Psych 160 Exam 3 Kondrad

describe the 2 word (telegraphic) stage

-"look mommy. more milk. more play." -not until they are 4 or so when they can understand jokes. parents still use context -simple rules= more______ (milk,, food, etc.)

age range of 1 word (holophrase stage)

1-2 years

age range of 2 word (telegraphic stage)

18 months- 2 years

(Development of anger and sadness) Anger age range:

4-6 months

_______- grammatically and production difficulty (can't get words out in one fluid manner) (Bad grammar production); grammar related deficits in production of grammatical processing

Broca's Aphasia

describe early parent-infant interactions

John Bowlby developed an etholigical theory of attention biases including reciprocity, parent sensitivity

who coined the nativist theory?

Noam Chomsky

example of telegraphic speech

" mommy, milk"

describe the 1 word (holophrase) stage

"doggy" but don't know feeling behind statement, fast-mapping- kids learn words really fast because they recognize how words are symbols (can learn 30 words in one day)

what is social referencing?

(about 8 months)- children will look to you for how they should respond

describe the pragmatic understanding

(e.g. using context, sarcasm, irony, jokes.) -reading between the lines, using context and world knowledge to understand the true intent of the communicator

(Development of anger and sadness) T or F: No specific meaning involved

T

(Development of anger and sadness) T or F: increases with age

T

__________- content and comprehension difficulty (nonresponse); they speak fluidly, but what they say has no reasoning

Wernicke's Aphasia

adult attachment style

ambivalent insecure/ preoccupied, avoidant insecure/dismissive, secure

______- 20%; needy, excessively jealous, suffocating, need a constant reassurance, lower self-esteem, lots of on and off again relationships

ambivalent insecure/preoccupied

________- 15% (insecure attachment style)- baby not exploring environment, upset even before mom leaves, difficult to calm down upon return. baby seeking proximity but displayed anger

ambivalent/ resistent

what is attachment

an emotional bond Turing into a long-lasting relationship formed with specific people

_______- language seems to be unique to humans

animal language

describe pragmatics

appropriate use of language in a real world setting

describe gaze following

assume that people look at the thing they are referring to

what did we learn from harlow's study of attachment

attachment is not just about nourishment

_______- 20%- don't speak proximity, don't cry when she leaves, avoidant when she returns but ignores mom

avoidant

________-25%; unable to get close in relationships, difficulty with intimacy, high breakup rates, often feel lonely

avoiding insecure/ dismissive

describe phonological limits

banana-nana, clown-down -"th" sound takes about 7 years to master

what is bilingualism

being fluent in 2 languages

secure attachment in adolescence

better school performance, lower levels of psychopathology

__________-regions predisposed to language processing, even in infancy (certain portions of the brain that specialize in language processing)

brain structures

describe ainsworth's "strange situation"

bring child into strange unfamiliar situation and gauge how child reacts to parent leaving then coming back -mother and child enter, mother sits, baby plays, stranger enters, mother leaves, REUINION, mother leaves baby alone, stranger enters, reunion

______: caregivers own infant attachment, depression, education (higher attainment= more likely to have secure attachment), sensitivity, warmth, responsiveness

caregiver characteristics

________: temperament (easier to calm kids with calmer temperaments)

child characteristics

what is theory of mind?

children must inhibit what they think and what they believe to know what everyone else is thinking and feeling; difficult because they are egocentric; understanding what other's feel

describe the complex sentence stage

complex grammar/ syntax; learn words in a 1:1 ratio (ex. 's' or 'es' indicates more than one of something

_______: some variation but still mostly secure world-wide

culture

what is support for the nativist view?

-animal language -brain structure -sensitive period -limitations

social interactionist

desire to speak, child causes adult to provide certain kind of input

information processing in deaf children

develop language with minimal input

________-5%- confuses behaviors, results of neglect

disorganized

(development of fear)_______- startle response not based on meaning

early crying

T or F: emotions are the same as moods

f

T or F: emotions have personal significance attached

f

________: more insecure infants in homes with domestic conflict, violence, social isolation, single parent

family stability, functioning

what part of the brain contributed to grammatical processing?

frontal lobe

(Development of anger and sadness) initially:

global, generalized stress

how does being an affluent parent effect the child

hear more words on average and have a wider vocabulary

what is the decoding mechanism: still face task?

infants can pick up on emotions by tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language

what did Bruderer contribute to the prelinguistic stage?

infants can't do the discrimination tasks when their tongues are prevented from free movement (no potential long terms consequences (language delay))

how is post-partum depression decoded by children?

infants will sleep poorly, less attentive, elevated levels of stress hormone, harder to calm down, by 6 months of age show cognitive and motor delays

what is the interactionist theory?

inner capacities and environment work together, information processing (brain detects irregularities)

