ACSM Domain 1
First class lever
A lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum. An example of a first class-lever is a seesawA-axis is in the middle EXAMPLE: tricep pushdown Mechanical disadvantage
Second class leverhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/physics/machines/Levers.shtml
A lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than which the RF acts. R is in the middle EXAMPLE: Calf raise- the resistive force of the body weight is in the middle of the axis (toes) and the muscle MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE FOR MUSCLE
The epiphyses are covered with _____ to provide protection. A) articular (hyaline) cartilage B) red marrow C) yellow marrow D) endosteum
A) articular (hyaline) cartilage
infraspinatus
Actions: a. Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. b. Helps stablize the shoulder by drawing the humerus toward the glenoid fossa of the scapula. - See more at: https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/armmuscles/posteriormuscles/infraspinatus/tutorial.html#sthash.HNljwJD4.dpuf
Agonist and antagonist of: Military press:
Agonist: deltoids (abduction) Antagonist: lats/teres major (adduction)
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system? ¥ Bronchi ¥ Alveoli ¥ Larynx ¥ Pharynx
Alveoli Explanation: The alveoli is the functional unit of the lung. Oxygen enters the upper respiratory system via the nose, trachea, and bronchi. It travels into the lower bronchioles and eventually to the alveoli, where it is released into the blood stream and transported throughout the body via the circulatory system. While oxygen is taken into the body, carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream in the alveoli of the lungs and is expelled into the atmosphere via the upper respiratory system. Chapter 5, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 138.
To demonstrate outstanding customer service during your initial client contact, you should: Speak respectfully to the client. Dress appropriately and professionally. Arrive early or on time. Be prepared for the appointment
Arrive early or on time. An important behavior that communicates your interest and concern for the client is to arrive early and on time. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 264.
teres major
Attachments: Origin & Insertion Origin: (proximal attachment) a. Lower lateral border and inferior angle of the scapula. Insertion: (distal attachment) a. Medial lip of the intertubercular (bicipital) groove of the anterior humerus. Actions: a. Adducts the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. b. Medially rotates the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. c. Extends the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. - See more at: https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/armmuscles/anteriormuscles/teresmajor/tutorial.html#sthash.YCriTNG6.dpuf
Muscle: Teres minor
Attachments: Origin & Insertion Origin: (proximal attachment) a. Middle part of the lateral (axillary) border of the scapula. Insertion: (distal attachment) a. Inferior aspect of greater tubercle of humerus. Actions: a. Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. b. Weakly adducts the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. c. Helps stablize the shoulder by drawing the humerus toward the glenoid fossa of the scapula. - See more at: https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/armmuscles/posteriormuscles/teresminor/tutorial.html#sthash.DadozrZ8.dpuf
biarticulate muscle ( articulate - meaning joints)
Bi-articular muscles are commonly found in the upper and lower extremities of the human body. These muscles generally cross two joints and influence movement at both. The rectus femoris (RF) spans the hip and knee, and the gastrocnemius (GA) crosses the knee and ankle.
Exchange of Gases, Nutrients, and Waste Between Blood and Tissue Occurs in theCapillaries. Capillaries are tiny vessels that branch out from arterioles to form networks around body cells. In the lungs, capillaries absorb oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide for exhalation.
Blood vessels flow blood throughout the body. Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Veins return blood back toward the heart. Capillaries surround body cells and tissues to deliver and absorb oxygen, nutrients, and other substances. The capillaries also connect the branches of arteries and to the branches of veins.
The diaphysis predominately composed of: A) spongy bone. B) hyaline cartilage. C) compact bone. D) fibrous connective tissue.
C) compact bone.
The end of a long bone is the A) endosteum. B) diaphysis. C) epiphysis D) periosteum.
C) epiphysis
Cardiovascular Responses
Cardiac Output Stroke Volume Heart Rate Blood Pressure Venous Return Blood Volume Oxygen Consumption
Identify the classifications of bones based upon shape. A) long, short, square, flat, and regular B) long, cubed, square, flat and irregular C) long, short, flat, irregular and triangular D) long, short, flat, irregular and round
D) long, short, flat, irregular and round
Shoulder joint abduction----which muscles
Deltoid and supraspinatus
The muscles that abduct the shoulder joint are the: ¥ Medial deltoid and supraspinatus ¥ Levator scapula and upper trapezius ¥ Anterior deltoid and pectoralis major ¥ Serratus anterior and subscapularis
Correct response: Medial deltoid and supraspinatus Explanation: The supraspinatus primarily initiates the abduction. The medial deltoid continues the abduction in concert with via a force couple. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 57.
A 48-year-old female client has very tight gastrocnemius muscles. To facilitate permanent changes in the length of these muscles, in what position should the foot be placed and for what duration? (feel your gastrocnemius when you flex dorsiflex- It stretches) ¥ Plantar flexed position for 30 to 40 seconds ¥ Dorsiflexed position for 60 seconds ¥ Everted position for 2 to 3 minutes ¥ Inverted position for 30 to 40 seconds
Correct response: ¥ Dorsiflexed position for 60 seconds Explanation: The gastrocnemius is lengthened when placed in a position opposite of the muscle action. Since the gastrocnemius plantarflexes the ankle joint, a stretch would occur when placed in a dorsiflexed position. A 30 to 60 second stretch hold time is recommended for most adults. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 89.
Which of the following is an example of an enarthrodial joint? ¥ Carpal-metacarpal ¥ Radiounlar ¥ Glenohumeral ¥ Acromioclavicular
Correct response: ¥ Glenohumeral Explanation: An enarthodial joint is a multiaxial joint that permits movement in all directions. This includes the hip joint as well as the glenohumeral joint [shoulder joint]. ., Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 51.
Movement toward the midline in the transverse plane describes which term? ¥ Horizontal abduction ¥ Adduction ¥ Horizontal adduction ¥ Abduction
Correct response: ¥ Horizontal adduction Explanation: Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane is usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90°. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 47.
Which of the following BEST describes the primary difference between standing and seated calf raises? ¥ Seated calf raises emphasize the gastrocnemius muscle, while the standing calf raise emphasizes the soleus muscle. ¥ Seated calf raises emphasize the soleus muscle, while the standing calf raise emphasizes the gastrocnemius muscle. ¥ The seated calf raise targets the muscle primarily responsible for power in the lower leg, while the standing calf raise targets the muscle primarily responsible for endurance. ¥ The seated calf raise targets the soleus, while the standing calf raise targets the gastrocnemius and invertors.
Correct response: ¥ Seated calf raises emphasize the soleus muscle, while the standing calf raise emphasizes the gastrocnemius muscle. Explanation: When you are doing standing calf raises you are effectively working the gastrocnemius. When you are seated, the bent angle of your knee takes the larger gastrocnemius out of the movement thereby putting the majority of the workload on the underlying soleus. The gastrocnemius muscle is a biarticulate muscle that acts to flex the knee and plantarflex the ankle. The soleus acts to planarflex the ankle only. When standing, both muscles plantarflex the ankle. When seated, only the soleus plantarflexes the ankle as the gastrocnemius is actively insufficient because it is in a flexed position at the knee joint. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 89.
