ADRE 6010- Intro- Midterm
counseling 20/20 definition
"A professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals."
Advocacy
"actively working for, supporting, or espousing a cause...counselors advocate for the welfare of their clients and the profession of counseling"
Fidelity
-loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments -means that professional counselors must honor all obligations to clients
True or False: ACA has yet to be successful in bringing all counselors together from various specialties to work consistently toward common goals
True
True or False: unlike theoretical integration ,Eclecticism is more haphazard in nature
True
Minor consent laws
allow certain minors to seek treatment for certain conditions without parental consent or notification, usually involving substance abuse, mental health, and some reproductive health areas. --Based on federal regulation --Vary by state
BASIC ID Model
assessment model that looks at multiple client domains including: Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal, and Drugs/Biology
What is suggested number of memberships in associations?
at least three --ACA --NRA --IARP --NCRE --One division --Their state branch or chapter
justice
treating individuals equitably and fostering fairness and equality
Transference
when a client projects feelings for another person onto the counselor
Empowerment model of rehabilitation counseling
when the counselor treats the client as the expert on his or her abilities and disabilities, and the client is encouraged to identify counseling goals.
Communication theory
works on a "micro" level, describing the specific ways in which individuals communicate their attachment needs to significant others.
Three basic rules upon which SFB counselors operate:
(1) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it" (2) "Once you know what works, do more of it" (3) "If it doesn't work, don't do it again."
Solution-focused Brief Counseling (SFBC): Five assumptions
(1) Concentrating on successes leads to constructive change (2) Clients can realize that for every problem that exists, exceptions can be found during which the problem does not exist, effectively giving the client the solutions to their problems (3) Small, positive changes lead to bigger, positive changes (4) All clients can solve their own problems by exposing, detailing, and replicating successes during exceptions (5) Goals need to be stated in a positive, measurable, active terms
Five assumptions in Solution-focused Brief Counseling (SFBC)
(1) Concentrating on successes leads to constructive change (2) for every problem that exists, exceptions can be found during which the problem does not exist, effectively giving the client the solutions to their problems (3) Small, positive changes lead to bigger, positive changes (4) All clients can solve their own problems by exposing, detailing, and replicating successes during exceptions (5) Goals need to be stated in a positive, measurable, active terms
qualities within the existential counseling process
(1) helping clients attend to the here-and-now (i.e. being present in the current moment) (2) being open and authentic with clients, and (3) cautiously using self-disclosure
significant qualities within the existential counseling process:
(1) helping clients attend to the here-and-now (i.e. being present in the current moment) (2) being open and authentic with clients, and (3) cautiously using self-disclosure
Developmental Perspective
(a) normal responses to abnormal events (b) abnormal reactions to normal events (c) transitory issues in response to change.
three main goals of counseling for IPT:
(a) relieving the client's disturbing psychological symptoms (b) examination of conflict, loss, and transition in the client's relationships (c) establishing the client's needs to aid in more effective use of his or her social support system
Psychotherapy
(medical model) meaning person receiving help was somehow ill Goal: alleviate the sickness, with the therapist as expert using information about the clients past to provide insight into thoughts previously kept out of awareness.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- 1990 further improves the quality of life for people with disabilities by mandating that accommodations are made in public areas, employment environments, and transportation, so that people with disabilities have as much access as possible -requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment. -undue hardship -direct threat -medical testing -corresponding state disability law -accommodating individuals with psychiatric disabilities
Why is it important to understand a professions historical progression?
- An examination of the history of counseling shows that the profession has an interdisciplinary base - It is based on principles and a definition that has evolved over the years. It contains within it a number of specialties - Ideas from innovators such as E. G. Williamson, Carl Rogers, Gilbert Wrenn, Donald Super, Leona Tyler, and Thomas J. Sweeney have shaped the development of the profession and broadened its horizon.
Cultural identity development model
- descriptions of processes by which individuals make meaning of multiple cultural identities
Reality Therapy Techniques
--Humor --Paradox --Skillful questioning --Self-help procedures
Significance of theories in counseling
- ground us as professional counselors. They provide a means to understand what we are doing, how we are serving clients, and how to explain counseling to clients. - provide a framework for conceptualizing client problems and determining a course of action in counseling
counseling skills
---higher level counseling skills -reflecting feelings ---basic listening sequence -The basic listening sequence represents a set of interrelated skills used to achieve three overarching goals: To obtain an overall summary and understanding of the client's presenting issue To identify the key facts of the client's situation To identify the core emotions and feelings the client is experiencing The skills involved in the basic listening sequence are: open and closed questions, paraphrasing, reflection of feelings, and summarizing. ---basic attending skills -Nonverbal attending behaviors communicate a counselor's interest, warmth and understanding to the client, and include such behaviors as eye contact, body position, and tone of voice.
