Adolescent Psych - Test #2
How many individuals in the US are adolescents?
1/7
In 1975 adolescents comprised over ________ of U.S. population
10%
What percentage of waking time do adolescents spend with adults?
15%
identity is not typically established until what age?
18
Baby Boom created an "adolescent boom" in the ________
1960s and early 1970s
Cliques usually consist of how many people?
2-12
Adolescent peer groups based on friendships formed in school were not prevalent until well into the ________
20th century
How many stages of interpersonal needs to Harry Stack Sullivan propose there are over the course of adolescence? What are they?
3 preadolescence early adolescence late adolescence
Adolescents in America spend __% of their waking time with their peers
50
What are the functions of peer groups?
A source of information about the world outside the family A level playing field for practicing personal attributes. Transmit attitudes and values not held in family.
Identity achievement correlated with
Achievement motivation Moral reasoning Intimacy with peers Career maturity
Heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others.
Attachment sensitivity
Being unpopular can have negative consequences for an adolescent's mental health and psychological development
Depression Behavior problems Academic difficulties
Interactions with others are key contributors to resolving sense of identity. In what 3 specific domains?
Enlightening Confirming Challenging
Who has the theory of 8 psychosocial crises?
Erik Erikson
sex differences result from societal pressure to act in stereotypically masculine/feminine ways
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Who discussed stages of interpersonal needs?
Harry Stack Sullivan
Foreclosure correlated with
High authoritarianism Prejudice High need for approval Low autonomy Greater closeness to parents
Moratorium correlated with
Higher reports of anxiety High conflict with authority Less rigidity and authoritarianism
Which of the 8 psychosocial crises described by Erik Erikson applies to adolescents?
Identity vs. Confusion/Identity Diffusion
The psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships. Characterized by openness, honesty, self-disclosure, and trust.
Intimacy
Crowd placement is based on what two dimensions?
Involvement in institutions controlled by adults Involvement in informal peer culture
Who identified the 4 identity statuses?
James Marcia
Who proposed the idea of four identity statuses?
James Marcia
Increases in intimacy result in (particularly among females)
Jealousy Concerns about loyalty Anxieties over rejection Aggressive behavior with close friends
The structures of crowds change over time, with crowd becoming:
More differentiated More permeable Less hierarchical
Two major themes in self-concept change during adolescence
More differentiation Better organization
Intimacy role of peers
More mutual with opportunities for equal exchange and expression of alternate views. Conflicts more likely to end in compromise or equal outcomes. Provides opportunities to share experiences with individuals with similar perspectives and degrees of experience.
Important aspects of Harry Stack Sullivan's research
Need for intimacy precedes development of romantic or sexual relationships Capacity for intimacy first develops in same-sex relationships Quality of same-sex friendships is predictive of quality of their later romantic relationships (reverse is not true) Challenge during adolescence is to make the transition between nonsexual, intimate same-sex friendships to sexual, intimate other-sex friendships of late adolescence
Three factors are important for determining clique membership
Orientation toward school Orientation toward the teen culture Involvement in antisocial activity
Diffusion correlated with
Psychological and interpersonal problems Social withdrawal Low levels of intimacy with peers
Factors leading to intimacy in relationships
Puberty Cognitive change Social role change
Primary factors impacting adolescent identity
Puberty Cognitive changes Social roles
Cliques typically are composed of people of:
Same age Same race/ethnicity Same socioeconomic background Same sex - at least during early and middle adolescence
The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of sexual feelings. The capacity for sexual feelings. Feelings can be directed towards those of the other sex, same sex, or both.
Sexuality
Similarities mentioned in friendships of children and adolescents:
Sharing Helping Common activities
Who would agree with the statement "no person is an island"?
Sullivan
Fights with other students, bullies others
Those who have problems controlling aggression ("reactive" aggression)
Intimacy role of parents
Though intimate, there is still an imbalance of power Nurturers Advice givers Explainers with experience and expertise More likely to have a winner of conflicts Provide opportunities for learning
Three broad purposes of crowds
To locate adolescents (to themselves and to others) within the structure of the school To channel adolescents into associations with some peers and away from others To provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others.
Adolescent behavior is affected by crowds in at least four ways:
Youth imitate the behavior of high-status peers Crowds establish social norms (values and expectations) Crowds reinforce social norms When adolescents are reinforced for following a crowd's norm, they feel better about themselves, and further incorporate their crowd membership identity
Status when identity crisis has been experienced and commitment has been made.
achievement
What is the optimal age for starting to date?
age 15
the sense that one has an impact on one's world; responsibility for self, feel in control of their decisions, and have confidence to overcome obstacles.
agency
Hostile, but nervous about initiating friendships
aggressive and withdrawn
an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver.
anxious-avoidant attachment
an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion.
anxious-resistant attachment
When is identity thought to be achieved?
at least not until the early 20s
Attachment is defined as a strong and enduring emotional bond (usually formed first in infancy)
attachment theory
Who has greater self-esteem? Black or white girls?