Which of the following BEST fosters exercise adherence and progression toward the client's goal? ¥ Keeping clients focused on their primary long-term goals ¥ Setting a few attainable short-term goals ¥ Helping clients focus on never missing a session ¥ Setting several progressive goals on a weekly basis
Correct response: ¥ Setting a few attainable short-term goals Explanation: Goals should be structured in a SMART manner that consists of a goal being specific, measurable, action-oriented, realistic, and time-oriented. Chapter 7, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 217.
A physiologic adaptation to aerobic conditioning in untrained individuals will result in a/an ________ in resting heart rate and a/an ________ in exercise heart rate at a submaximal effort. ¥ Decrease, increase ¥ Increase, increase ¥ Decrease, decrease ¥ Increase, decrease
Decrease, decrease Explanation: Regular aerobic training results in a lower heart rate response at rest and during exercise. ., Chapter 5, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 155.
Difference between plantar flex and DorsiFlexion
Dorsi moves to the top or above .Dorsal
The best types of stretches to include in a warm-up for walking or cycling are: PNF Dynamic Static Ballistic
Dynamic Explanation: A proper warm-up for long, steady state exercise includes dynamic stretching as you do not want to perform other types of stretching that does not prepare the body for more intense exercise. Chapter 15, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 402.
Second class lever
EXAMPLE: Calf raise- the resistive force of the body weight is in the middle of the axis (toes) and the muscle
Which movement occurs in the frontal plane? ¥ Elevation of the of the scapula ¥ Extension at the hip ¥ Supination at the wrist ¥ Flexion at the elbow
Elevation of the of the scapula Explanation With the exception of tilt, all other movements of the scapula occur in the frontal plane. Note that elbow flexion and hip flexion occur in the sagittal plane and supination occurs in the transverse plane.p. 43
What major muscles are most prominent in these exercises. (besides the rectus abdominus) ¥ Sit-ups ¥ Leg raises ¥ Hanging leg raises ¥ Resisted hip flexion
Exercises Exercises that work the Hip Flexors include:
Approximately what percent of cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muscles during exercise? ¥ 55%-60% ¥ 15%-20% ¥ 85%-90% ¥ 35%-40% ¥ 85%-90%
Explanation: At rest, 15%-20% of cardiac output is distributed to the skeletal muscles; the remainder goes to the visceral organs. However, during exercise, as much as 85%-90% of cardiac ouput is selectively delivered to working muscles and shunted away from the skin and the internal organs. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 135.
Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). Which of the following concepts, if applied, makes resistance training easier to perform? ¥ F = ma ¥ Newton's third law ¥ Newton's first law ¥ P = mv
F = ma . FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION Explanation: NOTE : this is Newtons's SECOND LAW The law of acceleration is the 2nd law and states that force is proportional to the product of an object's mass multiplied by its acceleration.Chapter 4, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 111.
◦ Lateral flexion (i.e., bending sideways at the waist) ◦ Elevation and depression of the scapula
FRONTAL PLANE Frontal plane movements can involve the whole body or can occur at individual joints:
The quadriceps muscle group functions as a decelerator to knee joint flexion in weight-bearing movements by contracting concentrically to prevent too rapid of a downward movement. T/F
False **The quads would be eccentrically contracting
The iliopsoas muscle group consists of two muscles: the psoas muscle and the iliac muscle. These muscles work together to help the hip _________.
Flex
Passive Muscle Force
Force generated by the application of an outside force causing the muscle to pre-stretch.
hip flexors
Functions The function of the Iliopsoas is hip flexion, which means bringing the thigh up towards the abdomen. The hip flexors are also active when the abdomen is being moved towards the thighs, e.g. sit-ups
Third class lever. In a third class the fulcrum is situated before or IN FRONT of the supplied force.
Good Video http://www.enchantedlearning.com/physics/machines/Levers.shtml
Change is predicated on ones feeling of susceptibility to health consequences, the perceived seriousness, and the belief that making changes will reduce RISK.
Health belief model
Your new client is ready to start training next week. You provide her with a service introduction packet which must include, at a minimum, which of the following forms? Health/Medical History Evaluation, Medical Clearance Form, and Informed Consent PAR-Q, Personal Trainer-Client Agreement, and training log Health/Medical History Evaluation, liability waiver, and training log Medical Clearance Form, Personal Trainer-Client Agreement, and liability waiver
Health/Medical History Evaluation, Medical Clearance Form, and Informed Consent Explanation: These forms must be completed prior to training. , Chapter 10, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 272.
Your potential client has a history of swollen ankles and reports shortness of breath when walking up the stairs. You would classify this as: High risk and start the client on a low-intensity exercise that progresses gradually. High risk and require that the client obtain a physician's clearance. Moderate risk and require that the client undergo exercise testing under a physician's supervision. Moderate risk and start the client on a low-intensity exercise that progresses gradually.
High risk and require that the client obtain a physician's clearance. Explanation: swollen ankles [ankle edema] and shortness of breath are major signs of a disease state. Thus, the individual should be classified as high risk and would require medical clearance and testing prior to exercise. Chapter 11, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 293.
Kyphosis
Humpback excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
What are the three main hip flexors?
Iliopsoas, Sartorius and Rectus Femoris
Difference between Isokinetic and isometric
In an isotonic exercise, the muscle maintains at the same tension while it shortens. In an isometric exercise, the muscle never shortens, and the tension never exceeds the opposing force. The muscle never changes length. In an isokinetic exercise, the muscle shortens at a constant rate throughout the motion.
note: ALL rotator cuff muscles attach to the humerus. The subscapularis attaches in the front or anterior of humerus. This allows for INTERNAL rotation. (The infraspinatus is for external rotation because it attaches to the back of the humerus.)
Infraspinatus
2 types of rewards
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Newtons SECOND LAW IS?
Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion states, "A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion unless it is acted upon by an external force." What, then, happens to a body when an external force is applied to it? That situation is described by Newton's Second Law of Motion. It states, "The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its acceleration." This is written in mathematical form as: F = ma F is force, m is mass and a is acceleration. The math behind this is quite simple. If you double the force, you double the acceleration, but if you double the mass, you cut the acceleration in half.
What is an isokinetic exercise? Isokinetic exercise is a type of strength training in which specialized machines, or dynamometers, maintain a constant speed of movement. It typically blends the intense contractions of isometric exercises with the range of motion achieved in isotonic exercises, and can provide a maximal strength workout.
