African American History (Final)
What was the purpose of family members telling children "trickster tales" from West Africa and slave culture, such as Brer Rabbit?
Showed how to survive by one's wit
What was the first Broadway musical created, produced, and performed by all African Americans?
Shuffle Along
What was the unemployment rate for African Americans during the worst of the Great Depression?
50 percent
What did Martin R. Delany propose in the 1850s as a solution to the diminishing black prospect for a viable life in the United States?
A black nation outside the United States
What brought an end to the Montgomery bus boycott on December 21, 1956?
A federal court declared segregated buses illegal.
Why were opponents of discrimination and racism frequently "Red-baited" in the 1950s?
Accusations of being a Communist overshadowed their calls for equality.
What notion began to form among African Americans as a result of the black convention movement?
African Americans shared a common identity as one black people.
Why did more than 100,000 African Americans settle in Oklahoma between 1890 and 1910?
All-black towns were founded there that offered some relief from the Jim Crow South.
What organization formed from a split with its founders during Reconstruction over allowing black membership?
American Woman Suffrage Association
What denomination had the highest number of black congregants nationwide by 1880?
Baptist
Where did black women in the North congregate to speak freely and organize?
Beauty parlors
In what ways did white chicanery undermine the black vote in the South?
Black ballots were destroyed.
What prompted W. E. B. Du Bois to demand immediate action to combat discrimination after World War I?
Black veterans were met with hostility and violence after returning home.
Why did black women begin to have a larger role in decision making in freed families after the Civil War?
Black women worked outside the home and contributed to the family's income.
Why did African Americans refer to New Deal programs as a "raw deal"?
Blacks did not benefit at the same rate as whites.
What was an example of "racial etiquette," which blacks were forced to practice under Jim Crow?
Blacks diverted their glance so as never to look at whites directly.
Why did African Americans leave white churches to form congregations of their own?
Blacks faced discrimination and hostility from white congregants.
Which organization was started by A. Philip Randolph in 1925, and was used by him as a platform to fight for the rights of blacks and labor?
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids
What was the term given to black soldiers who helped the U.S. army remove Native Americans onto reservations?
Buffalo soldiers
Who is remembered as the "Father of Negro History" for his lifelong efforts to promote education about African American history and culture?
Carter G. Woodson
Why were black churches able to help empower black communities and individuals as they transitioned from slavery to freedom?
Churches operated outside of white control.
What organization had more than one million black members by 1891?
Colored Farmers' Alliance
Black combat regiments of World War I received what commendation for their heroism?
Croix de Guerre
Why did W. E. B. Du Bois call Marcus Garvey "the most dangerous enemy of the Negro Race in America and in the world?"
Garvey met with leaders of the Ku Klux Klan to discuss black self-segregation.
Why was the ratio of black men to women 87 to 100 in southern cities?
Hard labor compromised black men's health.
Why was ex-marine Robert Williams denounced by the NAACP and forced by the government into exile in Cuba?
He turned his local NAACP chapter into an armed paramilitary group.
Why was Homer Plessy arrested in Louisiana on June 7, 1892?
He violated the Separate Car Act.
Why did the murder of Emmett Till gain national attention and enrage both blacks and whites?
His mother held an open casket funeral to show his battered corpse.
What was meant by the term "Negro Villages" at the 1900 Paris international exposition?
Human zoos with caged Africans in their "natural" surroundings
Ida Wells launched a campaign against what practice that made her one of the most powerful black activists of her era?
Lynching
What was one of the reasons why marriages between freed couples increased rapidly after emancipation?
Mass weddings were common.
Who was murdered in June 1963 in Mississippi within a few hours of Kennedy's televised speech to the nation?
Medgar Evers
How was the Freedmen's Bureau's power expanded after Congress approved its reauthorization in 1866?
Military commissions heard cases of civil rights abuses against African Americans.
How many black newspapers began in the United States between 1830 and 1860?
More than forty
Why did African Americans make up only 3 percent of the American combat forces in World War I?
Most black soldiers were assigned to service and support roles.
What civil rights organization was founded in 1909 and 1910 after a race riot in Springfield, Illinois?
NAACP
Which civil rights organization, whose motto was "Lifting As We Climb," was formed in part due to Ida B. Wells's research on lynching?
National Association of Colored Women
Where did jazz originate around the turn-of-the-twentieth-century?
New Orleans
To where did most blacks who left the South during Reconstruction migrate?
Northern cities
What was the most common type of organization for freed families?
Nuclear families of two parents and children.
What was one way in which the Civil Rights Act of 1866 protected the rights of African Americans?
Overturned black codes
Why did jazz become so popular in the 1920s among a white audience?
Radio allowed millions to hear performers they would not see in person.
Which act of Congress required the states of the old Confederacy to guarantee black suffrage before they were allowed to reenter the Union?
Reconstruction Act of 1867
What term did NAACP field secretary James Weldon Johnson use to describe the outbreak of antiblack violence in the months after World War I?
Red Summer
How did many northern blacks propose overcoming racial discrimination and oppression during the antebellum period?
Self-improvement and community buildng
What doctrine was established by the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Separate but equal
What labor system developed after the Civil War and left white and black farmers impoverished?
Sharecropping
What institution helped convert Civil War army hospitals into hospitals that served black communities?
The Medical Division of the Freedman's Bureau
Why did civil rights activists in New York lobby for the creation of a civilian complaint review board?
The U.S. Justice Department exempted police from prosecution in cases involving African Americans.