black girls
Who is more susceptible to peer pressure? boys or girls?
boys
Small groups (2 to 12 individuals) defined by common activities or simply by friendship (e.g., having known each other for a long time)
cliques
Female conflicts
conflicts persist for longer periods of time typically about betrayal in the relationship only resolved when one of the friends apologizes
Male conflicts
conflicts persist for shorter periods of time typically over issues of power and control more likely to escalate into physical aggression usually resolved without any explicit effort
Larger, more vaguely defined groups, based on reputation or stereotype (i.e., jocks, brains, nerds, druggies, punks, populars) Not settings for interaction or friendships
crowds
________contribute to the definition of norms and standards for such things as clothing, leisure activities, and tastes in music
crowds
Social isolation, or the inability to "plug in" to a social network, is linked with different problems, including ________, ________, ________, & ________
delinquency, problem drinking, depression, and academic difficulties
For adolescent males, dating provides a context for further ________ of intimacy.
development
Tend to procrastinate and avoid making identity related decisions.
diffuse/avoidant
Status when an identity crisis (i.e., exploration of meaningful alternatives) has not been experienced and no commitments have been made.
diffusion
What are James Marcia's four identity statuses?
diffusion foreclosure moratorium achievement
What are the 4 identity statuses that were identified by James Marcia?
diffusion foreclosure moratorium achievement
typical identity pattern?
diffusion foreclosure moratorium achievement
When do the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur?
during the transition into adolescence
Need for sexual contact, need for intimacy with other-sex partner
early adolescence
For adolescent females, dating provides a context for further ________ of intimacy.
expression
T/F Adolescents are in a better mood around their parents
false; they are in a better mood around their peers
T/F Crowds have a large influence on an adolescents social interaction abilities
false; while it does have an impact, the impact is small and it has a greater impact on identity and self-concept
Status when commitments have been made but crisis has not been experienced.
foreclosure
the ability and tendency to think about the long term consequences of one's decisions and to imagine what life will be like in the future
future orientation
Who is more likely to be in a clique? Boys or girls?
girls
Aggressive behavior is used strategically
helps cultivate status/instrumental
Who a person is, representing a synthesis and integration of self-understanding.
identity
who a person is, representing a synthesis and integrating self-understanding
identity
When is the susceptibility to peer pressure the strongest?
in the absence of adult supervision
Approach identity related decisions with an open mind
informational
What are Berzonsky's 3 identity orientations? Which of Marcia's identity statuses do they correlate with?
informational - achievement normative - foreclosure diffuse/avoidant - diffusion
what are the two types of aggression?
instrumental reactive
The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is: ________
interaction with others
Harry Stack Sullivan proposed that psychological development can best be understood in ________ terms.
interpersonal
The psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships.
intimacy
People who do not have cliques
isolates
Need for integration into adult society
late adolescence
People who go between cliques
liaisons
When is conformity to peers the highest?
middle adolescence
Status when identity crisis is experienced, but a clear commitment has not been made.
moratorium
An undesirable identity in the eyes of significant others and the broader community.
negative identity
Attempt to conform to family and other social expectations and try to get identity related decisions over as quickly as possible.
normative
Identity resolution culminates in a series of basic life commitments:
occupational, ideological, social, religious, ethical, and sexual.
What is intimacy characterized?
openness honesty self-disclosure trust
Groups of people who are roughly the same age
peer groups
Good ________ relate to normal social development in adolescence.
peer relations
refers to how much status, or prestige, someone has?
perceived popularity
For younger adolescents conflict has to do with ________ ________ ________. Conflicts of older adolescents have more to do with ________ ________ .
perceived public disrespect private matters
the various alternative identities that could be adopted
possible selves
Need for intimacy and consensual validation in same-sex friendships
preadolescence
Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive. May be more physical in nature. Not as likely to pertain to popularity.
reactive aggression
aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned
relational
Compulsory aka
required
What are the three types of attachment?
secure anxious-avoidant anxious-resistant
healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust.
secure attachment
A relatively objective appraisal of self competences and abilities across various domains including physical, social, and academic areas.
self-concept
How much we worry about our self-image
self-conciousness
How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
self-esteem
The degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about themselves. The global evaluative dimension of the self.
self-esteem
3 critical components of the development of identity during adolescence
self-esteem sense of identity self-conception
Physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in ________ and a reevaluation of who he or she really is.
self-image
How much self-image changes from day-to-day
self-image stability
two forms of popularity
sociometric perceived
refers to how well liked someone is?
sociometric popularity
What did Harry Stack Sullivan's research focus on?
the social aspects of growth Psychological development can be best understood in interpersonal terms Theory focuses on transformations in relationships with others
Who has the greatest risk of being rejected?
those who are aggressive and withdrawn
Overall, which group of adolescents feels LEAST positive about themselves?
white females
Exceedingly shy, anxious, and inhibited Victims of bullying
withdrawn