Isokinetic exercise is a type of strength training in which specialized machines, or dynamometers, maintain a constant speed of movement. It typically blends the intense contractions of isometric exercises with the range of motion achieved in isotonic exercises, and can provide a maximal strength workout.
What isischaemic heart disease
Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) with subsequent congestive heart failure (CHF) constitutes the final common pathway for a host of cardiac disorders. Coronary artery narrowing or ischaemic heart disease is the dominant cause of heart failure and is often associated with acute or prior myocardial infarction.
Axis for horizontal abduction/adduction
Longitudinal axis
Horizontal Abduction
Movement away from the body on the transverse plane
Horizontal Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body on the transverse plane
Strength gains during early phases of resistance training are largely due to changes in the: ¥ Nervous system ¥ Sarcomeres ¥ Respiratory system ¥ Myofilaments
Nervous system Explanation:
The _______________ muscle is a series of muscles that are attached to the spinal column. These series of muscles are further divided into two groups which include the superficial muscle group and the deep muscle group.
Multifidus
Active Muscle Force
Muscle tension stimulated from the neural system to imitate muscle contraction.
Horizontal adduction and muscles resposible for
Muscles worked: Teres minor Infraspinatus Posterior deltoid
Do all joints move in the same direction?
No. Some are uniaxial axial (elbow), biaxial axial (ankle), or multiaxial axial (shoulder)
Acute Responses
Only occurs for the duration of exercise and recovery. Acute responses - immediate responses to exercise, such as an increase in body temperature and heart rate. Muscle Fibre Micro Tears Tiny tears occur in muscles when they are put under pressure whilst exercising.
Pronation of the wrist joint occurs in which plane?
PRONATION OF THE WRIST is a ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT. ¥ The transverse plane. Explanation: Any type of rotational movement will occur in the transverse plane. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 43.
A manifestation of coronary artery disease is: ¥ Jaw discomfort that occurs first thing in the morning. ¥ A dull ache in the low back that occurs with movement. ¥ Tightness of the muscles between both scapulae during overhead activities. ¥ Pain that occurs with exertion or exercise.
Pain that occurs with exertion or exercise. Explanation Pain that occurs during exertion is a cardinal sign of cardiovascular disease. Chapter 11, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 285.
During the initial client-contact process, you find that your potential client would rather work with a trainer of another gender. You should: ¥ Provide a complimentary session to demonstrate your professional competence. ¥ Discuss your experience, training style, and educational background to make the client more comfortable with you. ¥ Ask the client to sign up for an initial block of training sessions first. ¥ Refer the client to another personal trainer who would be more compatible.
Refer the client to another personal trainer who would be more compatible. Trainers must assess compatibility with potential clients, and the client's preferences should be taken into account. This assessment also helps with developing rapport and exercise adherence. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 271.
Maximum Oxygen Uptake
Represents the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up by, transported to and utilised by the body for energy production.
Following the initial client contact, what are the next steps after the client has completed and returned all forms to you? ¥ Review paperwork and clarify goals. ¥ Conduct client consultation. ¥ Discuss expectations. ¥ Recommend appropriate personal training packages.
Review paperwork and clarify goals. Explanation: A detailed health and fitness history is necessary for screening, appropriate follow-up if needed, and validation of preferences and goals. Reference: American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Resources for the Personal Trainer, 4th ed., Chapter 10, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 274.
Your client needs to strengthen her scapular retractors to enhance her scapulothoracic stability. Given this need, you should strengthen which of the following muscles? ¥ Posterior deltoid and triceps brachii ¥ Latissimus dorsi and subscapularis ¥ Rhomboids and mid-trapezius ¥ Pectoralis minor and trapezius
Rhomboids and mid-trapezius Explanation The muscles that function to retract the scapula are the rhomboids and mid trapezius. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 57.
Moving the hand from palm up to palm down with the elbow flexed at 90 degrees Adducts the ulna intrnally rotates the radius Internally rotates the humerus Flexes the ulna
Rotatio is a movement of long bones about their axis. Anular movments decreas or increase the joing alble produce by the articulating bones.
In a second-class lever, the weight (resistance) is located between the axis (fulcrum) and the force (figure 1.22a). The most obvious example is a wheelbarrow, where a weight is placed in the bed of the wheelbarrow between the wheel (axis) and the hands of the person using the wheelbarrow (force). In the human body, an example of a second-class lever is found in the lower leg when someone stands on tiptoes (figure 1.22b). The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the calcaneus bone (heel) by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles through the Achilles tendon.
Second class lever
the process whereby an individual observes and manually monitors their own behavior then evaluates the outcomes through comparisons with performance standards or goals
Self-Monitoring
Muscles used for Internal (medial) rotation
Shoulder medial rotators Subscapularis Teres major Latissimus dorsi Deltoid (middle deltoid) Pectoralis major
This learning theory called _____________ ________________ ____________ stands apart from other theories in that it puts great emphasis on a client's thoughts and feelings. Proponents of SCT believe that clients actively shape their lives by thinking, feeling , reflecting, and observing themselves.
Social Cognitive Theory SCT
Reinforcements, self-efficacy, coping skills, thoughts and feelings important for change
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
This learning theory called _____________ _____________ ________focuses on how people learn from individual experiences, the actions of others, and their interaction with their environment
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
Which theory of behaviour uses in psychology, education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.
Social cognitive theory (SCT),
Supraspinatus function is to ?
Supraspinatus Origin: (proximal attachment) a. Supraspinous fossa of scapula. Insertion: (distal attachment) a. Superior aspect of greater tubercle of humerus. Actions: a. Helps the deltoid muscle initiate the abduction of the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. b. Helps stablize the shoulder by drawing the humerus toward the glenoid fossa of the scapula. - See more at: https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/armmuscles/posteriormuscles/supraspinatus/tutorial.html#sthash.87m477nc.dpuf
What is a Par-Q form? The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
The PAR-Q, or physical activity readiness questionnaire, is a simple self-screening tool that can and should be used by anyone who is planning to start an exercise program. It is typically used by fitness trainers or coaches to determine the safety or possible risk of exercising for an individual based on their health history, and current symptoms and risk factors. It also can help a trainer design an ideal exercise prescription for a client based upon these results.
What is a PAR Q forms purpose . The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) is a 1-page form to see if you should check with your doctor before becoming much more physically active.
length-tension relationship
The amount of tension generated by a muscle and the force of contraction depends on how streched or contracted it was before it was stimulated
the ___________________ muscle consists of a number of fleshy and tendinous fasciculi, which fill up the groove on either side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae, from the sacrum to the axis. While very thin, the multifidus muscle plays an important role in stabilizing the joints within the spine. Located just superficially to the spine itself, the multifidus muscle spans three joint segments and works to stabilize these joints at each level.
The multifidus
Mechanical advantage:
The ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which the resistive force acts.. Equilibrium~the product of the muscle force and the moment arm through which it acts must equal the product of the resistive force and the moment arm through which it acts.
