us ill C. The sight/smell of the food/drink that made us ill D. None of the above
The sight/smell of the food/drink that made us ill
Which of the following is a reason that behavior analysts conduct a functional analysis of behavior? A. To determine whether a problem behavior is driven by the person's free will. B. To determine whether a problem behavior is an operant behavior. C. To determine if the problem behavior is a function of repressed memories. D. To determine if the problem behavior is compatible with a particular personality trait.
To determine whether a problem behavior is an operant behavior.
Use your memory of the book's flowchart to decide if the stimulus change (bolded) is a reinforcer or not. The behavior of interest is underlined. When Kleiner moved to Wales, he found that using an umbrella was useless in the rain because the wind kept inverting his umbrella. Frustrated with this (and how wet he was getting in the rain), Kleiner noticed that the Welsh people wore raincoats and rain pants. On his way home that evening, Kleiner bought some rain gear at a local shop. The next day, Kleiner wore his rain gear outside and avoided getting wet (not to mentioned avoiding wrestling with his umbrella). Thereafter, Kleiner wears his rain gear every time it is raining (which it is almost every day in Wales). Yes, this is a reinforcer. No, this is not a reinforcer.
Yes, this is a reinforcer.
For the item below, decide if the stimulus change (underlined and italicized) is a reinforcer or not. The behavior of interest is bolded. The new fast food restaurant advertised that the first 50 customers on opening day would get free hamburgers for a year. Robin was stoked. She set up her base camp outside the restaurant and waited for two days before they opened. Even then, she was #14 in line. When the restaurant opened, she got a coupon for a year's worth of free burgers. After the promotion was over, she didn't camp outside again. That is, until 6 months later, when she moved to a new city, with a new burger restaurant that ran the same promotion. This time Robin set up camp 3 days early, waited, and was #1 in line when the doors opened. Hey, it's free burgers for a year! No, this stimulus change (the free burger coupon) is not a reinforcer. Yes, this stimulus change (the free burger coupon) is a reinforcer. Not enough information is provided to make this decision
Yes, this stimulus change (the free burger coupon) is a reinforcer.
A token economy is a set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent _____ reinforcers that may be later exchanged for one or more _____ reinforcers. conditioned; generalized primary; conditioned primary; backup conditioned; backup
conditioned; backup
Reinforcers will not increase behavior above a baseline level if they are given away for free; indeed, they are likely to decrease the behavior. This principle of behavior refers to which of the four dimensions of reinforcer efficacy? contingency expediancy quality immediacy
contingency
In humans and nonhumans alike, ____________ punishers are far less effective than ______________ punishers. delayed; immediate immediate; delayed conditioned; secondary positive; negative
delayed; immediate
A ____________________ precisely specifies the nature of the contingent relation between a response and its reinforcer. relational frame schedule of reinforcement contingency contract scheduled relationship
schedule of reinforcement
Kyle shows Geoffrey the trailer for a new movie that he thinks Geoffrey will like. After watching it, Geoffrey is highly motivated to get to the movie theater and to buy a ticket to that movie. The trailer appears to have functioned as a(n) _____________ ______________ because it temporarily increased the value of a reinforcer (the movie ticket) and increased behaviors that produce that reinforcer (bicycling to the theater and purchasing a ticket). establishing operation (EO) abolishing operation (AO) motivating operation (MO) physiotemporal operation (PO)
establishing operation (EO)
The book discusses two kinds of motivating operations (MOs). One of them temporarily increases the value of a reinforcer and increases behaviors that produce that reinforcer. Which MO is this describing? abolishing operation (AO) motivating operation (MO) establishing operation (EO) physiotemporal operation (PO)
establishing operation (EO)
When Curtis was a boy, his parents would make him go outside, into the freezing cold, whenever they wanted to smoke pot (they didn't want him to know they were doing it, but he knew). When he was rushed out the door, Curtis barely had time to put on a coat and quickly found that he wished he had grabbed his gloves and a scarf. Finding himself outside with cold hands and a frigid neck functioned as a(n) ______________ ______________ because it temporarily increased the value of a reinforcer (access to gloves and a scarf) and increased behaviors that produce that reinforcer (sneaking back in the house to grab them). abolishing operation (AO) motivating operation (MO) establishing operation (EO) physiotemporal operation (PO)
establishing operation (EO)
When deciding on the best direct-observation method, we must consider some characteristics of the behavior we plan to observe. If the behavior is of uniform duration each time it occurs, and it produces no distinct, lasting, and observable product, which direct-observation technique would we choose? interval recording duration recording outcome recording event recording