What was the nation's first black women's newspaper?
The Woman's Era
Why was the black press important to black communities?
The black press allowed black community leaders to disseminate information to the black community.
In what ways were black churches their own economic enterprise?
The churches bought and maintained buildings and real estate.
Why did African American workers not typically join labor unions, such as the National Tobacco Workers of America or the American Federation of Labor?
The excluded blacks from membership.
Why did black communities decline as a proportion of the overall U.S. population during the antebellum period?
The influx of immigrants from Europe increased rapidly.
What most-acclaimed Zora Neale Hurston work is grounded in African American folk culture and whose protagonist triumphs over poverty, sexism, and racism?
Their Eyes Were Watching God
On what basis did anthropologists and zoologists back the decision to exhibit a Congolese man, Ota Benga, in the monkey house at New York's Bronx Zoo?
Theories of race based on Charles Darwin's ideas about natural selection
What beliefs did W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey have in common?
They affirmed the value of African heritage.
Why did black church leaders oppose the folk practice of conjure and voodoo?
They viewed it as a relic of slavery.
Before the Civil War, what impact did black laws have on African Americans in free northern states?
They were denied access to jobs and education.
How were the views expressed by writers in the Harlem Renaissance different from those of the Universal Negro Improvement Association?
They were integrationists.
Which type of households had the highest rates of poverty among freed families?
Those headed by single women.
What was the mission of Marcus Garvey's Black Star Line steamship company, created in 1919?
To establish commercial and travel links among Africans around the world
Why did some African Americans in northern cities use the term New Negro to refer to themselves?
To express ejection of Washington's accommodationism
Why did civil rights leaders organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963?
To pressure Congress to support Kennedy's civil rights bill
What was the mission of black settlement houses that were modeled on Jane Addams' Hull House in Chicago?
To provide women a place to live while they looked for work
What was the strategy of the Greensboro Four to challenge segregation ordinances?
To return each day to the same lunch counter until they were given service
What was one method that African Americans used to search for family members from whom they were separated during the Civil War?
Took out ads in black newspapers.
What was the title of Booker T. Washington's 1901 autobiography?
Up from Slavery
How did some southern towns prevent blacks from leaving the South during the great migration?
Vagrancy laws
Frederick Douglass gave speeches on the abolitionist circuit arguing that ending slavery should be achieved by
appealing to the conscience of the nation.
What institution, founded by Alexander Crummell, was dedicated to advancing black scholarship and black intellectual life?
the American Negro Academy
Northern black communities committed themselves to what cause in the antebellum era?
the abolition of slavery
American slaveholders responded to studies in craniology by
using its findings as a justification for the enslavement of African Americans.
What was the aboveground arm of the underground railroad that provided shelter, food, clothing, legal services, and jobs to runaways?
vigilance committees
Grandfather clauses in state constitutions disfranchised African Americans by limiting
voting to males who could vote before 1867.
Who constituted most of the members and regular attendees in black churches following the Civil War?
Women
In the North during the antebellum period, to what did whites attribute the lower economic status of blacks after emancipation?
racial inferiority
Why were women often given the title of "evangelist" in black churches?
Women were not formally allowed to become preachers.
Which organization helped plan the bus boycotts in Montgomery, Alabama?
Women's Political Council
What was the goal of normal schools founded by the American Missionary Association?
Establish teacher training institutes
How did negotiations between Republicans and Democrats over the contested presidential election of 1876 produce a compromise that restored white rule in the South?
Federal protection of African Americans' rights in the South ended.
Which historically black college stressed a classical liberal arts curriculum?
Fisk University
Why were rents often higher for blacks than for whites in northern cities?
Increased migration led to housing scarcity.
Why did former slaves seek to have their marriages legally recognized?
It confirmed a new identity outside of their former owner's control.
How did the field of craniology influence white northerners' views of free blacks?
It fed notions of white supremacy and discrimination
Why were African Americans overjoyed when Jesse Owens won four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics in 1936?
It refuted the myth of Aryan racial supremacy.
What was the significance of the First National Negro Convention at the Mother Bethel AME Church in 1830?
It was the first in a series of meetings that constituted the black convention movement.
What was the origin of the term Jim Crow, which referred to the system of laws and customs that excluded blacks from public places?
It was the name of a character in a minstrel show.
Who became the first black executive secretary of the NAACP in 1920?
James Weldon Johnson
Why did many in the Back-to-Africa movement leave Liberia and return to the United States?
Lack of jobs and high rates of illness
Who introduced scat singing, in which the voice mimics the musical instrument, to a wide audience?
Louis Armstrong
In what case did the Supreme Court rule that it was lawful for states to require racial segregation on common carriers?
Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railroad v. Mississippi (1890)
In what two states were blacks the majority of the population during Reconstruction?
South Carolina and Louisiana
Which organization elected Martin Luther King Jr. as its president after its founding on January 10, 1957?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
What services did black churches provide African American communities in addition to a place of worship?
Sponsored schools
What contributed to the spread of Pentecostalism among African Americans in Chicago?
Storefront churches
Who were typically the targets of lynching by white mobs?
Successful black men
Why did some African Americans prefer all-black schools with black teachers to attending integrated public schools?
White teachers sent to black schools were often poorly qualified.
During the 1930s, how did white audiences respond to black performers' calls for civil equality?
Whites applauded the performances but rejected black equality.
What Supreme Court case upheld Mississippi's new constitution that included a poll tax, literacy test, and understanding clause?
Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