ABCDE's of REBT:
--Activating event - represents the activating experience --Belief -represents what the person believes about the experience --Consequence -refers to the subsequent emotional reaction or behavioral response to B --Dispute - represents disputing irrational beliefs --Evaluation -refers to the development of a new response
Adlerian Counseling
--Alfred Adler. -focusing on the whole person. -holistic viewpoint approached the person as a whole, indivisible being, capable of growth, seeking social interest and connections with others. -Emphasized the role of childhood in personality development and problem (and solution) formation -Analyzed birth order and sibling relationships -Techniques: I messages, "acting as if," and "spitting in the client's soup" - theory is culturally sensitive due to its concept of social interest - Social interest: individuals are encouraged to move beyond themselves to learn about and understand different cultural groups and how they may contribute to the greater society
Cognitive Behavioral Theory: ways of mentally assessing the situation
--All-or-nothing thinking --Catastrophizing --Labeling and mislabeling --Magnification and minimization --Mind reading --Negative predictions --Overgeneralization --Personalization --Selective abstraction
nine ways of mentally assessing a situation in CBT:
--All-or-nothing thinking --Catastrophizing --Labeling and mislabeling --Magnification and minimization --Mind reading --Negative predictions --Overgeneralization --Personalization --Selective abstraction
Privileged communication
--Describes the privacy of the counselor-client communication --Exists by statute and applies only to testifying in a court of law --Belongs to the client who always has the right to waive the privilege and allow the counselor to testify --Not all counselor-client communications are protected (varies by state)
Limitations to confidentiality include
--Duty to warn --Subordinates --Treatment teams --Consultation --Group and families --Third-party payers --Minors --Contagious, life-threatening diseases --Court-ordered disclosure
Limits to confidentiality
--Duty to warn --Subordinates --Treatment teams --Consultation --Group and families --Third-party payers --Minors --Contagious, life-threatening diseases --Court-ordered disclosure
What do ethical standards help to do?
--Educate members about sound ethical conduct --Provide a mechanism of accountability --Improve professional practice
Gestalt techniques include exercises and experiments, such as:
--Empty chair --Role playing --Role reversal --Dream analysis --The use of "I" statements
Interpersonal Psychotherapy techniques
--Establishing a therapeutic alliance --Communication analysis --Describing interpersonal incidents --Using content and process affect --Role playing
Essential elements required for successful advocacy include:
--Leadership --Organizational strength and unity --Perseverance --Maintaining an advocacy focus at all times --Education and training --A sense of professional identity --Good communication and relationship-building skills
Specific goals in existential counseling include:
--Making clients sensitive to their existence --Identifying characteristics unique to each client --Assisting clients in enhancing interactions with others --Helping clients pursue meaning in life --Promoting present and future decision making that will affect one's direction in life
cons of licensure
--Promotion of "turf wars" among mental health professions --Financial cost associated with obtaining and maintaining the license --Geographical limitations --Lack of true research evidence supporting its existence
REBT techniques:
--Teaching clients the ABCDEs of REBT --Humor --Changing one's language --Rational emotive imagery --Role playing --Other behavioral techniques
Behavioral counseling techniques include:
--Use of reinforcers --Systematic desensitization --Assertiveness training --Implosion --Flooding --Contingency contracts --Token economies --Aversive techniques
Constructivist Theory
-: George Kelly. -we create our own meaning and it is the job of the counselor to respect and work with that reality, not to contradict or deny it.
Ethical Codes
-AMHCA Code of Ethics -CRCC Code of Ethics -CSJ Code of Ethics
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
-Aaron Beck and Donald Meichenbaum. -helping people change the way they talk to themselves into more constructive cognitions was central to the counseling process.
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
-Aaron Beck and Donald Meichenbaum. -recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs into more realistic and constructive thoughts and beliefs. -how people think basically determines how they feel and behave - helping people change the way they talk to themselves into more constructive cognitions was central to the counseling process. -maladaptive self-statements that affect individuals' behaviors are termed cognitive distortions. -Specific techniques such as specifying automatic thoughts, assigning homework, thought stopping, and cognitive restructuring are useful in identifying and challenging distorted thoughts
ABCDE's of REBT:
-Activating event - represents the activating experience -Belief -represents what the person believes about the experience -Consequence -refers to the subsequent emotional reaction or behavioral response to B -Dispute - represents disputing irrational beliefs -Evaluation -refers to the development of a new response
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
-Albert Ellis. -people contribute to their psychological problems by how they interpret life circumstances and events. -While people have a tendency to move toward growth, self-preservation, happiness, and self-actualization, they also have a propensity for self-destruction, intolerance, self-blame, and avoidance of actualizing growth potentials. - identify irrational ideas that contribute to disturbed behavior, challenges clients to validate their beliefs, uses logical analysis to dispute the irrational beliefs, and teaches clients how to replace their ideas with more rational beliefs. techniques include: --Teaching clients the ABCDEs of REBT --Humor --Changing one's language --Rational emotive imagery --Role playing --Other behavioral techniques
Adlerian Counseling
-Alfred Adler -person as a whole -capable of growth -emphasized role of childhood in personality development and problem (and solution) formation -analyzed birth order and sibling relationships
two treatment models
-Arnold Lazarus's BASIC ID Model -Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal, and Drugs/Biology. - Linda Seligman's DO A CLIENT MAP model. -Diagnosis, Objectives, Assessment, Clinician-counselor characteristics that would be helpful to the client's progress, Location of treatment, Interventions based on the literature, Emphasis, Number of people in treatment, Timing, Medication, Adjunct services, and Prognosis
ACA and its divisions
-Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA) -Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) -Association for Child and Adolescent Counseling (ACAC) -Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC) -American College Counseling Association (ACCA) -Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) -Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC) -Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues in Counseling (ALGBTIC) -Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) -American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) -American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) -Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) -Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) -Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ) -International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (IAAOC) -International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) -Military and Government Counseling Association (MGCA) -National Career Development Association (NCDA) -National Employment Counseling Association (NECA)
Person-Centered
-Carl Rogers -self-actualization-tendency to move in the direction of growth, adjustment, socialization, independence, and self-realization -During self-actualizing, unhealthy psychological or social influences may hinder an individual from realizing his potential as an integrated, productive self -Conflicts develop when individuals' basic needs and their needs to obtain approval from others are inconsistent - three essential characteristics for a therapeutic relationship to be established: --Genuineness: --Unconditional positive regard --Empathy
closed questions
-Closed questions can be used when professional counselors need to obtain very specific concrete information and get all the facts straight. -Closed questions typically elicit either a "yes/no" type of response or provide specific factual information. -The use of too many closed questions can cause the client to shut down and become passive because in essence you are training the client to simply sit back and wait for the next question to answer. --Begin with open questions (i.e., general), and as you gather information and hear the client's story, move to more closed questions (i.e., specific) to obtain the specific details important for the assessment and subsequent intervention plan
Cultural Competence
-Competencies provide guidelines to offer a more inclusive and broader understanding of culture and diversity and address the expanding role of counselors and other mental health professionals to include social justice and activism four dimensions: -self-awareness -knowledge -skills new action
Relationship limits with clients
-Counselors must wait five years after the counselor-client relationship has ended before engaging in any romantic or sexual relations with a client, a client's family members, or a client's romantic partner.
Goals of Client-Centered Therapy
-Facilitate personal growth and development Eliminate or mitigate feelings of distress -Increase self-esteem and openness to experience -Enhance the client's understanding of him- or herself
Gestalt Therapy
-Fritz Perls. - people have the tendency to move toward wholeness or self-actualization. -view of human nature is antideterministicm- People can become responsible, grow, and change from past events. -Unfinished business refers to difficulties in life that are a result of earlier thoughts, feelings, or experiences. -directly confront clients with their inconsistencies, focus on the polarities within people, and push clients to correct misconceptions, genuinely express emotions, and take responsibility for change. -Techniques include exercises and experiments, such as: --Empty chair --Role playing --Role reversal --Dream analysis --The use of "I" statements
Gestalt Therapy
-Fritz Perls. -people have the tendency to move toward wholeness or self-actualization. -view of human nature is antideterministic: People can become responsible, grow, and change from past events. -Unfinished business refers to difficulties in life that are a result of earlier thoughts, feelings, or experiences. -directly confront clients with their inconsistencies, focus on the polarities within people, and push clients to correct misconceptions, genuinely express emotions, and take responsibility for change. -directly confront clients with their inconsistencies -focus on the polarities within people and push clients to correct misconceptions, to genuinely express emotions, and to take responsibility for change
Constructivist Theory
-George Kelly. - we create our own meaning and it is the job of the counselor to respect and work with that reality, not to contradict or deny it. -process of identifying and integrating personal constructs is at the heart of constructivist counseling. -One specific technique that stands out from this theory is the use of a card sort, a means of organizing beliefs into categories to help illustrate the organization of one's system of understanding and operating. -requires significant insight and a higher level of processing than many traditional approaches.
psychotherapy
-long term (up to 2 years) -medical model -alleviate symptoms -past is most important -goal of insight -therapist as expert
Psychodynamic Paradigm
-Heavily focused on the past and the subconscious mind Insight, unconscious motivation, and personality reconstruction -Issues clients face are the result of unresolved issues from early development -Focus is on relationship of past events to current functioning
Some ways that professional counselors can advocate for the profession include:
-Identifying themselves as professional counselors any chance they can (i.e. listing credentials on letterhead and publications, displaying counseling license in prominent locations, etc.) -Working as a group to provide services in their local communities -Developing a media kit that could be designed to address either a specific issue on which professional counselors are focusing or on counseling services specific to one's workplace or area of expertise -Submitting letters to the editor in which they attempt to educate the public about important public policy issues affecting professional counselors, advertise their services or special events, or thank the public for their support -Developing and maintaining a website containing information related to services specific to the agencies in which they work and about the counseling profession in general -Communicating with policy makers at the local, state, and national level
Multicultural Issues
-In recent years, a multicultural approach to counseling people with disabilities has emerged in the counseling literature and in counseling training programs, when a minority model of disability was proposed. --The inclusion of disability in the minority model recognizes that people with disabilities have suffered stigma, prejudice, discrimination, and marginalization.
Behavioral Counseling
-John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, Albert Bandura, and John Krumboltz - most action-oriented of the theoretical groupings. -guided to pursue specific tangible changes in behavior and thought. -association between feelings and environmental stimuli and the learning or unlearning of behaviors accordingly.
