Adult Development and Aging Exam 1

quasi-experimental research

-"quasi" because you can't randomly assign people to age groups -age comparative: two different age groups with manipulation of independent varaible; could include intervention -single age group intervention: 1 age group, some get interventtion, some don't

intimacy in early adulthood

-Erikson: intimacy vs. isolation; balancing relationships with independence -Sternberg's triangualr theory of love: 3 kinds of love; intimacy - the emotional component; passion - the "chemistry" component; decision-commitment -the cognitive component

the end of active parenting and empty nest

-a difficult transition? -recent trends -hardest for those without investments outside the home

Becoming a Grandparent

-a top role for half of one's life -changing grandparental roles: grandparents raising grandchildren -caring for aging parents: daughters, duaghters-in-law, single siblings; gender of parental matters; division of labor with multiple caregivers -impact: large majority it's rewarding; caregiver burden - stress and strain (especially with frail and or demented elders); generational squeeze/sandwhich generation - caring for kids and parents; filial maturity - philosophy of care (vs. "elderspeak") ("older people are cute" syndome)

specific research designs

-age: how many years since birth -cohort: year of period of birth -time of measurement: when a person is tested

Kotre's four types of generativity

-biological: procreation -parental: raising kids -technical: directly teaching knowledge, skills, traditions -cultural: changing or preserving culture through "big acts"

four principles of lifespan developmental psych

-changes are continuous over life span; continuity principle - people remain the "same" even though they change -individuality matters: intraindividual differences are substainial - include different patterns of change and continuity in different areas of development; interindividual differences increase with age -normal aging is different from disease: ex - dementia is not part of normal aging -only the survivors grow old: the expected number of people to survive to each age based on calculations for all those born in 2020; those who survive to the age of 85 and older represent an increasingly select group of the population

sequential designs:

-cohort sequential: two or more cohorts at two or more ages at different times (of measurement) -time sequential: two or more age groups at two or more times; no cohort comparisons -cross sequential: two or more cohorts at two or more times; no age-group comparisons -most efficient design --> combines all 3

cross-sectional designs

-compare groups of different individuals varying in age at the same time and the data represent age differences -participants belong to different cohorts -differences between age groups --> cohort tell if it's age or cohort -cohort effects are an issue

descriptive research

-describes a population or phenomenon in general terms without making statistical comparisons -the text uses interchangeably with single-factor designs which in lifespan developmental psychology can establich differences between age-groups but cannot determine the cause

development

-development is multidirectional: growth, decline, stability at the same time -development is dynamic: the interactionist model vs. organisnic and mechanical models; use example of biology interacting with environment to reinforce biological traits -development is an active and ongoing process: is lifelong (lifespan); individuals are actively engages - niche-picking, plasticity, reciprocity -development is contextual: gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic statue, etc.; intersectionality; cultural and hitorical contexts; ageism as context - denigration and discrimination based on age; changing demographics and the Baby Boom cohort (born 1946-1964)

marcia's model

-four identity states/statuses 1. achievement: exploration and commitment 2. foreclosure: commitment without exploration 3. moratorium: exploration without commitment (yet) 4. diffusion: no exploration and no commitment; "schzoids and playboys" -some correlated of identity status

Prauda in northern india

-happiest time of a women's life? -gender roles and identifications: gender crossover theory (Guttman); incresed andorgeny of mid- and later- life -turning 40

late adulthood

age and the experience of time

niche-picking

being godd at a sport (partly gentically determined) leads to further involvement in the sport which in turn further improves those abilities

social aging

effects of person's exposure to a changing environment; would be affected about social ideas, about what it means to be a particular age, what's expected of people of different ages, and cultural views and stereotypes of aging

social clock

overall pattern of these age norms

reciprocity in development

people influence and are influential by the people around them leading to developmental change; you can influence the people around you who in turn can lead you to change; "life footprint"

time lag design

people of same age at different times; isolate cohort differences

functional age measures

us scores on given indicators to represent age rather than chronological age

biopsychosocial model

views developmental as a complex interaction of biological, psychologial, and social processes

on time and off time

we feel pressure to be "on time"

age norms

when we're expected to achieve milestones and make transitions

the transition to adulthood

-historically and cross-culturally, marriage and parenthood have been important markers of adult status -biological, demographic, and social trends in the 20th century changed: changes in the timing of puberty; the growth of secondary and post-secondary education; delays in age of first marriage; growing individualism and teh decline of marriage as marker -changing transitions: changes in timing sequence -a new stage? Arnett's "emerging adulthood (18-25): ambiguity in what it means to be an adult; marriage not so important; individualistic criteria - accepting responsibility for oneself; making independent decisions; financial independence; character traits (its not just about individualism) - relability, impulse control, not really any gender differences

identity today in early adulthood

-identity and social location - race, class, gender, sexual orientation, disability, etc. -intersectionality: teh interconnected nature of social categorizations as they apply to a given individual/group (we all have multiple identities that interact) -example of normative history-graded change (cohort effect)

