AH Final Exam BYU

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Students for a Democratic Society, "The Port Huron Statement"

A 1962 manifesto by Students for a Democratic Society from its first national convention in Port Huron, Michigan, expressing students' disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and the gulf between rich and poor, as well as a rejection of Cold War foreign policy, including the war in Vietnam.

Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience"

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. Thoreau believed that government is not necessary. "That government is best which governs least."

Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream Speech"

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

Amendment 24

Abolition of poll taxes

Amendment 13

Abolition of slavery

Amendment 16

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Brutus Essays

Anti federalist papers. They didn't want a national constitution. They were worried about a strong federal government and that it would become corrupt. They said that the government would be too far removed from the people. They didn't like factions. They wanted people in small groups with similar interests. Small republics.

Amendment 10

Any rights not given to federal government are given to the states and people.

CR: Barack Obama, "Eulogy at the Funeral Service in Honor of Reverend Clementa Pinckney"

Appealed to religion and talked a lot about grace. Obama was a proponent of letting religion shape political views whereas others wanted to keep politics/religion separate.

Federalist 78 (Hamilton)

Arguing for Judicial branch not too powerful because there's no reelction and no power of the purse or sword

Gene Sperling "Economic Dignity"

Basically just remember: Positive Dignity and Negative Dignity

"Vices of the political system of the United States" - James Madison

Basically said how states have failed to enforce government properly under the articles of confederation so obviously he wants a strong national government as seen in Federalist 10 and the constitution

Albert Jay Nock, "Life, Liberty, and ..."

Basically said that states should mind their own business. The pursuit of happiness broadened political theory. Said that states had overstepped their boundaries.

William Graham Sumner, "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other"

Basically said we don't owe each other anything. Just take care of yourself. Talked about the forgotten man who is the middle class worker who supports lower class individuals and how he can't really take care of himself because he is forced to take care of others.

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"- Frederick Jackson Turner

Basically talked about how the frontier has really shaped democracy in America because it has gotten us farther from European influence and allowed individuals to more fully pursue their interests.

Herbert Hoover, "Rugged Individualism Speech"

Basically talked about not having the govenment so involved except for necessity so that you can preserve the "rugged individualism" of America

John C. Calhoun, "A Disquisition on Government"

Calhoun argued for a concurrent majority rather than numerical majority. Calhoun was a pro slavery southerner who knew that the North had more people so in a democratic system, they would win every time. He was saying that with a concurrent majority, the South should have the power to Veto.

Amendment 27

Congress cannot accept a pay raise until next term.

Amendment 17

Direct election of senators

Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Commonwealth Club Address"

FDR was in favor of government intervention. He talked about it being necessary in order to help the people who were going through a very difficult time with the Great Depression.

Amendment 1

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

George Fitzhugh, "Cannibals All! Or, Slaves without Masters"

George Fitzhugh talked about how he thought slaves in the south were actually treated better than workers in the North because at least they were given food and shelter but the North was just treated so poorly. Moral caniballism

fiscal policy

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.

Woodrow Wilson, "The New Freedom"

He believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business. He believed in competition, and called his economic plan "New Freedom."

Amendment 14

If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S.

6 Market Weaknesses

Imperfect Information Monopoly power Public Goods Externalities Economic instability/recession Economic inequality

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments- Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In the spirit of the declaration of Independence declared that all men and women are created equal. One resolution demanded the ballot for women. This meeting launched the modern women's rights movement.

Amendment 11

Individual cannot sue a state in a federal court.

Constitution set up (LEJSASR

L- Legislative (veto power) E-Executive J-Judicial S-States A-Amendments S-Supremacy R-Ratification

Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham City Jail"

Letters written by MLK encouraging non-violent protest against segregation. Talked about how direct action causes negotiation. Said an unjust law is no law at all.

Sandel's main arguments

Markets can degrade value of goods. Wrote jumping the queue. He thought that giving access to goods and services based on money was wrong and that it should be allocated some other way like time.

Little Speech on Liberty: John Winthrop

Natural liberty = do whatever you want Civil liberty = do what God would have you do

Amendment 8

No cruel and unusual punishment

Amendment 3

No quartering of soldiers

Amendment 4

No unreasonable searches and seizures

Amendment 9

People's rights are not limited to those in the Constitution.

Amendment 22

President can only serve two terms.

Amendment 20

President takes office on January 20th instead of March 4th; lame duck amendment

Amendment 18

Prohibition of alcohol

The Declaration of Independence

Purpose: Criticism of existing governmentSuspicious of Government AuthorityAll men are created equalAll voices are equal

The Constitution

Purpose: Structure/Blueprint for GovernmentAssumed that Government Authority is necessary for National purposesDoes not treat all individuals as politically equalSome voices are weighed more heavily than others

Amendment 21

Repeal of Prohibition

Amendment 6

Right to a speedy trial

Amendment 2

Right to bear arms

Amendment 7

Right to trial by jury

Michael Walzer, "What Does It Mean to Be an American?"

Said America is an association of citizens. Said you just have to accept the political ideals of America to be an American. Said America was a people of "manyness" not "oneness."

