Adolescent Psychology Final Exam Study Guide EMCC

social promotion

The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as:

anxiety

Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"?

alcohol

Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?

anxiety; delinquency

________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; ________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

need for intimacy; need for sexual contact; need for integration into adult society

According to Sullivan's theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of interpersonal needs?

more emotionally stable and more extraverted

According to personality research presented in the textbook, there is evidence that, between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become:

The adolescent most likely to engage in early sexual activity is one that has a combination of the above risk factors.

According to research by Small and Luster, which adolescent is most likely to engage in early sexual activity?

a volatile self-image

According to the textbook, young adolescents with ________ also report high levels of anxiety, tension, and adjustment problems.

performance

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ________ in evaluative situations.

they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements

All of the following are examples of the ways adolescents display intimacy with their friends, except: a) they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements. b) their behaviors and emotional states are frequently synchronized. c) they know what their friends worry about. d) they respond sensitively to their friends' feelings.

development in the realm of achievement begins and ends during adolescence

All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except: a) the educational and occupation decisions made during adolescence are more numerous and the consequences of these decisions are more serious than those that take place during childhood. b) it is during this period that adolescents begin to evaluate their occupational choices in light of their talents, abilities, and opportunities. c) development in the realm of achievement begins and ends during adolescence. d) this is a period when adolescents prepare for and sort themselves into occupational roles.

her mother

Generalizing from the textbook, if Nicky's parents want to slow down her sexual involvement, which of her parents should talk to her about sex?

mother-daughter relationship

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest? a) father-daughter relationship b) father-son relationship c) mother-daughter relationship d) mother-son relationship

a negative

In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement.

cooperation

Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except: a) competition b) achievement. c) cooperation d) success

recur throughout the life span

Issues of autonomy:

the diathesis-stress model

Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called:

detachment; individuation

Recent research indicates that ________ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas ________ has positive effects.

adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons, except: a) adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going. b) this is the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the sense of self at a time when an individual can fully appreciate the significance of the changes. c) adolescents are capable of thinking in systematic ways about hypothetical and future events. d) the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in self-image.

adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems

Researchers have found all of the following with regard to problem behavior in adolescence, except: a) adolescents may exhibit both internalizing and externalizing problems, such as depression and delinquency. b) adolescents often exhibit one specific problem, such as depression, without exhibiting any others. c) adolescents may exhibit more than one problem within the same general category, such as depression and anxiety. d) adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems.

comparable; higher

Sexual activity in the United States is ________ in other industrialized countries, and the rate of pregnancy is ________.

more stable; get older

Temperament and personality tend to become ________ as we ________.

involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options

The most effective strategy for keeping students from dropping out of high school has been:

autonomy

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:

less influenced by peer pressure

The sexual behavior of adolescents who have talked about sex with their parents is ________ compared to the sexual behavior of adolescents who have not talked to their parents about sex.

problem behavior

The term "________ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as ________ has been shown to be effective, especially when used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy.

healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling

Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ________ and ________.

Until fairly recently, researchers only focused on the problematic aspects of adolescent sexuality (precocious sex, promiscuous sex, unsafe sex, etc.)

Until recently, what aspect of teenage sexuality did social scientists focus on?

All of these statements are based on the results of longitudinal studies.

What did the results from longitudinal studies on identity development indicate about the flexibility of identity statuses? a) The majority of individuals who had apparently foreclosed the identity development process were in the midst of an identity crisis 4 years later. b) A large proportion of individuals who were classified as being in a state of identity achievement were no longer classified that way at later time-points. c) The majority of adolescents who were classified as being in a state of identity diffusion were no longer classified that way 4 years later. d) All of these statements are based on the results of longitudinal studies.

personality dimensions

What does the Five-Factor Model describe?

household composition

What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?

Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

What is the immigrant paradox?

condoms

What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents?

Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.

When researchers use brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain activation, what do they find?

Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because group averages often hide substantial differences between people.

When the author of the textbook, Laurence Steinberg, says that "Some researchers have argued that the question of whether self-esteem is stable during adolescence is a poor one," what does he mean?

depression

Which behavior would not be seen as a manifestation of lack of impulse control?

alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, inhalants

Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular?

Changes take place during adolescence that cause young people to change how they view and feel about themselves.

Which of the following is a reason that "identity development" is an adolescent issue?

parents

Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice?

Gender Intensification

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model?

Art's father takes him to museums during the summer.

Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital?

educational attainment

Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?

authoritative

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of mastery motivation and academic achievement?

herpes

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?

Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender.

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation in adolescence is false? a) The majority of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender adults engaged in heterosexual activity during adolescence. b) Thirteen percent of girls, compared to 6% of boys, report having had same-sex attractions, a non-heterosexual orientation, or engaging in same-sex activity during adolescence. c) Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. d) Approximately 2 to 5% of adolescents identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

permissive

Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?

Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.

Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society? a) Michael, a 13-year-old, drinks alcohol almost every day with his friends. b) Dahlia started using alcohol at age 17 and by age 19 had stopped drinking completely. c) Julia, a high school senior, has never tried alcohol. d) Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.

An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems.

Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false?

authoritative

Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence?

intrinsic rewards and job security

Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline?

extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards

Which work values decline most dramatically with age?

Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school? a) Bobby Jo, whose parents are inconsistent b) Luanne, whose parents are consistently authoritative c) Dierdre, whose parents are consistently authoritarian d) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to all of the following except: a) the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions. b) the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential to produce an immediate reward. c) the increase in the ability to control their impulses. d) the increase in the ability to give equal weight to the potential costs and benefits of a decision.

Primary; primary

________ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable; ________ strategies generally result in better adjustment, less depression, and fewer behavior problems.

identity versus identity diffusion

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

preconventional

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:

puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family

All of the following are reasons stated in the textbook to explain why adolescent autonomy has attracted the attention of developmental psychologists, except: a) changes in social roles raise concerns about independence relating to increased responsibility and self-reliance. b) the cognitive changes of adolescence provide the foundation for changes in the adolescent's thinking about social, moral, and ethical problems. c) puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family. d) the physical changes of early adolescence trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home.

differentiated

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:

androgen; androgens and estrogen

Boys' initial interest in sex is motivated by ________ hormones, whereas girls' initial interest in sex is motivated by ________.

perform as well as; perform more poorly

Compared with students in other countries, U.S. elementary school ________ students in other countries, and high school students in the United States ________ than their peers in other countries (especially in science and math).

If differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight.

Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that:

negative emotionality

Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of:

from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents

Research suggests that adolescents ________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure.

There is hardly any comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories (i.e., internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse).

Which of the following statements about comorbidity is not true? a) Substance abuse problems are likely to be comorbid with both externalizing and internalizing problems. Correct Answer b) There is hardly any comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories (i.e., internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse). c) Some experts question whether it makes sense to draw distinctions between anxiety and depression because rates of comorbidity are so high. d) Co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems are more prevalent among females than among males.