_______________ is the longest muscle in the body.It begins on the upper rim of the pelvis crossing the thigh to attach on the inside of the knee. Long and thin it gets a functional assist from the femur bone with which it articulates. In addition to its role as a hip flexor, the sartorius abducts (pulls away) and laterally rotates the hip, and helps with knee flexion. Picking up your foot to look at the bottom of your shoe displays the sartorius in action.
The sartorius functions as an important flexor and rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
Subscapularis Function is to ?
The subscapularis internally rotates the glenohumeral joint
Teres minor Function is to ?
The teres minor is a slim, narrow muscle within the rotator cuff, located in the shoulder. It is involved in the external rotation of the shoulder joint.
Which theory of behavior posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.
The transtheoretical model
Third class lever
Think dumbbell curl. Fulcrum would be the elbow. load on the end
Physical therapy is also recommended to help strengthen and stretch the shoulder muscles. Strengthening these muscles will improve your range of motion as well as your posture. It will also provide support for the collarbone and muscles surrounding the thoracic outlet. Over time, physical therapy exercises may take the pressure off the blood vessels and nerves in the affected area
Thoracic outlet syndrome physical therapy
Axis for flexion/extension is ? remember perpendicular
Transverse Axis
Any movement that is parallel to the sagittal plane, such as elbow joint flexion or extension, occurs the sagittal plane. True or False
True
T/F: The successful adoption of exercise will depend on how likely individuals believe that exercise will enhance their mood and how much they value experiencing an enhanced mood. Outcome expectancies have relevance for both older and younger people considering exercise behavior
True
Respiratory Responses
Ventilation Respiratory Rate Tidal Volume Diffusion
IF you DO NOT KNOW your blood pressure: cholesterol level; prediabetes; Is this a Cardiovascular risk factor?
YES
Mechanical advantage=
a ratio greater than 1 -allows the applied muscle force to be less than the resistive force to create an EQUAL amount of torque
deltoid
abducts the shoulder
Social support is often achieved via _____________, which enables 2 individuals to strive for the common goal of increasing their exercise levels- a win-win situation.
active participation
subscapularis
attaches to anterior of humerus. Allows for INTERNAL rotation.
intrinsic reward
describes anything that's fulfilling because of the internal pleasure derived from achieving or completing a task or goal (ie: feeling proud after completing a specific workout or feeling health and vibrant after workingout)
Law of reaction newtons third law, referred to as the law of reaction states that
every applied force is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction force. Said differently for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The law has bearing on the ground reaction forces or impact forces that the body must absorb during act activities such as step training plyometrics and jogging. According to newtons principles the ground exerts a force against the body equal to the force but the body applies to the ground as a person walks jobs or sprints
for good videio on levers see . https://youtu.be/d1wS_OlJzmI
https://youtu.be/d1wS_OlJzmI
Lateral flexion
i.e., bending sideways at the waist)
Thoracic outlet syndrome
is a painful condition that occurs when your collarbone slides forward due to poor muscle control, putting pressure on the nerves between your collarbone and your top rib. Injury, illness and genetics could cause you to develop thoracic outlet syndrome. The main symptoms of the condition are an aching pain in the shoulder, arm or neck; swelling or redness in one of your arms; and a limited range of motion in your affected arm.
self-monitoring and goal setting are intervention strategies derived from what theory?
learning theory
Axis for internal/external rotation
longitudinal axis
pectoralis major
note the pecs shorten as they contract. origin in sternum insert at humerus. Insertion moves to origin causing internal rotation
pectoralis major movement
note the pecs shorten as they contract. origin in sternum insert at humerus. Insertion moves to origin causing internal rotation
serratus anterior
origin 1-9 outer surface ribs insertion vertebral border of scapula
Health history form
provides a detailed description of goals, objectives, timing, setting, and structure of the exam; details the history, physical examination, and clearance considerations; lists return-to-play guidelines; addresses medicolegal and ethical concerns; and explores future research and the use of electronic formats.
Second class lever http://www.enchantedlearning.com/physics/machines/Levers.shtml
resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than which the RF acts. R--RESISTANCE IS IN the middle EXAMPLE: Calf raise- the resistive force of the body weight is in the middle of the axis (toes) and the muscle MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE FOR MUSCLE
extrinsic reward
rewards which are external, typically include tangible things earned in response to completing a task or accomplishing a goal; Increase morale and motivation to adhere to an exercise routine or complete a specific exercise session
Flexion - movement in the __________ plane that decreases the angle between two articulating limbs
sagittal
In a_____________ ___________ lever, the weight (resistance) is located between the axis (fulcrum) and the force ( or sometimes ACSM refers to as AF-- active force) A wheelbarrow is a good a example
second-class lever . http://www.enchantedlearning.com/physics/machines/Levers.shtml
derived from the learning theory; increase self-efficacy by helping individuals identify ways to initiate and maintain exercise and build their confidence about their ability to succeed
self-monitoring and goal setting
Extension is otherwise known as_________________. Horizontal flexion: Refers to movement where the angle between two bones_______________ and on the horizontal plane. Horizontal extension: Refers to movement where the angle between two bones increases and occurs on the horizontal plane.
straightening ; decreases
Newtons law of acceleration. Newtons second law states that
the force F acting on a body in a given direction is equal to the bodies mass M multiplied by the body is acceleration a in that direction F equals M a. Newtons second law also relates to a moving bodies momentum in that a body is linear momentum is equal to its mass multiplied by its velocity M equals M VE.for a given velocity linear momentum will be increased if the mass of the body is increased angular momentum is governed by similar principles but the motion performed is about an access. If an individual is using a 10 pound dumbbell just slowly perform bicep curls there will be less momentum produced when the moving the same weight at a faster rate. If the lot velocity of the movement is held constant, but the person switches to a 15 pound dumbbell greater mass than momentum M equals MV will increase proportionately.
Law of inertia. Newtons first law of motion known as the law of inertia states that
the that a body at rest will stay at rest and that a body in motion will stay in motion with the same direction and velocity unless acted upon by an external force. A bodies inertial characteristics are proportional to its mass. Therefore it is more difficult to start moving a heavy object then a light one. Similarly, if two objects are moving at the same velocity, it requires more effort to stop or slow the heavier object then the lighter one. For fitness professionals resistance training programs probably have the greatest association with newtons first law. For example the sticking point at the beginning of the biceps curl occurs in part due to the difficulty overcoming the dumbbells inertial property of being at rest and in part due to the mechanical disadvantage of the human body to generate internal forces when the elbow is fully extended.
Second class lever
think Wheel barrow load in the middle
Internal and external rotation, horizontal flexion and extension, supination and pronation all occur primarily in the
transverse plane-vertical axis
Internal and external rotation, horizontal flexion and extension, supination and pronation all occur primarily in the Read more: http://business.fit/understanding-exercise-planes-axes-movement/#ixzz4fmatXFVD
transverse plane-vertical axis.
