AICE Psychology- Subway Samaritans (Piliavin) (1969)

What are costs of helping the victim? (3)

-Embarrassment -Physical harm -Effort

What things did the observers record? (4)

-How many in each area -Race/sex of people -Time taken for help -Comments made

A comment made by the women?

-It's for men to help -I wish I could help him, I'm not strong enough -You feel so bad you don't know what to do

What were the DV's? (4)

-Number of people/speed -Race of helper -Impact of model -Comments made by passengers

What are the rewards of helping? (3)

-Praise -Peace of mind -Respect

What were the 4 different model conditions?

-critical area early -critical area late -adjacent area early -adjacent area late

How many trials happened and over how many months?

103 trials over 2 months

What time of the day did the trails run between? Why?

11am and 3pm. Not peak time.

How many times was the drunk victim helped?

19/38

What year was the study conducted?

1969

How long did it take for a neighbour to call the police?

20 minutes

What age range were the males between?

26-35

What was the race ratio?

3 white, 1 black

How many people left the critical area overall?

34 people left in 21/103 trials

How many times did the drunk victim occur?

38x

How many people were in a team?

4 - 2 females and 2 males

What was the AVERAGE number of passengers on the train?

43

Which stops were the trains between?

59th and 125th street

How many times was the lame victim helped?

62/65

What percentage of helpers were white?

64%

How many times did the lame victim occur?

65x

How long did the train go on without stops? What did this mean?

7.5 minutes. It mean that there was a captive audience.

What times would the model fall after the doors closing?

70s or 150s

What was the AVERAGE number of passengers in the critical area?

8.5

What percentage of helpers were male?

90%

What did Piliavin give as the explanation for the women saying comments for not helping?

Cognitive dissonance (the excessive mental stress and discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time)

What type of experiment was it?

Field experiment

Where did the experiments take place (between which stations)?

Harlem to the Bronx

Who was the background to the study? (victim) What year and where?

Kitty Genovese New York in 1964

Who was the attacker?

Mosely

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Occurs when individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by other who are acting the same way.

What type of sampling method was used?

Opportunity sampling

What type of observation did it use?

Participant observation

Who were the three main people in the experiment?

Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin

How did the idea for the study come about?

Saw someone collapse on the subway

What is the bystander effect?

Tendency of an given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (also called diffusion of responsibility)

What is pluralistic ignorance?

When in a group, people often look to others to know how to react (informational social influence). Pluralistic ignorance is characterized by not reacting when others do not react to what seems to be an emergency.

What are costs of not helping the victim? (2)

-frowned upon -self blame

What are the 3 important terms?

-Bystander Effect -Diffusion of responsibility -Pluralistic Ignorance

What are the rewards of not helping the victim?(2)

-Saves time and effort -Can get on with own business

What were the IV's? (3)

-State of victim -Race of victim -Speed of model helping

What roles did they play?

-The females were both observers -1 male victim and 1 male model (helper)

What was the attire of the victims?

All wore a 'homeless' jacket and trousers and no tie.

What must something have to be an experiment?

An IV and a DV

What result was unexpected?

Diffusion of responsibility was not evident

What happened (background)?

Got attacked, robbed, raped and killed No one helped

What was the explanation for people helping or not helping?

The Cost-reward model

Where was the most help from?

The largest groups