African American Psychology Exam 3
WHO definition of health
"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
AAs over utilize emergency care
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black caribbean individuals born in the US resemble AAs in health status more than native-born Caribbean Black individuals
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disability among AA
- 1/7 AAs report a limitation of activity caused by a chronic condition
African American Seniors
- 64.8% of AA's over 65 had completed HS in 2010 - compared to 84.3% of Whites, and 47% of Hispanics - influenced by: segregation, lack of resources, lack of education access
other factors that reduce AA outcomes
- Communalism - illness beliefs
stage development models
- Freud's Psychosexual development - Piagetian perspectives on cognitive development - Erikson's psychosocial development
The Affordable Care Act
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) passed in 2010 - experts anticipated the health of AAs to improve - access to health care increased for AAs (and all Americans) - beneficial to those unable to secure health insurance through employment - challenged under Trump admin bc of money
sickle cell origins
- ancestry traced to geographical region (west coast of africa) - sickled cells are less susceptible to Malaria
infant mortality rates are disproportionately high in urban communities
- associated with higher proportions of births to AA mothers - higher rates of teenage birth - lack of or delayed prenatal care - racial segregation
AA adolescence roles/responsibilities
- at school behave as children - at home potentially take on financial and child-care roles - implications for disciplinary actions at schools
socioeconomic factors affecting the health of AA
- employment - income - education impacts access to health and medical services
time
- essential to development - cohorts are used to understand development across historical time
1993 and 2003, black males and females experienced increases in life expectancies
- females decrease in racial gap of 1 year (lower mortality from heart disease and reductions in homicides and unintentional injuries) - males gap reduced by 2.1 years (reductions in homicides, HIV, and unintentional injuries within the 15 to 19 year old age group)
sickle cell disease
- group of genetic blood disorders that affect 1 per 400-500 AAs - causes chronic pain, affects physical and mental functioning - vaso-occlusion
high rates of unemployment and underemployment for AAs
- health insurance in the US is employee-based - these factors contribute to less access to health and medical services
leading cause of deaths for AAs include:
- heart disease - malignant neoplasms (cancer) - cerebrovascular diseases (strokes) - unintentional injuries - diabetes - homicide - chronic lower respiratory disease - kidney disease - HIV
health scores ranked
- highest for 1st gen. Caribbean immigrants then AA then 2nd and 3rd generation Caribbean immigrants
other factors that lead to health outcomes for AA:
- how well an individual copes with discrimination - lifestyle risk factors (smoking, drug use, diet, etc.) - cultural beliefs - underutilization of healthcare systems - healthcare provider biases/lack of cultural awareness and senesitivity - geographical residence (urban vs rural vs suburban) - whether an individual is foreign-born or not
mortality
- incidence of death per 1,000 - deaths per a population - deaths/population
mortality cont.
- income disparities from 1960-2000 have decrease (from 65% to 84% of median EA income) - mortality disparities have stay consistent
other types of socialization
- less rigid gender-role socialization in AA families - family roles more flexible - less paternal warmth compared to other groups
fewer AA children raised in married/two parent home
- non-resident fathers involved in children's lives - in sample of White, Black, and Latino fathers with preschool age children, AA fathers had more engagement with children than white fathers - highest level of engagement between AA fathers and sons
AA infant mortality rate
- rates declined for AA's over past several decades - 22.2 per 1,000 pregnancies in 1980 to 14 per 1,000 pregnancies in 200 - rates of infant mortality for AA's remained over twice that for non-hispanic EA infants
AA children more relationship oriented
- studies of social networks show that AA males and females and White females report higher levels of intimacy in their peer relationships than do White males
health psychology
- studies psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond to illness concerned with: - health promotion and illness prevention behaviors - how people experience illnesses and disabilities
morbidity
- the rate of disease or proportion of disease in a given locality or nation - incidence per a population - incidence/population
Brofenbrenner & Ceci's bioecological theory
- theoretical perspective - environmental context along with genetics influence development - cognitive development and learning styles for AA align with the dimensions of the African Worldview System (relationships/community, verve/rhythm, orality)
phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST)
- theoretical perspective - explicitly considers the experiences of AA's - model is reciprocal - notes that different characteristics will influence the experience of different phenomena - different experiences influence how much one feels valued of valuable - ex: large dark skinned female adolescent vs small light skinned male adolescent
health models assume:
1. health is valued priority 2. individuals have the potential to engage in actions on their own behalf
how many AAs report regular physical activity
1/4
2012, limitations were reported on each ethnic group as follows
19.2% American Indians/Alaska Natives 15.7% African Americans 12.4% Whites 11.3% Hispanics 7.5% Asians
teen pregnancy rates are
2 times higher for african american women compared to EA women - implications for educational outcomes of young mothers - developmental outcomes of infants - draws on more extended family structures
health models are:
3. cognitively based with an emphasis on beliefs 4. have been highly researched; with vast literature dedicated to them
class of 2014
?