T or F Sagittal plane movements typically include forward and backward movements.
true
T or F. Frontal plane movements typically include sideways or vertical (specifically the scapula) movements
true
extrinsic rewards
type of reward that may help individuals adhere to their exercise plan when intrinsic rewards aren't present
Intrinsic rewards
type of reward that tends to be more sustainable over time because they don't rely on an outside source; Not always reliable, particularly in response to exercise
Which of the following common characteristics are reported by those experiencing symptoms consistent with coronary artery disease? ¥ "Beating" ¥ "Pounding" ¥ "Light-headed" ¥ "Heaviness"
¥ "Heaviness" Explanation: Angina may feel like tightness, heaviness, or pressure in your chest."Heaviness" is a common symptom that is reported and is consistent with an ischemic response to exercise or exertion. Chapter 11, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 285.
What is the waist-to-hip ratio threshold at which a female client's health is considered at risk? ¥ 0.79 ¥ 0.85 ¥ 0.88 ¥ 0.82 vf
¥ 0.88 Explanation: Health risk with respect to waist-to-hip ratio is considered high when more than 0.86. , 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 312.
Which of the following FASTING blood glucose levels are indicative of prediabetes? ¥ 145 mg·dL-1 ¥ 96 mg·dL-1 ¥ 124 mg·dL-1 ¥ 82 mg·dL-1
¥ 124 mg·dL-1 Explanation Prediabetes is defined as fasting blood glucose that is between 100 and 126 mg·dL-1 ., Chapter 19, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 522.
Which of the following best describes the scapular or caption plane? ¥ 30° anterior to the frontal plane ¥ 30° lateral to the sagittal plane ¥ In line with the sagittal plane ¥ In line with the frontal plane .The normal resting position of scapular as it lies on the posterior rib cage is at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees. Raising the arm 30 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane is called the scapular plane
¥ 30° anterior to the frontal plane Explanation: The scapula lies in the scapular plane [also known as scaption] that lies 30° anteriorly, relative to the frontal plane. IF YOU RAISE YOUR ARMS IN A V SHAPE THAT IS THE SCAPULAR PLANE. .Chapter 3, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p.
According to the 2013 ACSM Guidelines, significant health benefits can be achieved with ________. ¥ An accumulation of at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most days of the week. ¥ Strength training and cardio respiratory exercise using small and large muscle groups, 20 to 30 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days a week. ¥ A combination of moderate to vigorous exercise involving major muscle groups, 30 to 60 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days per week. ¥ Performing moderate-to-vigorous cardio respiratory exercise using large muscle groups, 10 to 20 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days a week.
¥ A combination of moderate to vigorous exercise involving major muscle groups, 30 to 60 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days per week. Explanation: Through research, ACSM has determined that 3 to 5 days of moderate to vigorous exercise for 30 to 60 minutes per session will improve health. 4th ed., Chapter 15, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 399.
According to the 2013 ACSM Guidelines, significant health benefits can be achieved with ________. ¥ An accumulation of at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most days of the week. ¥ Strength training and cardio respiratory exercise using small and large muscle groups, 20 to 30 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days a week. ¥ A combination of moderate to vigorous exercise involving major muscle groups, 30 to 60 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days per week. ¥ Performing moderate-to-vigorous cardio respiratory exercise using large muscle groups, 10 to 20 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days a week.
¥ A combination of moderate to vigorous exercise involving major muscle groups, 30 to 60 minutes per session, 3 to 5 days per week. Explanation: Through research, ACSM has determined that 3 to 5 days of moderate to vigorous exercise for 30 to 60 minutes per session will improve health. 6t, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 399.
Ischemia is caused by: ¥ Decreased stroke volume. ¥ Chest pain. ¥ A lack of oxygen. ¥ Left ventricular dysfunction.
¥ A lack of oxygen. Explanation: Ischemia occurs because oxygen supply cannot meet the oxygen demand for rest or activity. This is usually caused by atherosclerosis, and pain is a commonly reported symptom. Chapter 15, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 402.
Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? ¥ An individual who quit smoking 4 months ago ¥ An individual who smokes cigars twice year on special occasions ¥ An individual whose blood glucose is 125 mg·dL-1 following an oral glucose tolerance test ¥ An individual whose high density lipoprotein cholesterol is 40 mg·dL-1 Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
¥ An individual who quit smoking 4 months ago Explanation: The risk of cigarette smoking is removed once the individual has quit smoking for 6 months or more. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 284. An individual whose blood glucose is 125 mg·dL-1 following an ORAL GLUCOSE tolerance test IS NOT A FACTOR BECAUSE and ORAL GLUCOSE test is greater than or eq1ual to 140
Which of the following does NOT require an exercise test or a medical supervised test? ¥ An individual with metabolic disease wishing to participate in moderate-intensity exercise ¥ An individual with two risk factors wishing to participate in vigorous-intensity exercise ¥ An individual with renal disease wishing to participate in moderate-intensity exercise ¥ An individual with two risk factors and asymptomatic wishing to participate in moderate-intensity exercise
¥ An individual with two risk factors wishing to participate in moderate-intensity exercise Explanation: A client who is asymptomatic and has less than two risk factors does not require a medical exam or exercise testing for participation in moderate exercise. Chapter 11, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 293.
Prior to the first training session scheduled next week, you should provide specific session instructions on: ¥ Activities clients can perform on their own. ¥ Supplement and hydration preparation. ¥ Auto-payment options. ¥ Appropriate exercise attire.
¥ Appropriate exercise attire. Explanation: Not all clients will be familiar with what is involved in an exercise session. Provide specific instructions with respect to attire, nutrition and hydration preparation, avoiding exertion, and what can be expected. ., Chapter 10, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 272.
Exchange of blood gases and other nutrients within various tissues occur in the ____________. ¥ Arteries ¥ Capillaries ¥ Arterioles ¥ Veins
¥ Capillaries Explanation: All exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the capillaries at the microscopic level. , Chapter 5, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 133.
A joint is the most stable when it is in which of the following positions? ¥ Open pack ¥ Extended ¥ Flexed ¥ Closed pack
¥ Closed pack Explanation: CLOSED PACK IS Closed CHAIN A joint is in a "closed pack" position when there is both maximal congruency of the joint surfaces and maximal tautness of the joint capsule and ligaments. This offers the most stable position for joint. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 52.
A muscle generates enough force to overcome an external resistance and shorten. This is known as which type of action? ¥ Isometric ¥ Isokinetic ¥ Eccentric ¥ Concentric
¥ Concentric Explanation: If force is sufficient to overcome the external resistance [e.g., dumbbell] and the muscle shortens [e.g., the lifting phase of a biceps curl], the muscle action is called concentric]. Reference: American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Resources for the Personal Trainer, 4th ed., Chapter 5, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 147.