Ronald Reagan, "First Inaugural Address"

Said that government is the problem. It was a return to more traditionalist views of limited government and the American Dream. Really seeked to maximize freedom.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, "The Second Bill of Rights"

Said that we can't truly be free without having a job, home, good education, ect. These were natural rights that everyone should have.

"What to the Slave is the Fourth of July"- Frederick Douglass

Said that whites were hyprocritical for celebrating independence day and their liberty from Great Britain while blacks didn't have that same liberty and were inferior to whites. Said the Constituition was a "glorious liberty document."

Jerry Rubin, "A Yippie Manifesto"

Said to "rise up and abandon the creeping meatball." Part of the 60s counterculture movement. Said to revolt against institutions and basically do whatever you want to do.

Amendment 12

Separate ballots for President and Vice President.

Federalist 51 (Madison)

Separation of powers, checks and balances

Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote- Susan B. Anthony

She talked about how Women just needed to go vote without getting permission from anyone. She talked about the "government by the consent of the governed" and said that women were governed so they needed to give their consent by voting.

Young Americans for Freedom "The Sharon Statement"

Statement that summarized beliefs that had circulated among conservatives: free market underpinned personal freedom, government must be strictly limited, and international communism must be destroyed.

William A. Darity, Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen, From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-first Century, Chapter 2, "The Myth of Equality"

Talked about a bunch of economic areas where Blacks and Whites aren't equal and brought up the statistics to prove it.

Russell H. Conwell, "Acres of Diamonds"

Talked about a duty to get rich. Said that you can figure out what people want in your area and that you can capitalize off of it. You don't have to go somewhere seeking wealth because you can find it wherever you are.

The Economist, "Segregation Still Blights the Lives of African-Americans"

Talked about how African Americans still face inequality, especially economically, today, well after the civil rights movement.

Herbert Croly, "The Promise of American Life"

Talked about how a perfect democracy would give everyone an equal opportunity but that just isn't the case. Said that you can't base things just off of how hard people work. Said that the purpose of democracy was to help every individual and promote social improvement.

President Spencer W. Kimball, "The False Gods We Worship"

Talked about how we have obligations to help one another( like sandel). "To whom much is given, much is required." Said putting anything above God is worshiping a false God.

Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique"

Talked about how women were expected to fit this "mold" as a mom and homemaker. Said they needed to have a "identity crisis" and figure out what they truly wanted to do, rather than just conform to societal norms.

Brennan and Jaworski, "If You May Do It for Free, You May Do It for Money"

Talked about how you should be able to sell anything that you should rightfully own. They talked about 3 limits, those being the principle of wrongful possession, meaning you shouldn't own something in the first place, as well as inherent and incidental wrongness.

Richard V. Reeves, "Saving Horatio Alger"

Talked about the Horatio Alger myth (the idea of the American Dream) and said that it was not true for african americans as well as people in families where parents aren't married. It had the idea of lateral mobility how you can't really climb the latter to make it big due to your circumstances and it showed a bunch of statistics to prove that.

Theodore Roosevelt, "The New Nationalism"

Talked about the Square deal in order to change the rules so that everyone could have equality of opportunity

Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth"

The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, school, peace initiatives, and the arts

Herbert Hoover, "The Fifth Freedom"

The fifth freedom was economic freedom. Hoover had more of a traditionalist view of America and saying that government should be limited so that individuals can be free and make their own decisions

Brennan and Jaworski

They very much disagree with Sandel. They think that you should be able to put anything in the market. Hence, they wrote "if you can do it for free, you can do it for money." They talked about how putting a price on everything ultimately increases the utility of everyone because people can exchange and get what they want whether it be to get paid or someone paying someone else to do something for them because that person values their time.

Correspondence on a Bill of Rights- Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Thomas Jefferson thought that a Bill of Rights was absolutely necessary to enumerate the powers of government. James Madison didn't think it was necessary but wasn't necessarily against it. Thomas Jefferson knew it would be hard to enumerate all the rights but his point was that it would be better to have some than none at all. Madison said states had bills of rights and they were violated all the time so what was the point.

Federalist 10 (Madison)

Topic = factions (interest groups); minority factions controlled by majority; majority faction controlled by greater size of USA + virtuous leaders

Emma Goldman, "Anarchism"

Very radical. Said to depend on yourself and nothing else. Said that Property, Religion, and Government have held man captive.

Amendment 23

Voters in Washington D.C. given the right to vote for presidential electors

Amendment 26

Voting Age Set to 18 Years

Amendment 19

Women's right to vote

Amendment 15

You cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed.

Amendment 5

due process, double jeopardy; self incrimination

Monetary policy

managing the economy by altering the supply of money and interest rates

Amendment 25

presidential succession, vice presidential vacancy, and presidential disability

Malcom X "The ballot or the bullet"

speech that Malcolm x gave, supported violence in self defense, exhorted blacks to cast off the shackles of racism "by any means necessary," including violence. Said blacks still aren't Americans. Obviously opposed King's nonviolent protest theory.

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

the phrases "with malice toward none" and "charity for all" were used by Lincoln in his second inaugural address where Lincoln sought to assure the South that the North would be kind in reuniting the North and South after the war...

free rider problem

when someone gets the benefits of a good or service without incurring the costs