AA physical developmeent
AA female adolescents physically develop faster than EA - average age at menarche at 12, compared to 12.5 for EA - breast development ~9.5 years compared to 10.4 for EA - AA children and youth show markers of faster physical maturity and larger size than their White peers
infant deaths
AA infants disproportionally represented among infant deaths - 1.8 times more likely to die from SIDS compared to EA infants - low birth weight leading cause of death for AA infants in 2005 - LBW and VBLW being higher for teen and older mothers - birth rates among both AA and EA women 35 and older increased - LBW at 13.33% for AA infants and 7.09% for EA infants in 2011 - less likely to be breastfeed if AA
life expectancy of individuals born in 2010
AA male: 71.8 years white male: 76.5 years AA female: 78 years white female: 81.3 years
obesity in AA
AAs 6-19 years old: 25% of girls and 17% of boys AAs over 20: 50% of women and 31% of men
1983-1993 differences in life expectancies
Black and White females increased by 0.5 years Black and White males increased by 2 years - among females, differences associated with increased HIV deaths - among males, differences associated with HIV, homicide, and heart disease
disability
a limitation in performing certain functions and tasks that society expects of an individual (institute of Medicine, 1991)
disease
an impairment of the normal state of the body that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions and is a response to environmental factors, specific agents, or inherent defects of the organism
maternal cultural socialization
associated with youth ethnic identity
continuous development models
behavioral
much current literature focuses on
between-group comparisons - showing on average how AA compare in developmental and outcomes to other groups - an average of 40 million people - does this show us how diverse AA are?
maturation
biologically directed set of genetically sequenced changes that shape our physical and behavioral development and our movement from embryo to mature adult
theory of planned behavior (fishbein and ajzen, 1975)
ch. 12 slide 26 and 27
group differences help us understand
challenges, the need for intervention, or the need for additional study to further out understanding of these differences
AA parental depression associated with
child behavior problems - opposition/defiance, attention, aggression, and problems in learning
family structure has limited influence on
child well-being and developmental outcomes - debunking the idea that single-parent home=poor parenting
parental warmth associated with
cultural socialization and preparing children to deal with racial bias
Vygotsky's social cognitive theory
culture not only shapes the content of a child's cognitions (what a child thinks), but also shapes the process of cognition (how a child thinks)
AA sexual intercourse
data on 9th-12th graders show AA youth engaged in more sexual activity, and at younger ages compared to other groups
cultural relativism
development may be shaped by more proximal culture and contextual forces - proposed by Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Meade
mid/upper-SES for adolescence
developmental period of adolescence extended
morbidity in AA
diabetes - cardiovascular disease is leading cause of US deaths and 68% higher in AAs - 13.9% AA children have asthma vs 9.1% of all children
mortality for AA
diabetes (2x as high) HIV/Aids (10x higher) homicide (4x higher) cancer neonatal AAs have 40.5% more deaths than would be expected if they had the mortality rates of EAs
important
don't assume all AAs have poor health outcomes
1st genereation caribbean blacks
healthier lifestyles in home countries, stronger support systems, and less racism and discrimination
AA children living in blended families had
higher levels of externalizing behavior problems as opposed to those living with mother alone
AA age 5-11, 12-14
less likely to be in self-care compared to EA
immigration selectivity bias
likely to have higher levels of education and income
black hair care products
linked to increase rates of cancer, infertility, premature sexual development
parental racial socialization
linked to lower levels of depressive symptoms
time with father associated with
lower alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use
health disparities for AAs exist across almost all indicators including
morbidity, mortality, disability, treatment, health promotion, and disease prevention