Because of recent death in his family, a client begins to consider beginning an exercise program. This is known as: ¥ TRICKY QUESTION I thought it was action because he took action. But action is defined as -the client is actively making behavior changes (regular activity for less than 6 months.) ¥ Precontemplation. ¥ Contemplation. ¥ Action. ¥ Preparation
¥ Contemplation. Explanation: Contemplation is a stage of change where an individual begins to think about behavior change. Chapter 7, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 199.
Tom is a 65-year-old normal healthy male who has exercised consistently for the last 5 years. While having him perform a set of abdominal crunches (a new exercise for him), he reports a gradual onset of a "dull ache" and "slight burn" in his neck towards the end of the set. Upon set completion, these feelings subside. Which of the following is the BEST course of action? ¥ Stop the exercise and move to another that offers cervical spine support. ¥ Instruct him to utilize a reverse crunch to minimize earlier symptoms. ¥ Continue the exercise as part of his regimen and provide education. ¥ Stop the exercise, and recommend a physician consultation.
¥ Continue the exercise as part of his regimen and provide education. Explanation: The Personal Trainer must be alert to any and all feedback to ensure that the program is appropriate. As part of the Informed Consent, the client should be informed what can be expected with respect to "normal" sensations and regular responses during resistance training. Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 277.
The best exercise routine for a client with thoracic outlet syndrome would be? ¥ Correcting faulty biomechanics, strengthening the rhomboids, and stretching the latissimus dorsi and sternocleidomastoid ¥ Correcting faulty biomechanics, strengthening the scalenes and stretching the rotator cuff adductors and upper trapezius ¥ Correcting faulty biomechanics, strengthening the rotator cuff, and stretching the shoulder internal rotators and scalenes. ¥ Correcting faulty biomechanics, strengthening the deltoids, and stretching the shoulder external rotators and levator scapulae
¥ Correcting faulty biomechanics, strengthening the rotator cuff, and stretching the shoulder internal rotators and scalenes. Explanation: Treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome includes correcting faulty biomechanics, strengthening the rotator cuff, and stretching the shoulder internal rotators and scalenes. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain II: Exercise Programming and Implementation, p. 70
Which of the following assesses the number of pros and cons perceived about adopting and maintaining an activity?
¥ Decisional balance Explanation: Decisional balance allows assessment of the pros and cons of behavior change. Reference: Chapter 7, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 201.
Which of the following is not a chronic benefit of regular cardiovascular exercise? ¥ Increased maximal oxygen uptake resulting from both central and peripheral adaptations ¥ Decreased exercise threshold for the onset of disease signs and symptoms ¥ Decreased heart rate and blood pressure at a given submaximal intensity ¥ Increased capillary density in skeletal muscle
¥ Decreased exercise threshold for the onset of disease signs and symptoms Explanation: Increased exercise threshold for the onset of disease signs and symptoms is a chronic exercise response. Chapter 15, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 401.
Before you design an abdominal exercise program for a client you should FIRST: ¥ Ask if the client wants to emphasize the upper or lower abs. ¥ Determine and establish neutral pelvic position. ¥ Determine how many full sit-ups can be performed. ¥ Stretch the erector spinae muscles to minimize lumbar spine stress.
¥ Determine and establish neutral pelvic position. Explanation: Proper posture and alignment must be promoted from the very beginning in activities of daily living as well as exercise. Chapter 17, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 466.
The foot's most stable position is in __________ due to the overall shape of the __________. ¥ Plantarflexion; talus ¥ Plantarflexion; calcaneus ¥ Dorsiflexion; talus ¥ Dorsiflexion; distal fibula
¥ Dorsiflexion; talus Explanation: An ankle joint is in a dorsiflexed position which is considered a "closed pack" position since there is maximal congruency of the joint surfaces [talus and calcaneus] and maximal tautness of the joint capsule and ligaments. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 52.
Respectively, lateral flexion and axial rotation are produced by which of the following muscles during unilateral contraction? ¥ Iliopsoas; erector spinae ¥ Rectus abdominis; mid-trapezius ¥ Erector spinae; multifidus ¥ Piriformis; semispinalis
¥ Erector spinae; multifidus Explanation: When contracted unilaterally, the erector spinae performs lateral flexion, and the multifidus performs axial rotation. ., Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 103.
A posterior pelvic tilt produces lumbar ________ and an anterior pelvic tilt produces lumbar ________. ¥ Flexion; extension ¥ Extension; flexion ¥ Extension; extension ¥ Flexion; flexion
¥ Flexion; extension Explanation: A posterior pelvic tilt results in lumbar flexion, in which the pubic symphysis moves superiorly, the lumbar spine flexes, and the hips extend, resulting in a decreased lumbosacral angle. With anterior pelvic tilt, the pubic symphysis moves inferiorly, the lumbar spine extends, and the hips flex, resulting in an increased lumbosacral angle. ., Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 80.
If a client must see a physician prior to starting a moderate-intensity exercise program, which of the following should be completed both by the client and physician? KEY WORD HERE IS PHYSICIAN. ¥ Medical Clearance Form ¥ Health History Evaluation ¥ PAR-Q ¥ Medical History Evaluation
¥ Medical Clearance Form Explanation: This is taken if the PAR-Q or health medical history eval finds client should see a PHYSICIAN. This form will provide guidelines and restrictions that should be taken into account during exercise testing and design.
Which of the following muscles is involved in a dumbbell wrist curl? ¥ Pronator quadratus ¥ Palmaris longus ¥ Extensor carpi ulnaris ¥ Extensor carpi radialis
¥ Palmaris longus Explanation: The palmaris longus [as well as the flexor carpi radialis, ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis] are involved in wrist flexion, which is the movement for a wrist curl. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 58.
Ron is training for leg muscle hypertrophy on the squat. He believes that by utilizing an explosive, rapid repetition speed he will increase the amount of work he is doing and thus "overload his quads better." He wants to know if his rationale is correct. Which of the following is the MOST accurate response? ¥ He is incorrect in his approach and rationale, as he should be training using a constant repetition speed to maximize muscle work. ¥ He should continue to train using a rapid lifting technique to attain his goal, but his rationale is incorrect as he is increasing torque, not work. ¥ He is incorrect in his approach and rationale, as he is using too much momentum in his training and should maximize acceleration in order to maximize work. ¥ He is correct in his rationale and should try to increase his repetition speed.
¥ He is incorrect in his approach and rationale, as he should be training using a constant repetition speed to maximize muscle work. Explanation: This individual is utilizing plyometric principles and is not using the proper method for increasing muscle hypertrophy. Chapter 13, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 357.