________(LAD)- biologically prepares infants to learn rules of language

language acquisition device

language, poverty, and intelligence effects on children

language related to IQ/race all depends on how parents interact with their children

(development of disgust) _____- socialized

later disgust reactions

(Development of happiness) ______- 3 or 4 months gradually occurs most often to similar people

laughter

describe mutual exclusivity

making assumptions that a word they don't know is associated with an object they don't know

_________: being aware of own linguistic knowledge/improvement

metalinguistic awareness

describe harlow's study of attachment

monkey chose soft (terrycloth) mother over food because the soft mother made them feel safer rather than the wire mother. terrycloth mother calmed her down

consequences of secure attachment toddlers

more compact, lower stress, more persistent, less easily trusted, less aggressive

secure attachment in preschool, school age

more socially competent, better peer relationships

IDS

need people to learn language, world learning strategies require people

(Development of Happiness) _______: during REM, when full reflexive, meaning not involved

neonatal smile

(development of disgust) _____- innate negative response to tastes, smells, reflexive, no context/meaning

newborns

The ______ you are at the time of _____ exposure, the more _______ it will be for you to sound like a native speaker.

older, first, difficult

what are mirror neurons

only fire when imitating people in the environment. make you feel or do what other people are feeling or doing (feeling someone else's injury)

_________: "two mouses" now that children have the application of 's' or 'es'

overregulation

________- knowing when your infant needs attention, needs more stimulation, needs less stimulation

parent sensitivity

proximity and reciprocity

people in relationship have strong desire to be close in proximity with that other person. very back and forth, give and take kind of relationship

what is it called when the infants ability to distinguish different languages disappears?

perceptual narrowing

______ - if parents don't reciprocate actions or emotions, then the could affect child's development

reciprocity

what is (theory of mind) false belief?

recognize what someone think they know is actually false

describe phonology

rules about structure and sequence of speech sounds

_______- 60% best kind, what we want to see. baby demonstrates sadness when mom leaves, mom able to easily calm baby back down (separation anxiety is a good sign!)

secure

_________- gives space to differentiate, committed, primary goal to nurture others development, conflict resolved easier

secure

_________- during brain laterization, cases of language deprivation, people are neglected

sensitive period

(development of fear)______- peaks around 14 months; distress when caregiver departs (GOOD!)

seperation anxiety

infant directed speech

short sentences, high pitch, slowing it down with supporting gestures (you don't have to do this but studies support this method)

what is self regulation?

skill, not something we are born with; how we control our emotions and behaviors; the more successful you are at this early on the more successful you will be later in life

______: higher SES= more secure infants

social class

What are influences on attachment security

social class, caregiver characteristics, child characteristics, culture, family stability

(Development of Happiness) _____- 6 week based on content/meaning; differentiation by 8 months, to caregivers-18 months

social smile

________: intentionally communicating with someone else

social speech

what is status of sarcasm and irony?

still difficult for adults

(development of fear) _____- around 6-9 months: wariness/fear of unfamiliar people

stranger anxiety

describe comprehension production

symbolic understanding

what part of the brain is responsible for content and comprehension difficulty?

temporal lobe near auditory cortex

describe the first words process

typically, holophrases based on the environment (people paces things); culture matters (English) vs social tourines/verbs (Chinese)

describe the nativist theory

universal grammer- every language has some grammatical structure

describe semantics

vocabulary- the literal meaning of words

describe the prelinguistic stage

when an infant is learning/practicing sounds; -cooing (3 months) -babbling: attempting to make signs and words such as vowels and consonants (4 months) -taking turns gesturing and using expressions -learning important sounds

secure attachment in adulthood

working model of self and relationships , consequences for quality of relationships

can you form multiple secure attachments

yes

3 theories of language development discussed in class

-nativist -interactionist -bilingualism

during the prelinguistic stage, infants have the ability to distinguish all ...... in different languages- distinguish between air flow when it comes to specific words, but this ability quickly......

-phonemes -disappears

4 components of language

-phonology -semantics -grammer -pragmatics

5 phases of language development

-prelinguistic -1 word (holophrase) -2 word (telegraphic) -complex sentences -pragmatic understanding

ainsworth's three main attachment styles

-secure -ambivalent/resistent -avoidant -disorganized

information processing

-sounds of language -infants detect irregularities in their auditory environment. the brain can use those statistics to determine many things

describe grammer

-syntax- rules for sentence structure -morphology: grammatical markers

cognitive advantages of bilingualism

-understand languages better -better pragmatic users of language -better problem solvers -better attention and cognitive control -better personal skills -higher IQ

limitations of the nativist theory

-universality is unclear- some languages have different rules -ignores pragmatics- irony and sarcasm -ignores cognitive brain growth

can attachment styles change

-yes, secure and disorganized babies normally stay the same though. - can go from no attachment to secure -insecure can become secure with increased social support