Behavioral Counseling
-John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, Albert Bandura, and John Krumboltz. -most action-oriented of the theoretical groupings. -Clients guided to pursue specific tangible changes in behavior and thought. -emphasizes association between feelings and environmental stimuli and the learning or unlearning of behaviors accordingly. - ideal outcome is to have the client's new behavior continue after the program has terminated (response maintenance) and to have the desired behaviors generalized to environments outside of the counseling setting. -One behavioral approach is classical conditioning -certain human emotions such as phobias are developed due to paired associations-Once these associations are learned, they can be unlearned and replaced in a procedure referred to as counterconditioning or systematic desensitization techniques: --Use of reinforcers --Systematic desensitization --Assertiveness training --Implosion --Flooding --Contingency contracts --Token economies --Aversive techniques
Attachment theory
-is based on the premise that individuals have the intrinsic drive to form interpersonal relationships, a result of the need for reassurance and the desire to be loved.
Narrative Therapy
-Michael White and David Epston. -authors of our own lives. -help clients to retell the stories of their lives to create outcomes that better reflect what they would like to be. -helps to deconstruct problems, thus externalizing and separating them from the person and avoiding -problem as separate from the person, which can be quite empowering and eye-opening.
Narrative Therapy
-Michael White and David Epston. -we are the authors of our own lives. - goal is to help clients to retell the stories of their lives to create outcomes that better reflect what they would like to be. -counselor helps to deconstruct problems, thus externalizing and separating them from the person and avoiding blame and self-recrimination. -provides an overarching and organizing vision of the problem as separate from the person, which can be quite empowering and eye-opening.
Family Systems Theory
-Murray Bowen. - focuses on the interactive perspective or the communication patterns within the client's family system. -Bowen's model emphasizes differentiation of the self, which is the ability to maintain one's individuality in the face of group influences, namely, the pressures of a person's family. -Normal family development is thought to occur when anxiety is low, family members are well differentiated, and partners are emotionally sound with their families of origin. -counselor may work with all members of a family, although it is not necessary due to the belief that changing just one person may directly impact the entire family system. -Techniques: genograms, asking questions, going home again, detriangulation, person-to-person relationships, differentiation of self, coaching, and the "I-position".
Family Systems Theory
-Murray Bowen. -focuses on the interactive perspective or the communication patterns within the client's family system. emphasizes differentiation of the self, which is the ability to maintain one's individuality in the face of group influences, namely, the pressures of a person's family. -may work with all members of a family, although it is not necessary due to the belief that changing just one person may directly impact the entire family system.
Carl Rodgers placed emphasis on what counseling factors?
-Person centered -non-directive form of talk therapy, meaning it allows the client to lead the conversation and does not attempt to steer the client in any way. Its approach rests on one vital quality: unconditional positive regard. This means that the therapist refrains from judging the client for any reason, providing a source of complete acceptance and support (Cherry, 2017).
Key points of psychodynamic paradigm
-Personality is completely formed in childhood -Challenges later in life are the result of unresolved conflicts -The personality is composed of three parts --The id, or pleasure principle --The ego, or reality principle --The superego, or morality principle (conscience) -Conflict among these structures creates anxiety -Defense mechanisms -The goal is to bring unconscious drives into consciousness and develop insight into "intrapsychic conflicts"
Solution-focused Brief Counseling (SFBC)
-Present and future oriented -appreciated by clients who prefer action-oriented, directive interventions and concrete goals -clients derive personal meaning from the events of their lives as explained through personal narratives. -focuses on what works for the client
Solution-focused Brief Counseling (SFBC)
-Present and future oriented -appreciated by clients who prefer action-oriented, directive interventions and concrete goals Techniques: --Scaling --Exceptions -Problem-free and preferred future dialogue, -Miracle question -Flagging the minefield -clients derive personal meaning from the events of their lives as explained through personal narratives. -De-emphasizes the traditional therapeutic focus on a client's problems, and instead focuses on what works for the client (i.e., successes and solutions), and exceptions in the client's life during which the problems are not occurring.
who creates ethical standards?
-Professional associations -Federal and state laws and regulations -Policies, guidelines, and procedures created by state boards of education and local school systems
Understand the relationship between the environment and individuals.
-Professional counselors are responsible for creating an accepting environment, both physically and interpersonally, that is as free from anxiety and distractions as possible. -It is important to be aware of your environment by establishing an office that communicates warmth and caring.
Informed consent
-Purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks, and benefits of services -Counselor's qualifications, credentials, and relevant experience Intended use of tests and reports, fees, and billing arrangements -Right to confidentiality and limitations -Continuation of services should the counselor become incapacitated -Obtain clear information about their records -Participate in ongoing treatment planning -Right to refuse treatment at any time and the potential consequences for doing so.