McAdam's 7 features of generativity

-inner desire -agency: individual acheivement -communion: connections with others -cultural demand: do it now, here are so ways -concern for the next generation -belief in humanity -generative commintment -generative action narration of generativity (identity incorporation)

longitudinal designs

-involves observation of the same individuals at two or more different times and the date represent age changes -better design for getting at age change -cohort effects not a problem

identity in early adulthood

-main task of adolescence (now happens later) -lifelong process -multidimensional --> e.g. sexual, religous, political/ideological, occupational -two identity processe: exploration/crisis and commitment

the individuality principle in late adulthood

-most varaible of developmental periods (i.e. differences are most pronounced) --> differences between the young-old (65-74), old-old (75-84), and very old (over 85) -the most varaiable of developmental periods -advantage and disadvantage accumulate over the life course; "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer" -example of intersectionality -race, class, gender, marital status, etc. and "risk" in later life -risks are related to health, mortality, poverty and dependence -Examples: poverty statistics

continuity and change at different levels

-normative age-graded influences: tied to chronological age; biological influences and shared experiences -normative history-graded influences: tied to when and where of development; cohort effects - how are generations different?; ex - mass shootings -non-normative influences: more unique to you; ex: house fire

correlational research

-observe relationships between two or more existing variables -must be able to measure variables -because single factor designs use correlational statistics we will use this term more broadly

attrition

-participant loss (selective survival) -practice effects -repeated measures vs. independent samples: some sample doing same study vs. new same-age sample at time 2

aging

-passage of years -chronological age: # of years since birth -biological age: physical functioning in comparison to others of same chronological age -psychological age: psychological functioning in comparison to others of same chronological age -social age: social functioning in comparison to someone of same chronological age -functional age: combo of bio, psych, and social age

adulthood

-period from 18 to death -young adulthood: 18-39ish -middle adulthood/midlife: 40-64ish -old age/late adulthood: 65 and over

what is lifespan developmental psychology?

-primary field in psychology that studies adult development and aging -the study of change and continuity across the lifespan (focus on adulthood)

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

-recast Freudian psychosexual theory in a lifespan frame, downplaying role of sex -epigenesis: a common genetic plan that unfolds with age but which occurs in a particular social and cultural context -research evidence and criticisms: development is not really stage like but he identified improtant tasks; still shapes how we think about the life course today

normative age-graded influences: shared experiences

-reflect society's timeline about the events associated with a given age group -early adulthood (20-30): start career, commit to relationship, start family -middle adulthood (30-65): continue career, raise family, plan for retirement -later adulthood (65+): plan for retirement, become grandparent, leisure time

developmental research

-research on a topic of developmental relevance -teh study of age changes and age differences

Erikson: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

-the life review: reviewing one's life to achieve ego-integrity -built into programming for older adults -older adults as natural story-tellers: reality or steretypes

how does lifespan developmental psych help us?

-tools for understanding continuity and change -development is multidimensional:biological levels and factors, psychological levels and factors, sociocultural levels and factors, the need for multidisciplnality

menopause

-traditional view and medical model -"closing of the gates" (Helene Deutsch): the death of feminity -treated as pathology: "ovarian failure", etc. -social-psychological correlated of symptomatology -cultural differences and mind/body connection

Erikson's 8 stages with distinct crises or conficts

-trust vs mistrust: birth-1/1.5 -autonomy vs shame/doubt: 1/1.5-3 -initative vs guilt: 3-6 -industry/competence vs. inferiority: 6-12 -identity vs. identity confusion: 12-21 -intimacy vs isolation: early adulthood or 21-30 -generativity vs. stagnation: middle adulthood or 30-65 -ego integrity vs despair: late adulthood or 65+

divisions of the over 65 population

-young-old: 65-74 -old-old: 75-84 -oldest-old: 85+ -centenarians: 100+ and 110+ (super)

plasticity in development

1. engaging in mental and physical activity 2. avoiding risky behaviors

personal aging

Changes that occur within the individual, reflecting time's effects on the body

generativity

Erikson: emphasis on parenting; generativity vs. stagnation

Konenki in Japan

historically seen as an ailment if "upper class ladies in leisure"

cross-national differences in symptomatology

more depression, hot flashes, night sweats reported in the west

time-of-measurement effects

some major social change that happens between observations