Chapter 8 lab pray #2 review
articular cartilage
-covers the the epiphysis in place of the periosteum -this hyaline cartilage provides a smooth surface to minimize friction at joints
bone marking: foramen
-for passage of vessels and nerves -round or oval opening through a bone
bone marking: notch
-for passage of vessels and nerves -indentation at the edge of a structure
bone marking: fissure
-for passage of vessels and nerves -narrow, slitlike opening
red bone marrow
-found in the marrow cavities -in adult bones it is confined to the inferior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabecular of spongy bone
bone marking: tuberosity
-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -large rounded projection; may be roughened
bone marking: line
-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
bone marking: crest
-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
bone marking: epicondyle
-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -raised area on or above a condyle
bone marking: spine
-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -sharp, slender, often pointed projection
bone marking: tubercle
-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -small rounded projection or process
bone marking: trochanter
-projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment -very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)
bone marking: ramus
-projections that help form joints -armlike bar of bone
bone marking: head
-projections that help form joints -bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
bone marking: condyle
-projections that help form joints -rounded articular projection
bone marking: facet
-projections that help form joints -smooth, nearly flat articular surface
How many bones are in the human body?
206 bones
periosteum
a fibrous membrane covering made up of dense irregular connective tissue
epiphyseal plate
a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth
sutural bones
are tiny bones between cranial bones
types of hyaline cartilage include:
articular cartilage: cover the ends of most bones at movable joints costal cartilage: connect the ribs to the sternum respiratory cartilage: found in the larynx and other respiratory structures nasal cartilage: support the external nose
The ____ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity
axial
bone marking: sinus
bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs, or appendages
irregular bones
bones that do not fall into one of the preceding categories (example: the vertebrae)
axial skeleton
bones that lie around the body's center gravity
bone marking: process
bony prominence
bone marking: meatus
canal-like passageway
the structural unit of compact bone is the:
canaliculus
perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)
canals run at right angles to the shaft and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals
the bones flexibility comes from the organic elements of the matrix, particularly _______ __________
collagen fibers
perforating fibers
collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix
spongy (or cancellous) bone
composed of small trabeculae (columns) of bone and lots of open space
central canal (haversian canal)
contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
the shaft of a long bone is known as the _____
diaphysis
epiphysis
end of the long bone
except for the collarbones, all bones of the body inferior to the skull form by the process of _____________ _________.
endochondral ossification
the type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee and intervertebral discs is:
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage is known for its _______.
flexibility
canaliculi
form a dense transportation network through the hard bone matrix, connecting all the living cells of the osteon to the nutrient supply
types of elastic cartilage include:
found in the external ear and the epiglottis (the guardian of the airway)
flat bones
generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them (example: bones of the cranium)
the most common type of cartilage found in the human body _____.
hyaline cartilage
the hardness of bone is due to the ________ _______ ______ deposited in its ground substance
inorganic calcium salts
types of fibrocartilage include:
intervertebral discs: pads located between the vertebrae menisci: pads located in the knee joint pubic symphysis: located where the hip bones join anteriorly
compact bone
is dense and made up of organizational units called osteons
endosteum
lines the shaft and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the central and perforating canals of compact bone
long bones
longer than they are wide and composed mostly of compact bone (such as the femur and phalanges)
osteocytes
mature bone cells found in lacunae
a central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it are referred to as an ________
osteon or Haversian system
cartilage contains no nerves or blood vessels and is surrounded by a covering of dense irregular connective tissue, called a ______
perichondrium, which acts to resist distortion of the cartilage.
blood vessels and nerves travel through the ____ and invade the bone
periosteum
all of the following are functions of the skeleton except: a. attachment for muscles b. production of melanin c. site of red blood cell formation d. storage of lipids
production of melanin
bone markings
reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed
bone marking: fossa
shallow basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
sesamoid bones
special types of short bones formed within tendons (ex:the patellas/kneecaps)
fibrocartilage provides _____ and _____.
strength and shock absorption
once the long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants called _____
the epiphyseal lines
short bones
typically cubed shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone (examples: tarsals and carpals)
in an adult animal, the central cavity of the shaft (medullary cavity) is essentially a storage region for adipose, or ________
yellow bone marrow