Existential
-Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irving Yalom. - stems from Soren Kierkegaard, a 19th century philosopher who focused on the pursuit of becoming an individual. -humans are believed to have the capacity for self-awareness and the freedom and responsibility to make choices that will bring about meaning in their lives. -no systematic way that existential counselors help others. -Despite negative conditions, individuals can preserve their own independent thinking, spiritual freedom, and opportunities for choice
Existential
-Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irving Yalom. -stems from Soren Kierkegaard who focused on the pursuit of becoming an individual. -humans are believed to have the capacity for self-awareness and the freedom and responsibility to make choices that will bring about meaning in their lives. -Despite negative conditions, individuals can preserve their own independent thinking, spiritual freedom, and opportunities for choice -In contrast, an existential vacuum occurs when an individual sees life as meaningless and without value
Four dimensions of MSJCC (Multicultural social justice counseling competencies)
-Self-awareness dimension- taking inventory of one's own assumptions about human behavior, values, preconceived notions, limitations and biases regarding race, ethnicity, and culture -Knowledge dimension - one's understanding of the worldviews of clients who are culturally different, without imposing negative judgments, pathologizing, blaming, or invalidating others' experiences -Skills dimension -one's ability to develop and practice appropriate, culturally relevant, sensitive intervention strategies in working with clients from historically marginalized groups and backgrounds -The new action dimension - extend roles beyond the traditional office setting, using advocacy interventions and strategies to remedy social injustices by partnering and collaborating with community allies
Racial identity development models
-describe processes by which individuals retreat, identify, or deny aspects of their ethnicity.
Binge drinking issues
-Undergraduate binge drinking is a more recent dangerous trend that is increasing nationwide, with one in three students drinking intentionally to get drunk. -Binge drinking is defined for men as having five or more drinks at a time and for women as having four or more drinks at a time.
When determining which code of ethics to follow, consider:
-What is the setting in which one is practicing, and is there a particular code that applies specifically to that setting? -In what capacity (e.g., licensed professional counselor, marriage and family therapist, certified school counselor) is the professional operating?
Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
-William Glasser -all behavior is purposeful and is a choice. -Focus is on thinking and acting in order to initiate change. -Focuses on the present. -application of choice theory. - active, didactic, and directive; it teaches clients to look at whether their actions are getting them what they want, examine their needs and perceptions, and make a plan for change -Connection and interpersonal relationships are important to this theory. -Central to choice theory is the idea that humans make choices based on the physiological need of survival and four psychological needs: love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. Techniques: --Humor --Paradox --Skillful questioning --Self-help procedures
Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
-William Glasser -assumption that all behavior is purposeful and is a choice. -Focus is on thinking and acting in order to initiate change. -Focuses on the present. -counseling application of choice theory. -the idea that humans make choices based on the physiological need of survival and four psychological needs:
Handicapped
-any physical or mental defect, congenital or acquired, preventing or restricting a person from participating in normal life or limiting their capacity to work. -Disabled people do not have to be handicapped, especially if they can find a way around their disability. For example, braille for the visually impaired or wheel chairs for those who cannot walk.
What three theories was Interpersonal Psychotherapy derived from?
-attachment theory, -communication theory -social theory.
The Rogerian Approach to Psychotherapy
-based his approach on the idea that perhaps the client's conscious mind was a better focus. -every individual is unique and a one-size-fits-all process would not, in fact, fit all. Instead of considering the client's own thoughts, wishes, and beliefs as secondary to the therapeutic process, Rogers saw the client's own experience as the most vital factor in the process. -assumption that every person can benefit from client-centered therapy and transform from a "potentially competent individual" to a fully competent one
Disability
-can come into a life at any point and by any means -No matter how or when disability has its onset, the impact is life altering -It can affect individuals on all four dimensions of health -Although disability poses challenges in all dimensions of health and well-being, its affect on productivity and quality of life is determined mostly by attitudes, and the availability and adaptability of environmental resources
Constructivist Theory technique
-card sort - organizing beliefs into categories to help illustrate the organization of one's system of understanding and operating.
Autonomy
-concept of independence and the ability to make ones own decisions. -counselors need to respect rights of clients to make their own decisions based on personal values and beliefs and not impose own values on client
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
-developed originally for adults with depression, is time-limited and specifically focuses on interpersonal relationships. -helping clients improve their relationships or their expectations about them, as well as helping clients improve their social support systems in order to alleviate their presenting distress -present, here-and-now focus which helps the client improve current communication and social support systems.
Personal Identity Model
-developed to describe the basic premises that we are all multicultural beings with unique compositions of identities, influenced by sociocultural, environmental, political, and historical events. -framework for understanding the complexities of all individuals and considers individuals to be unique in spite of assigned social and cultural categories.
Nonmaleficence
-do no harm
open questions
-elicit fuller and more meaningful responses by encouraging the client to talk at greater length. Open questions typically begin with what, how, could, would, or why, and are useful to help begin an interview, to help elaborate the client's story, and to help bring out specific details. With open questions, the client can choose the content and direction of the session. Be careful when using why questions and questions that are leading in nature. Questions that begin with "why" often: --Cause the client to intellectualize and can lead to a discussion of reasons --Cause a client to begin to rationalize or intellectualize their problems, when what we really want them to do is to explore the deeper meaning and feelings behind their issues --Cause the client to become defensive and to feel "put on the spot" -Leading questions often contain a hidden agenda because the answer or expectation is already imbedded within the question. --Although well intentioned, these types of questions place too much power into the hands of the professional counselor and tend to push the client into a preconceived direction
Wellness Model
-encompasses the physiological, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, and environmental aspects of health
Feminist Counseling
-espouses equality and rights of women. - values the female as well as male perspective. -A gender role analysis is one of the primary techniques used from this perspective. It is a means of examining with clients messages they received about what it means to be male or female, where these messages are derived, and how they have been employed and are affecting one's functioning. -addresses the societal perceptions and the means by which the individual can take action to implement change.
