Chapter 8 lab pray #2 review

articular cartilage

-covers the the epiphysis in place of the periosteum -this hyaline cartilage provides a smooth surface to minimize friction at joints

bone marking: foramen

-for passage of vessels and nerves -round or oval opening through a bone

bone marking: notch

-for passage of vessels and nerves -indentation at the edge of a structure

bone marking: fissure

-for passage of vessels and nerves -narrow, slitlike opening

red bone marrow

-found in the marrow cavities -in adult bones it is confined to the inferior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabecular of spongy bone

bone marking: tuberosity

-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -large rounded projection; may be roughened

bone marking: line

-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

bone marking: crest

-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

bone marking: epicondyle

-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -raised area on or above a condyle

bone marking: spine

-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -sharp, slender, often pointed projection

bone marking: tubercle

-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -small rounded projection or process

bone marking: trochanter

-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

bone marking: ramus

-projections that help form joints -armlike bar of bone

bone marking: head

-projections that help form joints -bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

bone marking: condyle

-projections that help form joints -rounded articular projection

bone marking: facet

-projections that help form joints -smooth, nearly flat articular surface

How many bones are in the human body?

206 bones

periosteum

a fibrous membrane covering made up of dense irregular connective tissue

epiphyseal plate

a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth

sutural bones

are tiny bones between cranial bones

types of hyaline cartilage include:

articular cartilage: cover the ends of most bones at movable joints costal cartilage: connect the ribs to the sternum respiratory cartilage: found in the larynx and other respiratory structures nasal cartilage: support the external nose

The ____ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity

axial

bone marking: sinus

bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

appendicular skeleton

bones of the limbs, or appendages

irregular bones

bones that do not fall into one of the preceding categories (example: the vertebrae)

axial skeleton

bones that lie around the body's center gravity

bone marking: process

bony prominence

bone marking: meatus

canal-like passageway

the structural unit of compact bone is the:

canaliculus

perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)

canals run at right angles to the shaft and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals

the bones flexibility comes from the organic elements of the matrix, particularly _______ __________

collagen fibers

perforating fibers

collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix

spongy (or cancellous) bone

composed of small trabeculae (columns) of bone and lots of open space

central canal (haversian canal)

contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

the shaft of a long bone is known as the _____

diaphysis

epiphysis

end of the long bone

except for the collarbones, all bones of the body inferior to the skull form by the process of _____________ _________.

endochondral ossification

the type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee and intervertebral discs is:

fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage is known for its _______.

flexibility

canaliculi

form a dense transportation network through the hard bone matrix, connecting all the living cells of the osteon to the nutrient supply

types of elastic cartilage include:

found in the external ear and the epiglottis (the guardian of the airway)

flat bones

generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them (example: bones of the cranium)

the most common type of cartilage found in the human body _____.

hyaline cartilage

the hardness of bone is due to the ________ _______ ______ deposited in its ground substance

inorganic calcium salts

types of fibrocartilage include:

intervertebral discs: pads located between the vertebrae menisci: pads located in the knee joint pubic symphysis: located where the hip bones join anteriorly

compact bone

is dense and made up of organizational units called osteons

endosteum

lines the shaft and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the central and perforating canals of compact bone

long bones

longer than they are wide and composed mostly of compact bone (such as the femur and phalanges)

osteocytes

mature bone cells found in lacunae

a central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it are referred to as an ________

osteon or Haversian system

cartilage contains no nerves or blood vessels and is surrounded by a covering of dense irregular connective tissue, called a ______

perichondrium, which acts to resist distortion of the cartilage.

blood vessels and nerves travel through the ____ and invade the bone

periosteum

all of the following are functions of the skeleton except: a. attachment for muscles b. production of melanin c. site of red blood cell formation d. storage of lipids

production of melanin

bone markings

reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed

bone marking: fossa

shallow basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

sesamoid bones

special types of short bones formed within tendons (ex:the patellas/kneecaps)

fibrocartilage provides _____ and _____.

strength and shock absorption

once the long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants called _____

the epiphyseal lines

short bones

typically cubed shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone (examples: tarsals and carpals)

in an adult animal, the central cavity of the shaft (medullary cavity) is essentially a storage region for adipose, or ________

yellow bone marrow