Which of the following predicts behavior change depending on the perceived threats to one's well-being? ¥ Stages-of-change model ¥ Health belief model ¥ Self-efficacy model ¥ Transtheoretical model of behavioral change
¥ Health belief model Explanation: Clients must perceive a THREAT or RISK to their health before they take action to change their health behavior. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 204
Which of the following is a NEGATIVE risk factor? ¥ Body mass index >30 ¥ Blood pressure 135/80 mm Hg ¥ Women >45 years ¥ High-density lipoprotein 60 mg·dL-1
¥ High-density lipoprotein 60 mg·dL-1 Explanation: High HDL is considered a negative risk factor. Chapter 11, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 284.
I've got this wrong too many times!!! Tom is a 65-year-old normal healthy male who has exercised consistently for the last 5 years. While having him perform a set of abdominal crunches (a new exercise for him), he reports a gradual onset of a "dull ache" and "slight burn" in his neck towards the end of the set. Upon set completion, these feelings subside. Which of the following is the BEST course of action? ¥ Stop the exercise, and move to another that offers cervical spine support. ¥ Instruct him to utilize a reverse crunch to minimize earlier symptoms. ¥ Continue the exercise as part of his regimen, and provide education. ¥ Stop the exercise, and recommend an physician consultation.
¥ INCORRECT RESPONSE: Stop the exercise, and move to another that offers cervical spine support. Correct response: ¥ Continue the exercise as part of his regimen, and provide education. Explanation: The Personal Trainer must be alert to any and all feedback to ensure that the program is appropriate. As part of the Informed Consent, the client should be informed what can be expected with respect to "normal" sensations and regular responses during resistance training. Chapter 10, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 277.
Improvements in muscular endurance are a result of: ¥ Increase in myofibrils ¥ Increased fatty oxidation ¥ Increased capillary density ¥ Increased ATP from the KREB cycle
¥ Increased capillary density Explanation: Increased capillary density increases blood supply to active muscles thereby increasing muscular endurance. Chapter 5, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 153.
Which muscles function to rotate the lumbar spine? ¥ Erector spinae and multifidus ¥ Internal and external obliques ¥ Rectus abdominis and transverse abdominis ¥ Quadratus lumborum and tensor fascia latae .
¥ Internal and external obliques The internal oblique [same side rotator] and external oblique [opposite side rotator] are agonists for lumbar spine rotation. Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 59
A lumbar vertebrae is an example of a ________ bone. ¥ Sesamoid ¥ Short ¥ Flat ¥ Irregular
¥ Irregular Explanation: Irregular bones are oddly shaped [e.g., vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx]. , Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 49.
Which of the following should be avoided in hypertensive clients? ¥ Eccentric muscle contractions ¥ Isokinetic muscle contractions ¥ Concentric muscle contractions ¥ Isometric muscle contractions
¥ Isometric muscle contractions Explanation: Clients with hypertension should primarily engage in aerobic endurance activities and avoid activities that emphasize isometric muscle actions. Avoid activities that emphasize isometric muscle contractions or that may elicit large blood pressure responses in your clients ., Chapter 19, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 531.
You observe a long outward curve of the thoracic spine with an exaggerated curve. This postural deviation is known as: ¥ Flat back. ¥ Kyphosis. ¥ Sway back. ¥ Lordosis.
¥ Kyphosis. Explanation: The thoracic spine has a natural kyphotic curve. A postural deviation here of is technically known as "hyper kyphosis." Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 93
Which muscle functions to flex the shoulder joint? ¥ Short head of the biceps brachii ¥ Pectoralis minor ¥ Long head of the biceps brachii ¥ Brachialis
¥ Long head of the biceps brachii Explanation: The long head of the biceps brachii crosses over the shoulder joint and thus assists in shoulder flexion. This occurs via reverse muscle action where the origin moves toward the insertion. , Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 57.
A typical chronic response to improved cardiorespiratory fitness is an increase in: ¥ Maximal oxygen consumption ¥ Diastolic blood pressure ¥ Maximal heart rate ¥ Resting heart rate
¥ Maximal oxygen consumption Explanation: A client will see an increase in their maximal oxygen consumption with regular exercise, as they are better able to take in and deliver oxygen to the working muscles. . 400.
If a client must see a physician prior to starting a moderate-intensity exercise program, which of the following should be completed both by the client and physician? ¥ Medical Clearance Form ¥ Health History Evaluation ¥ PAR-Q ¥ Medical History Evaluation
¥ Medical Clearance Form Explanation: This form will provide guidelines and restrictions that should be taken into account during exercise testing and design.
Which of the following provides for an ideal stress on the bone to promote positive adapations in the bone? ¥ Indoor cycling ¥ Indoor rowing ¥ Plyometric training ¥ Swimming
¥ Plyometric training Explanation: Impact and weight bearing activities [plyometrics, jumping, resistance training] provide for a stress on the bone to promote positive adaptations in the bone. Chapter 13, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 345.
What assessments are MOST important to complete before beginning resistance training? ¥ Health-history data to identify contraindications for exercise and the need for referral ¥ Posture, functional movement, muscular strength, and endurance ¥ Cardio-respiratory fitness using the submaximal talk test to determine HR at VT1 ¥ Blood pressure, resting heart rate, body composition, and waist to hip ratio
¥ Posture, functional movement, muscular strength, and endurance Explanation: You cannot fill out a form that shows your posture. Many people have muscular imbalances of the body, which may create postural alignment issues and injury. Thus, posture, functional movement, muscular strength, and endurance are critical assessments to identify indications for strengthening, stretching, and proper movement. ., Chapter 16, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 458.
The following statement is a definition of ________: As the body adapts to a given stimulus, an increase in the stimulus is required for further adaptations and improvements. ¥ Specificity of training ¥ Progressive overload ¥ SAID Principle ¥ Law of attraction
¥ Progressive overload Explanation: A client must load themselves progressively because if the load or volume is not increased over time, progress will be limited. ., Chapter 14, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 363.
Patrick has shoulder impingement syndrome. He has been referred to you by a physical therapist for strengthening of his shoulder complex and to begin first with a closed chain exercise. Which progression is MOST appropriate? ¥ Push-up plus off a wall -> shoulder IR/ER -> seated DB press ¥ High-rep bench press -> shoulder IR/ER -> abdominal crunch ¥ Shoulder IR/ER -> push-up plus -> seated DB press ¥ Shoulder IR/ER -> seated DB press -> push-up plus
¥ Push-up plus off a wall -> shoulder IR/ER -> seated DB press Explanation: A push-up plus off a wall is an example of a closed chain exercise as the arm is fixated to a stationary surface. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 52.
Which muscles are prime movers for lateral flexion of the lumbar spine? ¥ Rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, and external obliques ¥ Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and tensor fascia latae ¥ Iliocostalis, longissimus, and interspinalis ¥ Quadratus lumborum and internal and external obliques
¥ Quadratus lumborum and internal and external obliques Explanation: The quadratus lumborum attaches to the posterior ilium, and the internal and external oblique attaches to the medial ilium. All function to laterally flex the spine.., Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 59.
