Psych 160 Exam 3 Kondrad
describe the 2 word (telegraphic) stage
-"look mommy. more milk. more play." -not until they are 4 or so when they can understand jokes. parents still use context -simple rules= more______ (milk,, food, etc.)
age range of 1 word (holophrase stage)
1-2 years
age range of 2 word (telegraphic stage)
18 months- 2 years
(Development of anger and sadness) Anger age range:
4-6 months
_______- grammatically and production difficulty (can't get words out in one fluid manner) (Bad grammar production); grammar related deficits in production of grammatical processing
Broca's Aphasia
describe early parent-infant interactions
John Bowlby developed an etholigical theory of attention biases including reciprocity, parent sensitivity
who coined the nativist theory?
Noam Chomsky
example of telegraphic speech
" mommy, milk"
describe the 1 word (holophrase) stage
"doggy" but don't know feeling behind statement, fast-mapping- kids learn words really fast because they recognize how words are symbols (can learn 30 words in one day)
what is social referencing?
(about 8 months)- children will look to you for how they should respond
describe the pragmatic understanding
(e.g. using context, sarcasm, irony, jokes.) -reading between the lines, using context and world knowledge to understand the true intent of the communicator
(Development of anger and sadness) T or F: No specific meaning involved
T
(Development of anger and sadness) T or F: increases with age
T
__________- content and comprehension difficulty (nonresponse); they speak fluidly, but what they say has no reasoning
Wernicke's Aphasia
adult attachment style
ambivalent insecure/ preoccupied, avoidant insecure/dismissive, secure
______- 20%; needy, excessively jealous, suffocating, need a constant reassurance, lower self-esteem, lots of on and off again relationships
ambivalent insecure/preoccupied
________- 15% (insecure attachment style)- baby not exploring environment, upset even before mom leaves, difficult to calm down upon return. baby seeking proximity but displayed anger
ambivalent/ resistent
what is attachment
an emotional bond Turing into a long-lasting relationship formed with specific people
_______- language seems to be unique to humans
animal language
describe pragmatics
appropriate use of language in a real world setting
describe gaze following
assume that people look at the thing they are referring to
what did we learn from harlow's study of attachment
attachment is not just about nourishment
_______- 20%- don't speak proximity, don't cry when she leaves, avoidant when she returns but ignores mom
avoidant
________-25%; unable to get close in relationships, difficulty with intimacy, high breakup rates, often feel lonely
avoiding insecure/ dismissive
describe phonological limits
banana-nana, clown-down -"th" sound takes about 7 years to master
what is bilingualism
being fluent in 2 languages
secure attachment in adolescence
better school performance, lower levels of psychopathology
__________-regions predisposed to language processing, even in infancy (certain portions of the brain that specialize in language processing)
brain structures
describe ainsworth's "strange situation"
bring child into strange unfamiliar situation and gauge how child reacts to parent leaving then coming back -mother and child enter, mother sits, baby plays, stranger enters, mother leaves, REUINION, mother leaves baby alone, stranger enters, reunion
______: caregivers own infant attachment, depression, education (higher attainment= more likely to have secure attachment), sensitivity, warmth, responsiveness
caregiver characteristics
________: temperament (easier to calm kids with calmer temperaments)
child characteristics
what is theory of mind?
children must inhibit what they think and what they believe to know what everyone else is thinking and feeling; difficult because they are egocentric; understanding what other's feel
describe the complex sentence stage
complex grammar/ syntax; learn words in a 1:1 ratio (ex. 's' or 'es' indicates more than one of something
_______: some variation but still mostly secure world-wide
culture
what is support for the nativist view?
-animal language -brain structure -sensitive period -limitations
social interactionist
desire to speak, child causes adult to provide certain kind of input
information processing in deaf children
develop language with minimal input
________-5%- confuses behaviors, results of neglect
disorganized
(development of fear)_______- startle response not based on meaning
early crying
T or F: emotions are the same as moods
f
T or F: emotions have personal significance attached
f
________: more insecure infants in homes with domestic conflict, violence, social isolation, single parent
family stability, functioning
what part of the brain contributed to grammatical processing?
frontal lobe
(Development of anger and sadness) initially:
global, generalized stress
how does being an affluent parent effect the child
hear more words on average and have a wider vocabulary
what is the decoding mechanism: still face task?
infants can pick up on emotions by tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language
what did Bruderer contribute to the prelinguistic stage?
infants can't do the discrimination tasks when their tongues are prevented from free movement (no potential long terms consequences (language delay))
how is post-partum depression decoded by children?
infants will sleep poorly, less attentive, elevated levels of stress hormone, harder to calm down, by 6 months of age show cognitive and motor delays
what is the interactionist theory?
