AICE Psychology- Subway Samaritans (Piliavin) (1969)
What are costs of helping the victim? (3)
-Embarrassment -Physical harm -Effort
What things did the observers record? (4)
-How many in each area -Race/sex of people -Time taken for help -Comments made
A comment made by the women?
-It's for men to help -I wish I could help him, I'm not strong enough -You feel so bad you don't know what to do
What were the DV's? (4)
-Number of people/speed -Race of helper -Impact of model -Comments made by passengers
What are the rewards of helping? (3)
-Praise -Peace of mind -Respect
What were the 4 different model conditions?
-critical area early -critical area late -adjacent area early -adjacent area late
How many trials happened and over how many months?
103 trials over 2 months
What time of the day did the trails run between? Why?
11am and 3pm. Not peak time.
How many times was the drunk victim helped?
19/38
What year was the study conducted?
1969
How long did it take for a neighbour to call the police?
20 minutes
What age range were the males between?
26-35
What was the race ratio?
3 white, 1 black
How many people left the critical area overall?
34 people left in 21/103 trials
How many times did the drunk victim occur?
38x
How many people were in a team?
4 - 2 females and 2 males
What was the AVERAGE number of passengers on the train?
43
Which stops were the trains between?
59th and 125th street
How many times was the lame victim helped?
62/65
What percentage of helpers were white?
64%
How many times did the lame victim occur?
65x
How long did the train go on without stops? What did this mean?
7.5 minutes. It mean that there was a captive audience.
What times would the model fall after the doors closing?
70s or 150s
What was the AVERAGE number of passengers in the critical area?
8.5
What percentage of helpers were male?
90%
What did Piliavin give as the explanation for the women saying comments for not helping?
Cognitive dissonance (the excessive mental stress and discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time)
What type of experiment was it?
Field experiment
Where did the experiments take place (between which stations)?
Harlem to the Bronx
Who was the background to the study? (victim) What year and where?
Kitty Genovese New York in 1964
Who was the attacker?
Mosely
What is diffusion of responsibility?
Occurs when individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by other who are acting the same way.
What type of sampling method was used?
Opportunity sampling
What type of observation did it use?
Participant observation
Who were the three main people in the experiment?
Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin
How did the idea for the study come about?
Saw someone collapse on the subway
What is the bystander effect?
Tendency of an given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (also called diffusion of responsibility)
What is pluralistic ignorance?
When in a group, people often look to others to know how to react (informational social influence). Pluralistic ignorance is characterized by not reacting when others do not react to what seems to be an emergency.
What are costs of not helping the victim? (2)
-frowned upon -self blame
What are the 3 important terms?
-Bystander Effect -Diffusion of responsibility -Pluralistic Ignorance
What are the rewards of not helping the victim?(2)
-Saves time and effort -Can get on with own business
What were the IV's? (3)
-State of victim -Race of victim -Speed of model helping
What roles did they play?
-The females were both observers -1 male victim and 1 male model (helper)
What was the attire of the victims?
All wore a 'homeless' jacket and trousers and no tie.
What must something have to be an experiment?
An IV and a DV
What result was unexpected?
Diffusion of responsibility was not evident
What happened (background)?
Got attacked, robbed, raped and killed No one helped
What was the explanation for people helping or not helping?
The Cost-reward model
Where was the most help from?
The largest groups