What is movement in the transverse plane that displaces a the scapula posteriorly (towards the back)
¥ Retraction -
Running is done predominately in what plane of movement? ¥ Transverse ¥ Horizontal ¥ Frontal ¥ Sagittal
¥ Sagittal Explanation: Any movement that is parallel to the sagittal plane, such as a running [flexion/extension of the hip, knee and plantarflexion/dorsiflexion of the ankle joint] occurs in the sagittal plane. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 44.
The facet joints of the lumbar spine are oriented in the __________ which primarily allows ____________ motions. ¥ Sagittal plane; rotation ¥ Transverse plane; side bending ¥ Frontal plane; flexion/extension ¥ Sagittal plane; flexion/extension
¥ Sagittal plane; flexion/extension Explanation: NOTE: it is the spine that is capable of motion in all planes. The lumbar zygapophysial joints [facet joints] are angled to allow flexion and extension and restrict axial rotation. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 100.
Which of the following is NOT considered a true joint? ¥ Glenohumeral ¥ Sternoclavicular ¥ Acromioclavicular ¥ Scapulothoracic
¥ Scapulothoracic Explanation: The scapulothoracic joint is not a true joint, but a physiological [functional] joint. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 61.
Len is a 75-year-old client referred to you by a occupational therapist for strengthening of the lower leg muscle responsible for endurance in standing and walking. You would have Len perform ________ calf raises to emphasize his ________ muscle. ¥ Standing; soleus ¥ Seated; soleus ¥ Seated; gastrocnemius ¥ Standing; gastrocnemius
¥ Seated; soleus Explanation: The gastrocnemius has relatively faster twitch fibers than the soleus. , the gastrocnemius is used more during dynamic higher-force activities and the soleus is more active during postural and static contractions. Seated calf raises will strengthen the soleus. Note that the knee joint must be flexed in order to make the gastrocnemius inefficient, and thus isolate the soleus in strengthening. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 93.
In a sit-to-stand movement, where is the center of gravity? ¥ Over the second sacrum ¥ Posterior to the axis of the knee joint ¥ Slightly anterior to the axis of the hip joint ¥ Shifted over the base of support
¥ Shifted over the base of support Explanation: The initial phase of the sit-to-stand movement involves trunk lean and horizontal weight shift to position the center of gravity over the new base of support (feet), placing the lower extremity in a mechanically advantageous position to stand via hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantarflexion. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 46.
Which rotator cuff muscle internally rotates the shoulder joint? ¥ Supraspinatus ¥ Supraspinatus ¥ Teres minor ¥ Subscapularis
¥ Subscapularis Explanation: The subscapularis internally rotates the glenohumeral joint. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 68.
Which of the following muscles is considered a prime mover for a lat pulldown exercise? ¥ Anterior deltoid ¥ Biceps brachii ¥ Pectoralis major ¥ Teres major
¥ Teres major Explanation: The teres major is also known as the "little" lat and has the same actions as the latissimus dorsi in shoulder joint adduction and extension. ., Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 69.
Which of the following muscles is considered a prime mover for a lat pulldown exercise? ¥ Anterior deltoid ¥ Biceps brachii ¥ Pectoralis major ¥ Teres major
¥ Teres major Explanation: The teres major is also known as the "little" lat and has the same actions as the latissimus dorsi in shoulder joint adduction and extension.., Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 69.
Which of the following is NOT considered a true joint? ¥ Glenohumeral ¥ Sternoclavicular ¥ Acromioclavicular ¥ Scapulothoracic ¥ Scapulothoracic Explanation:
¥ The scapulothoracic joint is not a true joint, but a physiological [functional] joint. The Scapulothoracic (ST) "joint" is not a true anatomic joint as it has none of the usual joint characteristics (union by fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial tissues). Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 61.
Which of the following theories of behavior change has been shown to increase an individual's intention to exercise? ¥ Transtheoretical model ¥ Health belief model ¥ Theory of planned behavior ¥ Social cognitive theory
¥ Theory of planned behavior Explanation: The theory of planned behavior suggests that intention to exercise will most likely result in that specific behavior. Chapter 7, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 206.
While supine, your client performs range of motion on the shoulder joint. She displays tightness in the infraspinatus and teres minor. You were led to this conclusion since the client was: ¥ Unable to abduct the arm to shoulder level. ¥ Able to reach overhead to the contralateral shoulder. ¥ Able to internally rotate the shoulder joint to about 60°. ¥ Unable to externally rotate the shoulder joint past 60°.
¥ Unable to externally rotate the shoulder joint past 60°. Explanation: The infraspinatus and teres minor are external rotators of the shoulder joint, and normal range is 70° to 90°. Chapter 3, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 58.
To build a successful client relationship, you should: ¥ Use a client-centered approach. ¥ Provide unsolicited advice for motivation. ¥ Offer excellent customer service and hospitality. ¥ Demonstrate your knowledge and professionalism frequently.
¥ Use a client-centered approach. Explanation: The client-centered approach puts the client's needs and goals first and increases the likelihood of affecting behavior change. Chapter 10, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 268.
A heart murmur that is clinically significant may be indicative of: ¥ Hypertension. ¥ Shortness of breath. ¥ Valvular heart disease. ¥ Anemia.
¥ Valvular heart disease. Explanation: Most heart murmurs are harmless; however, significant murmurs can be a sign of heart valve issues, such as not opening or closing properly. 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 286.
Which of the following profiles is considered a risk factor with respect to obesity? ¥ Waist of 38 inches for males ¥ Waist of 36 inches for females ¥ Body fat percent of 25% for females ¥ Body fat percent of 25% for males
¥ Waist of 36 inches for females Explanation: The defining criteria for obesity risk is waist girth of 35 inches or greater for females. Chapter 11, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 284.
To fully stretch the quadriceps, the hip joint must be ________ and the knee joint ________. ¥ flexed; flexed ¥ extended; extended ¥ extended; flexed ¥ flexed; extended
¥ extended; flexed Explanation: The principles of flexibility require that the muscle be placed in a lengthened position [opposite of the muscle action]. Since the quadriceps functions flex the hip joint and extend the knee joint, it is stretched when the hip joint is extended and the knee joint is flexed. Chapter 16, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014, Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment, p. 443.
Syncope is defined as: ¥ Loss of consciousness. ¥ Shortness of breath during exercise. ¥ Shortness of breath that occurs during rest. ¥ An unpleasant sensation of forceful or rapid heart beats.
• Loss of consciousness
Horizontal adduction
◦ Horizontal adduction - transverse extension (i.e., rotating arm from shoulder height out to the side of the body to shoulder height in front of the body)
