alcohol metabolism

translation

(aka protein synthesis) involves decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product.

Good HDL cholesterol

(aka: high density lipoprotein) carrying cholesterol to liver for elimination cholesterol levels > 50 (overall cholesterol <200 is good for coronary arteries)

Bad LDL Cholesterol

(aka: low density lipoprotein) carry cholesterol to cells cholesterol levels < 130

explain how having a faster or slower ADH2 enzyme impacts the occurrence of side effects from alcohol consumption

ADH2 enzyme breaks down alcohol faster and produce acetaldehyde resulting in flushing slower ALDH2 prevents this

explain how having a faster or slower ADH3 enzyme impacts the occurrence of side effects from alcohol consumption

ADH3 enzyme breaks down alcohol faster and produces acetaldehyde resulting in flushing slower ADH3 prevents this

explain how having a faster or slower ALDH enzyme impacts the occurrence of side effects from alcohol consumption

ALDH processes out acetaldehyde into acetate, which does not produce the sued effects of alcohol consumption. ALDH can process acetaldehyde more quickly, resulting in no glow at a faster velocity

Which of the following is TRUE when comparing steroids and triglycerides? a. Both are composed of mostly C and H, but steroids have 4 fatty acids, while triglycerides only have 3 fatty acids. b. Both are found in membranes, but steroids are only found in animal cell membranes, while triglycerides are found in all cell membranes. c. While both function to store energy, some steroids like testosterone also function as hormones. d. Both are lipids and because they are hydrophobic they must be coated with protein covered capsules to be transported in the bloodstream.

Both are lipids and because they are hydrophobic they must be coated with protein covered capsules to be transported in the bloodstream.

ribosomes

Bring together and attach amino acids to form particular proteins

base pairing

DNA guanine always hydrogen bonds to cytosine and adenine to thymine or uracil.

tRNA

Matches amino acids with the correct codon in the mRNA

how to recognize dietary fiber

aka cellulose, structural component of plant cells

proteins

all cells, but enriched in animal cells because it is used for structure and muscle movement

Which of the following ingredients would contribute mostly saturated fat to a food? A. butter b. enriched flour c. soybean oil d. sugar

butter

what is an amino acid?

building blocks of proteins

carbohydrate, saturated fat, cholesterol, or protein: Breadsticks Dippers

carbohydrate

what carbohydrate does lettuce contain?

cellulose

common carbs: dietary fiber

cellulose (polysaccharide in plants)

Which of the following ingredients contributed the 1g of fiber to the cookie? a. milkfat b. corn syrup c. cellulose gum d. eggs

cellulose gum

Which of the following ingredients contributes cholesterol to foods? a. soy bean oil b. sugar c. chicken d. corn syrup e. starch

chicken

These lipids are a key component of the plasma membrane of animal cells

cholesterol

carbohydrate, saturated fat, cholesterol, or protein: chicken wings

cholesterol

omega-3 fatty acids

common in fatty fish like salmon avocado

nucleic acids

composed of nucleotides with 4 different nitrogenous bases (a,c,t/u,g) -have the same structure for phosphate and sugar

Which of the following ingredients does NOT contribute to the protein calories in the sandwich? a. wheat flour b. buttermilk c. eggs d. corn syrup

corn syrup

Which of the following ingredients contribute simple sugars in the form of a disaccharide to this food? corn syrup food starch-modified sugar hydrogenated soybean oil non-fat milk

corn syrup sugar non-fat milk

what carbohydrate does honey contain?

fructose

common carbs: monosaccharides (simple sugars)

fructose, galactose, glucose (all have one sub unit of sugar) ex: corn syrup

fast ADH

glowing

slow ALDH

glowing

what carbohydrate does liver contain?