event recording
Which direct-observation method is being used when each instance of the behavior is recorded immediately after it occurs? interval recording duration recording outcome recording event recording
event recording
One schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a post-reinforcer pause, followed by a high-constant rate of responding. In many ways, this pattern of behavior resembles procrastination. After we finish one operant task (and obtain the reinforcer) we tend to not get to work right away on the next task. However, when we start working on that second task, we tend to continue working on it until it is completed. What schedule of reinforcement produces this characteristic "break and run" pattern of responding? fixed-ratio (FR) fixed-interval (FI) variable-interval (VI) variable-ratio (VR)
fixed-ratio (FR)
The scientific method used to (1) determine if a problem behavior is an operant and (2) identify the reinforcer that maintains that operant behavior is called a(n) _____ analysis of behavior. extinction behavioral operant functional
functional
When a conditioned reinforcer signals a delay reduction to more than one backup reinforcer it is referred to as a _____. secondary reinforcer generic reinforcer generalized conditioned reinforcer primary reinforce
generalized conditioned reinforcer
An operant behavior, like pressing the Start button in your car, is a _____ class of behavior composed of lots of topographically (physically) different responses, all of which produce the same consequence. phylogenetic generic genetic innate
generic
Habits are formed when an operant response has been repeatedly reinforced, hundreds, if not thousands of times... A. in the presence of the same antecedent stimulus B. using moderately effective reinforcers, which never fully satisfy the individual's motivation C. such that the response transforms an operant to a reflect D. none of the above
in the presence of the same antecedent stimulus
In a behavioral experiment, the experimenter evaluates a falsifiable hypothesis by manipulating the _____ variable and measuring the effect, if any, on the _____ variable. independent; confounding dependent; independent confounding; independent independent; dependent
independent; dependent
When using a group experimental design, decisions about whether or not the independent variable affected behavior will be made by... an interdisciplinary team of biological and behavioral scientists inferential statistics an evaluation of internal logic and philosophical maxims flipping a coi
inferential statistics
IOA stands for... inter-observer agreement instant outpatient assessment inter-observer assessment inter-observer assistance
inter-observer agreement
As discussed in the book, there is good evidence that negative reinforcement is a more effective procedure than positive reinforcement. For example, employees will work hard to avoid a pay cut, but they are less willing to work hard for a comparable pay raise. This finding is known as... the positive reinforcement effect loss aversion the negative reinforcement effect gain reduction
loss aversion
If IOA is _____, the behavior analyst must _____. low (e.g., <90%), refine the behavioral definition low (e.g., <90%), recalculate IOA high (e.g., >90%), redo the observations high (e.g., >90%), recruit new participants
low (e.g., <90%), refine the behavioral definition
Presenting a brief, salient conditioned reinforcing stimulus (like that produced by a click) immediately after the desired response can help the individual to correctly identify which response produced the reinforcer. This _____ procedure is particularly effective when the reinforcer is delayed. marking clicking positive ID tagging
marking
A good deal of scientific evidence supports the position that individual behavior is determined by _____. A. willing and doing B. nature and nurture C. physical and non-physical forces D. thinking and action
nature and nurture
The things (plural) one experiences through sight, sound, smell, taste, or tactile sensation are called... stimulus stimuluses stimuli stimulators
stimuli
A single instance of behavior is referred to as a(n)... axiom stimulus response reaction
stimulus
Applying bug repellent to prevent bug bites is an example of _____, while applying anti-itch cream to reduce the irritation of a bug bite is an example of _____. A. negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-); positive reinforcement (SR+) B. negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-); negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-) C. negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-); negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-) D. positive reinforcement (SR+); negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-)
negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-); negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-)
For this item, your task is to decide what behavioral process, if any, is at work. Within each item, the target behavior is italicized and the stimulus change is bolded. For items that describe reinforcement processes, you should assume that turning ON and OFF the reinforcer would increase and decrease behavior, respectively. Tony has learned that when his mom arrives but he doesn't want to leave a friend's house, all he has to do is flop on the floor and start screaming. His mom freaks out over this and ends her requests that Tony get in the car. Mom then spends the next 20 minutes talking about how she thinks Tony might have an oppositional defiant disorder. Assuming that this stimulus prevention functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a... positive reinforcer (SR+) negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-) negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-) none of the above
negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-)
For this item, your task is to decide what behavioral process, if any, is at work. Within each item, the target behavior is italicized and the stimulus change is bolded. For items that describe reinforcement processes, you should assume that turning ON and OFF the reinforcer would increase and decrease behavior, respectively. Broden's lips were chapped and they hurt, so he applied some lip balm to them. He has done this a lot in his life because each time he does, the pain is quickly reduced. Assuming that this stimulus reduction functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a... positive reinforcer (SR+) negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-) negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-) none of the above
negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-)
In a treatment for substance-use disorders known as Contingency Management, drug abstinence (behavior) is reinforcer with a contingent consequence (a small reward, such as $8). In clinical research designed to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, the Control group gets the same rewarding consequence, but they get them for free. When the rewards are provided _____, the Control-group participants do not decrease their drug use. evocatively habitually contingently noncontingently
noncontingently
In the 1970s, the supreme leader of North Korea, Kim Jong II, kidnapped two filmmakers from nearby South Korea (a capitalist democracy). Kim was a film buff and he was unhappy with the quality of the films made in his home country. In a secretly recorded discussion between Kim and the kidnapped filmmakers, the supreme leader blames the sad state of North Korea filmmaking on their communist system of government. In that system, Kim declares, all of the incentives are provided _____. If they make a great movie or a terrible movie, it doesn't matter, they get their food rations. noncontingently contingently habitually evocatively
noncontingently
Andy was looking at an "I Spy" book. In these books, the object is to find some hidden objects which appear somewhere on a rather complicated photograph containing many distracting objects. Any likes "I Spy" books. He brags to his brother that, in the past, he has been quite successful at finding the hidden objects. When Andy opens this most recent "I Spy" book, the first object to find is a snowflake. He looks for about 2 minutes but can't find it. He keeps looking for about 3 more minutes and then gives up, slamming the book closed. What behavioral principle/procedure explains Andy's giving up? negative punishment habituation operant extinction positive punishment
operant extinction
For this item, your task is to decide what behavioral process, if any, is at work. Within each item, the target behavior is italicized and the stimulus change is bolded. For items that describe reinforcement processes, you should assume that turning ON and OFF the reinforcer would increase and decrease behavior, respectively. Erik's phone signals he has received a text. Erik is driving and knows he should not look at it but he has been expecting an important text letting him know if his brother has been released from the hospital. Erik grabs his phone and looks at the text. The text informs him that his brother is still in the hospital, so Erik drives there and pays him a visit. Assuming that this stimulus presentation functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a... positive reinforcer (SR+) negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-) negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-) none of the above
positive reinforcer (SR+)
Eating too much for lunch is an example of... imprinted behavior private behavior non-physical behavior public behavior
public behavior
The Amazonian hunter-gatherer community imposed an IF hording food à THEN verbal shaming contingency on Rerebawa, a male member of the community. When he was caught eating food by himself and not sharing the meal with others, the others yelled at him, called him names, and threw grass and dirt at him. Rerebawa never again horded food; he always shared with the members of his community. It would appear that the shaming functioned as a __________________. punishment punisher reinforcement none of the above (it was a neutral stimulus)
punisher
Drew is interested in being accepted into the highly competitive computer-science program at the university. They want their computer-science professor to notice how attentive and interested they are relative to the many other students in the lecture hall. Drew waits until the instructor is looking at them and immediately nods and gives the professor a thoughtful look. Each time the professor is looking at them, Drew does this nodding and appearing to be interested behavior. After a few weeks, Drew finds that the professor is looking at them much more often. They try it in another class and find it works there, too. What procedure has Drew used to influence their professors' behavior? rewarding reinforcement incentivizing encouraging
reinforcement