Feminist Counseling techniques
-gender role analysis -means of examining with clients messages they received about what it means to be male or female, where these messages are derived, and how they have been employed and are affecting one's functioning. --Woman-centered --Egalitarian --Feminism as belief --Feminism as action --Critique of patriarchy --A positive vision of the future --Empowerment --Androgyny --Mutuality with the counseling relationship
Family Systems Theory techniques
-genograms -asking questions -going home again -detriangulation -person-to-person relationships -differentiation of self - coaching, and the "I-position".
Counseling Theories
-ground us as professional counselors. They provide a means to understand what we are doing, how we are serving clients, and how to explain counseling to clients. -provide a framework for conceptualizing client problems and determining a course of action in counseling
Ethical standards
-guide the behavior of a specific group of professionals. -Educate members about sound ethical conduct -Provide a mechanism of accountability -Improve professional practice
DO A CLIENT MAP model.
-includes assessment, case conceptualization and treatment planning issues. ---Diagnosis, Objectives, Assessment, Clinician-counselor characteristics that would be helpful to the client's progress, Location of treatment, Interventions based on the literature, Emphasis, Number of people in treatment, Timing, Medication, Adjunct services, and Prognosis
What is licensure and why is it important?
-only licensure governs professional counseling practice in your respective state -State licensure is permission from a particular state government to practice counselor or identify oneself as a licensed counselor. Some states have a single license and some have a two-tiered system. Laws differ from state to state. -designed to legally define who can use the title of a licensed counselor and/or who can provide counseling services in a particular state. -The mission of occupational licensing boards is public protection. In essence, that means a licensing board exists to ensure that unqualified persons do not practice in a profession. Licensing boards do this by applying a set of standards to determine minimum qualifications. Supporting licensees and applicants is important, but protecting the public is the first order of business
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
-originally developed for adults with depression -time-limited and focuses on interpersonal relationships. -Goals include helping clients improve their relationships and improving their social support systems in order to alleviate their presenting distress. -derived from three theories: attachment theory, communication theory, and social theory. - present, here-and-now focus which helps the client improve current communication and social support systems. -techniques: --Establishing a therapeutic alliance --Communication analysis --Describing interpersonal incidents --Using content and process affect --Role playing
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
-people contribute to their psychological problems by how they interpret life circumstances and events. -have a tendency to move toward growth, self-preservation, happiness, and self-actualization, they also have a propensity for self-destruction, intolerance, self-blame, and avoidance of actualizing growth potentials. -counselor encourages clients to identify irrational ideas that contribute to their disturbed behavior, challenges clients to validate their beliefs, uses logical analysis to dispute the irrational beliefs, and teaches clients how to replace their ideas with more rational beliefs.
The wellness model and its relationship to the counseling profession.
-recognizes that a human being is a sum total of various parts -the holistic view considers job fulfillment, self-worth, emotional stability, coping skills, spirituality, and balanced relationships
counseling environment
-refers to the combination of external physical conditions and counselor characteristics that affect the growth and development of clients.
Humanistic-Existential Theories
-relationship-oriented -focus on current client functioning -human nature is fundamentally good and people have the freedom and responsibility to grow and develop.
private practice
-scope of practice -professional development -evidence based practices -ethical considerations -lots of paperwork -insurance considerations -start up costs -marketing
Eclectic counselors
-select approaches based on client presenting issues and symptoms. There is a lack of a unified or guiding theory for the professional counselor employing this approach.
counseling vs. psychotherapy
-short term (less than 6 months) -wellness model -improve quality of life -focus on the here and now -goal of change -counselor as collaborator
Wheel of Wellness
-spirituality, work and leisure, friendship, love, and self direction - life task of self direction is further subdivided into the 12 tasks of (a) sense of worth, (b) sense of control, (c) realistic beliefs, (d) emotional awareness and coping (e) problem solving and creativity, (f) sense of humor, (g) nutrition, (h) exercise, (i) self care, (j) stress management, (k) gender identity, and (l) cultural identity.[
Theoretical integration
-synthesis of the best aspects of several theories with the belief that doing so will produce richer and more meaningful outcomes.
What is accreditation?
-the action or process of officially recognizing someone as havinɡ a particular status or beinɡ qualified to perform a particular activity. -ACA views accreditation as a critical issue for our profession, particularly as it pertains to licensure. Licensure is designed to protect the public through formal recognition of educational standards and training. It also serves as a powerful signal of consistency, credibility, and unity. As the profession of counseling continues to develop, evolve, and advance, ACA recognizes that graduation from a CACREP-accredited program provides a clear path to initial licensure
Justice
-treating each person fairly, but it does not mean treating each person the same way
veracity
-truthfulness in ones professional actions with clients and others
self-actualizing
-unhealthy psychological or social influences may hinder an individual from realizing his potential as an integrated, productive self --Conflicts develop when individuals' basic needs and their needs to obtain approval from others are inconsistent
Why are National Certifications important?