inner capacities and environment work together, information processing (brain detects irregularities)
________(LAD)- biologically prepares infants to learn rules of language
language acquisition device
language, poverty, and intelligence effects on children
language related to IQ/race all depends on how parents interact with their children
(development of disgust) _____- socialized
later disgust reactions
(Development of happiness) ______- 3 or 4 months gradually occurs most often to similar people
laughter
describe mutual exclusivity
making assumptions that a word they don't know is associated with an object they don't know
_________: being aware of own linguistic knowledge/improvement
metalinguistic awareness
describe harlow's study of attachment
monkey chose soft (terrycloth) mother over food because the soft mother made them feel safer rather than the wire mother. terrycloth mother calmed her down
consequences of secure attachment toddlers
more compact, lower stress, more persistent, less easily trusted, less aggressive
secure attachment in preschool, school age
more socially competent, better peer relationships
IDS
need people to learn language, world learning strategies require people
(Development of Happiness) _______: during REM, when full reflexive, meaning not involved
neonatal smile
(development of disgust) _____- innate negative response to tastes, smells, reflexive, no context/meaning
newborns
The ______ you are at the time of _____ exposure, the more _______ it will be for you to sound like a native speaker.
older, first, difficult
what are mirror neurons
only fire when imitating people in the environment. make you feel or do what other people are feeling or doing (feeling someone else's injury)
_________: "two mouses" now that children have the application of 's' or 'es'
overregulation
________- knowing when your infant needs attention, needs more stimulation, needs less stimulation
parent sensitivity
proximity and reciprocity
people in relationship have strong desire to be close in proximity with that other person. very back and forth, give and take kind of relationship
what is it called when the infants ability to distinguish different languages disappears?
perceptual narrowing
______ - if parents don't reciprocate actions or emotions, then the could affect child's development
reciprocity
what is (theory of mind) false belief?
recognize what someone think they know is actually false
describe phonology
rules about structure and sequence of speech sounds
_______- 60% best kind, what we want to see. baby demonstrates sadness when mom leaves, mom able to easily calm baby back down (separation anxiety is a good sign!)
secure
_________- gives space to differentiate, committed, primary goal to nurture others development, conflict resolved easier
secure
_________- during brain laterization, cases of language deprivation, people are neglected
sensitive period
(development of fear)______- peaks around 14 months; distress when caregiver departs (GOOD!)
seperation anxiety
infant directed speech
short sentences, high pitch, slowing it down with supporting gestures (you don't have to do this but studies support this method)
what is self regulation?
skill, not something we are born with; how we control our emotions and behaviors; the more successful you are at this early on the more successful you will be later in life
______: higher SES= more secure infants
social class
What are influences on attachment security
social class, caregiver characteristics, child characteristics, culture, family stability
(Development of Happiness) _____- 6 week based on content/meaning; differentiation by 8 months, to caregivers-18 months
social smile
________: intentionally communicating with someone else
social speech
what is status of sarcasm and irony?
still difficult for adults
(development of fear) _____- around 6-9 months: wariness/fear of unfamiliar people
stranger anxiety
describe comprehension production
symbolic understanding
what part of the brain is responsible for content and comprehension difficulty?
temporal lobe near auditory cortex
describe the first words process
typically, holophrases based on the environment (people paces things); culture matters (English) vs social tourines/verbs (Chinese)
describe the nativist theory
universal grammer- every language has some grammatical structure
describe semantics
vocabulary- the literal meaning of words
describe the prelinguistic stage
when an infant is learning/practicing sounds; -cooing (3 months) -babbling: attempting to make signs and words such as vowels and consonants (4 months) -taking turns gesturing and using expressions -learning important sounds
secure attachment in adulthood
working model of self and relationships , consequences for quality of relationships
can you form multiple secure attachments
yes
3 theories of language development discussed in class
-nativist -interactionist -bilingualism
during the prelinguistic stage, infants have the ability to distinguish all ...... in different languages- distinguish between air flow when it comes to specific words, but this ability quickly......
-phonemes -disappears
4 components of language
-phonology -semantics -grammer -pragmatics
5 phases of language development
-prelinguistic -1 word (holophrase) -2 word (telegraphic) -complex sentences -pragmatic understanding
ainsworth's three main attachment styles
-secure -ambivalent/resistent -avoidant -disorganized
information processing
-sounds of language -infants detect irregularities in their auditory environment. the brain can use those statistics to determine many things
describe grammer
-syntax- rules for sentence structure -morphology: grammatical markers
cognitive advantages of bilingualism
-understand languages better -better pragmatic users of language -better problem solvers -better attention and cognitive control -better personal skills -higher IQ
limitations of the nativist theory
-universality is unclear- some languages have different rules -ignores pragmatics- irony and sarcasm -ignores cognitive brain growth
can attachment styles change
-yes, secure and disorganized babies normally stay the same though. - can go from no attachment to secure -insecure can become secure with increased social support