racial socialization
mothers more frequently engage in racial socialization - directed at adolescents - fathers more significantly involved in the socialization of sons
enrollment and use patterns
non-socioeconomic access to care issue - AAs disproportionately enrolled in lower-cost health plans - AAs less likely to receive private docs, even when insured at the same level
distrust of medical system
non-socioeconomic access to care issue - Tuskegee study - HIV Aids (27% of AA believed gov created it)
communication problems
non-socioeconomic access to care issue - lack of formality - relationship orientation - AA consumers want to "like" or "connect" with healthcare professionals - EAs value "competency" and "perceived expertise"
physician sterotyping
non-socioeconomic access to care issues - about illnesses - about issues (drug use)
excess deaths
number or incidence of deaths from a certain risk factor in a population that is over and above the number in the unexposed group
African American Seniors Health
older african americans (26%) less frequently rate their healths as excellent or very good compared to 42.8% of Whites
chronic disease
one that persists over a long period of time or is reoccurring
self-efficacy theory
one's beliefs about one's capability to perform a desired task will predict one's success at completing that task - affect behavior by increasing the goals one sets and skills developed
parental depression predicts
parent-child conflict -> predicts child behavior problems
health belief model (wallston and wallston, 1984)
people who perceive a severe health threat or feel susceptible to a disease are motivated to make behavioral changes if they perceive the benefits of risk reduction behaviors outweigh the costs of performing the behaviors vulnerability (susceptibility + disease severity consequences) determines readiness to take action -> benefits of action vs. barriers/costs -> cue to action triggers health behaviors
allostatic load
physiological wear and tear on body due to chronic stress - higher allostatic load -> poor health (heart disease, type 2 diabetes, depression) - foreign-born Blacks have lower allostatic loads compared to U.S. born Blacks
black women's higher risk for depression and preterm births
potential link - higher levels of stress and anger - at risk for earlier births and babies with lower birth weights
AAs are less likely to engage in
preventative care, including checkups, healthy eating, exercise, etc.
AA school-aged children
sibiling-care grandparents
majority of AA children under 5 with working mothers in formal child-care arrangements have
sibling-care head start less likely than EA to have father care
changes in indicators can reflect changes in
social conditions and structures
availability
socioeconomic access to care issue - location/transportation - hours
affordability
socioeconomic access to care issue health insurance for the "working poor"
models of development are either based on
stages/phases or are continuous
developmental psychology
studies the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes in humans, from conception to death - traditionally focused on childhood and adolescence, but expanded to include a life-span perspective
illness
the condition of being in poor health
ontogeny
the development and unfolding of an individual's life
immigrant paradox
the longer immigrants are in the U.S., the poorer their health becomes
demography
the study of human populations, including change over time and distribution across different descriptive categories and characteristics
baby boomers
those born after world war 11 unitl the mid- 1960s
millennials
those born between the early 1980s to around 2000
generation x
those born between the mid- 1960s through the early 1980s
generation z
those born since the early 2000s
health disparities originate in the prenatal period
throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood AAs confront cumulative environmental stressors that damage the body's ability to regulate and respond to stress
low-SES for adolescence
transition into adulthood earlier
AA's are incredibly diverse
young, old, male, female, non-binary, rich, poor, middle class, Baptist, Hebrew, Muslim, Atheist, Secular, etc.
youth living with mothers and extended family report higher marijuana use compared to
youth living with both biological parents
differences in health outcomes between
U.S. born AAs, Black immigrants, and 1st generation US born immigrants