-voluntary credentialing process to foster groups professional identity -opens the door to a variety of professional opportunities, including free or discounted continuing education courses, discounted liability insurance, and membership in directories used by potential clients who are seeking a counseling professional. -The benefits of certification include use of the NCC certification mark, access to low-cost liability insurance, national advocacy efforts for the counseling profession and more.
For a counselor to be held liable in tort for malpractice, four conditions have to be met:
1. A duty was owed to the client by the counselor. 2. The counselor breached that duty. 3. There is a causal link between the breach and the client's injury. 4. The client suffered a damage or injury.
Ethical decision making steps
1. Identify the problem. 2. Apply the ACA Code of Ethics. 3. Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. 4. Generate potential courses of action. 5. Consider the potential consequences of all options and choose a course of action. 6. Evaluate the selected course of action. 7. Implement the course of action.
ethical decision making
1. Identify the problem. 2. Apply the ACA Code of Ethics. 3. Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. 4. Generate potential courses of action. 5. Consider the potential consequences of all options and choose a course of action. 6.Evaluate the selected course of action. 7. Implement the course of action.
components of a good counseling theory
1. The theory is clear and easily understood. 2. The theory is comprehensive. 3. The theory is explicit and heuristic, generating further research. 4. The theory is specifically geared to help clients reach their desired outcomes. 5. The theory is useful to practitioners.
Five components of a good counseling theory
1. The theory is clear and easily understood. 2. The theory is comprehensive. 3. The theory is explicit and heuristic, generating further research. 4. The theory is specifically geared to help clients reach their desired outcomes. 5. The theory is useful to practitioners
Rogers identified six conditions that are required for success in client-centered therapy:
1. There is psychological contact (a relationship) between the client and the counselor. 2. The client is emotionally upset, in a state of incongruence. 3. The counselor is genuine and aware of their own feelings. 4. The counselor has unconditional positive regard for the client. 5. The counselor has an empathic understanding of the client and his or her internal frame of reference and looks to communicate this experience with the client. 6. The client recognizes that the counselor has unconditional positive regard for him or her and an understanding of the difficulties s/he is facing (Person-centered therapy, n.d.). When these six conditions are met, there is great potential for positive change.
There are three key qualities that make for a good client-centered therapist:
1. Unconditional Positive Regard: as mentioned earlier, unconditional positive regard is an important practice for the client-centered therapist. The therapist needs to accept the client for who s/he is and provide support and care no matter what s/he is going through. 2. Genuineness: a client-centered therapist needs to feel comfortable sharing his or her feelings with the client. Not only will this contribute to a healthy and open relationship between the therapist and client, it provides the client with a model of good communication and shows the client that it's okay to be vulnerable. 3. Empathetic Understanding: the client-centered therapist must extend empathy to the client, both to form a positive therapeutic relationship and to act as a sort of mirror, reflecting the client's thoughts and feelings back to him or her; this will allow the client to better understand him- or herself.
Client Centered Therapy Method and Techniques
1. set clear boundaries 2.Remember - the client knows best 3.Act as a sounding board 4.Don't be judgmental 5.Don't make decisions for your clients 6.Concentrate on what they are really saying 7. Be genuine 8.Accept negative emotions 9. How you speak can be more important than what you say 10. I may not be the best person to help
What was the name of Frank Parson's work and why is it important.
1908- Frank Parsons founded the Vocational Bureau of Civic Services -developed the talent-matching approach- later developed into the Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice -Guidance and counseling in these early years were considered to be mostly vocational in nature, but as the profession advanced other personal concerns became part of the school counselor's agenda. -led school committee in Boston to create the first counselor certification program
American Counseling Association (ACA)
1952 - APGA 1983- became AACD 1992- ACA -world largest organization for counselors with over 51,000 members -19 divisions
When were the first counseling licensure laws established?
1975 by NACCMHC (National Academy of Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselors)
Counter-Transference
: when a counselor reciprocates by engaging in interactions with the client similar to what the client experienced in a primary relationship
Person-Centered
= Carl Rogers. Key Points: --self-actualization -tendency to move in direction of growth, adjustment, socialization, independence, and self-realization -Professional counselors must employ three essential characteristics for a therapeutic relationship to be established: --Genuineness: --Unconditional positive regard --Empathy
Emergent Theories
A fifth paradigm of counseling theory includes those theories that are newer, or emerging, in the profession. Many emergent theories have been criticized for lacking empirical evidence that the approach works; however, theories take time to develop.
Treatment Planning
A good treatment plan requires an: -Assessment appropriate to the client's presenting concerns -A case conceptualization that includes an understanding of: -What the problem is -How it developed -How to deal with the problem. Always be able to answer the question, "What are you trying to accomplish?" A three tiered system is a treatment plan that outlines goals, objectives and interventions or strategies.
Pros of Licensure
Benefits: --Safeguarding of client welfare --Professional accountability standards --Increased accessibility of services --Third-party reimbursement
Family adaptation to disability
Caregivers appear to go through some predictable stages Commitment stage Resource identification stage The plateau Exhaustion Confusion Recommitment
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Extended protection to those with physical or mental handicaps
self-actualization
Focus on striving for a state of satisfaction and reaching one's full potential, rather than a focus on meeting immediate needs and alleviating symptoms
Humanistic-Existential Theories
In contrast to the subconscious focus in the psychodynamic paradigm, the humanistic-existential paradigm is relationship-oriented. The focus of counseling is on current client functioning. These theorists believe that human nature is fundamentally good and that people have the freedom and responsibility to grow and develop.
Managed care
Insists on accountability and forces counselors to accomplish the positive outcome of delivering effective services, however tends to embroil profession in bureaucratic philosophies and cost-cutting practices
What is lobbying and why is it important.
Lobbying is a practice performed by either individuals or organizations whereby public campaigns (which are legally registered with the government) are undertaken to pressure governments into specific public policy actions. The legality of lobbying comes from the Constitution and from our participatory democracy.
Prerequisites to Effective Advocacy
Many of the counseling skills that professional counselors have mastered can be used for advocacy efforts: Listening and questioning skills Clarifying and summarizing skills Oral and written communication skills Data gathering and summarizing skills
Life Care Plan purposes
Minimize complications Maintain and/or improve health status Provide appropriate quality of life recommendations
Open and Closed Questions
Questioning is a primary skill that allows professional counselors to gather important and specific information about clients. Questions allow us to make an accurate assessment of the client's issues and guide and focus our clients so we can make the most effective use of the counseling session. But, used inappropriately, questioning can impede communication and block client disclosure (e.g., drilling clients with questions).
Maslow
Self- actualization
holistic approach
Spirituality Self-direction Work and leisure Friendship Love
Psychoanalysis Paradigm
Techniques include: --Free association --Interpretation --Dream analysis --Analysis of resistance and transference -Long-term process. -The therapeutic relationship takes the form of the professional counselor as expert, attending to transference and countertransference -Transference: when a client projects feelings for another person onto the counselor -Countertransference: when a counselor reciprocates by engaging in interactions with the client similar to what the client experienced in a primary relationship
What makes a good treatment plan?
Treatment plans should: Address the major concerns the client brings to counseling Be consistent with the diagnostic formulation Be culturally relevant Consider interventions that target thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and social relationships, when appropriate. The interventions often reflect the theoretical framework of the counselor. It is important to evaluate not only your client's desired goals, but also commitment to the change process.
body language
Your body position should convey to the client your interest and involvement. --Face the client and adopt an open, relaxed, and attentive body posture, as this will assist in putting your client at ease --Do not cross arms and legs --Do not sit behind a desk or other barrier --Slightly lean in the upper body toward the client --Let your clients decide the physical distance between you and them by offering to let them arrange the chairs at an individual comfort level, but make sure to set up your own personal space boundaries, too -maintain eye contact
Rogers
becoming fully functioning
Social role valorization
concept to include the idea that one must devote oneself to the "creation, support and defense of valued social roles for people who are at risk of social devaluation
Statutory law
created by legislatures.
veracity
dealing truthfully with individuals with whom counselors come into professional contact
Minority group model
disability is not a functional limitation that resides within the individual , but rather is a society's refusal to address the needs of a minority group that shares the common characteristic of diversity
Non-maleficence
do no harm
Beneficence
doing good, promoting mental health and well-being
Proactive advocacy
efforts can help to decrease the frequency or delay the onset of concerns from various stakeholders
CORE
formed in 1972 - address need for national education standards in rehab counseling -All CORE programs are now CACREP (1981) certified
autonomy
fostering the right to control the direction of ones life
Paradigms
general categories of theories and serve as a means of grouping based on similar characteristics
wellness perspective
goal of counseling is not just to relieve the client of problematic symptoms but rather to strive for optimal functioning and health in life
Guidance
guiding or helping others make choices about vocation, life-style, or education.
fidelity
honoring commitments and keeping promises, including fulfilling one's responsibilities of trust in professional relationships
Social theory
places emphasis on interpersonal factors and how those factors contribute to depression or anxiety.
cognitive distortions
maladaptive self-statements that affect individuals' behaviors
law
more prescriptive than ethical standards, have been incorporated into code, and carry greater sanctions or penalties for failure to comply.
counselors and romantic relationships with clients and family
must wait five years after the counselor-client relationship has ended before engaging in any romantic or sexual relations with a client, a client's family members, or a client's romantic partner.
existential vacuum
occurs when an individual sees life as meaningless and without value
minority model of disability
recognizes that people with disabilities have suffered stigma, prejudice, discrimination, and marginalization.
Constitutional law
results from court decisions regarding constitutional issues.
Common law
results from other court decisions.
Confidentiality
sense of trust and privacy that is essential for counseling to be successful.
Counseling
specific, specialized, and distinguishable from other mental health disciplines by its philosophy, its evolution, and its focus.