glycogen

glycogen granules

in animal cells they break down starch and provide energy (ex: after a workout)

how to recognize starch

long term energy for plants ( roots, seeds) digested by hydrolysis in germinating seeds to provide glucose energy

partially hydrogenated fatty acids

margarine converts to cis to trans fats

A Nestle Ice Cream Toll House cookie contains as much sugar as 11 tootsie rolls. Nestle could reduce the amount of simple sugars by eliminating any of the following ingredients, EXCEPT: A. molasses B. corn syrup C. buttermilk D. sugar E. milkfat

milkfat

This Nestle Ice Cream Toll House cookie has the saturated fat equivalent of 3 slices of bacon. If Nestle wanted to reduce the saturated fat, they should reduce what ingredient? a. soybean oil b. milkfat c. corn syrup d. sugar

milkfat

Omega 6 fatty acids

more common in poultry, eggs

polyunsaturated fatty acid

more than one carbon-carbon bond (c=c) corn, safflower, soy oils

transcription

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

What happens to most of the ethanol molecules that we ingest?

they are broken down in the liver

These lipids in our diet can be found in oils and fats.

triglycerides

How many of the genes Thomasson et al. looked at were related to the alcoholic versus nonalcoholic phenotype?

3 each with 2 versions

proteins in foods

-20 different amino acids -we can manufacture most amino acids -9 essential amino acids cant be synthesized by our bodies, but must be found in diet -rule: all living things have protein, but all 9 essential amino acids are present in animal protein (meat, eggs, milk) vegetable protein may lack some

Steroids

-4 fused rings of carbon -steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone -cholesterol: vital component of animal cell membranes, the starting material for steroid hormone synthesis -no fatty acids -steroids dont store energy

how do they test the link with alcoholism?

-ADH2: codes for part of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) -ADH3: codes for another part of DH -ALDH2: makes aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme

how is alcohol metabolized?

-Liver breaks down alcohol by "oxidization" into acetic acid -2 enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydronase -some enzymes act in a "series" breaking down alcohol in a stepwise fashion (metabolic pathway)

structure of amino acids

-different R group for ever amino acid -secondary structure= regular sub-structure -tertiary structure= 3-D -quarternary structure= complex of protein molecules

digestion of carbohydrates

-enzymes are almost always proteins -any carbohydrate bigger than monosaccharides too big to cross into the bloodstream -hydrolysis enzymes are located in the mouth and small intestine

fats and oils in diet

-fat is the most concentrated energy source -absorption of fat soluble vitamins - flavor and satiety -essential fatty acids are required bc not made by our bodies. absence can lead to problems with blood clotting, hormone synthesis and muscle function

cholesterol

-four fused rings of carbon (made mostly of H&C) -vital component of animal cell membranes (make the membranes strong) -starting material for steroid hormone synthesis, vitamin D

digestion of glucose

-linked differently in starch and cellulose -cellulose (fiber) calorie free b/c we dont make digestive enzymes that recognize the bonds

oils

-liquid at room temperature -enriched in plant sources like seeds -the fatty acids are UNsaturated hydrogens

lipids

-not soluble in water, but can include triglycerides, steroids, or phosphates -triglycerides are oils and fats which differ in their degree of saturation with hydrogen -animal sources of fat tend to be enriched in saturated fats and cholesterol (steroid found in animal membranes) -phospholipids found in cell membranes

how to recognize simple sugars

-ose ending, taste sweet

DNA

-sides (bonds between sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate of the next A,C,G,T) -center base pairs A&T C&G

fats

-solid at room temperature -enriched in animal sources (coco and palm) -the fatty acids are saturated in hydrogen (white balls)

common carbs: disaccharides (simple sugars)

-sucrose (table sugar)= 1 fructose + 1 glucose -lactose= 1 glucose + 1 galactose -maltose= 2 glucose

ALDH2*1 and ALDH2*2

-two different versions of the same gene (Allele) that can exist in a population -the protein enzymes produced from these alleles work differently

2 major lipids found in foods

1. triglycerides 2. cholesterol phospholipids are found in all plasma membranes, not listed on food labels

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

amino acids

Are the building blocks for proteins

mRNA (transcription)

Carries the directions for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm

RNA polymerase

Catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template

single gene

Contains the nucleotide sequence for one protein

How is the ADH2 1 protein produced different from the ADH2 2 protein?

One amino acid has been changed

mRNa (transcription)

Provides the codon that specifies each particular amino acid

promoter

Recruits the enzyme that produces RNA to the start of a gene

DNA

Stores genetic information for the cell

sustrates

The molecules upon which enzymes may act

mutation

a permanent variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

A mutation in humans for "alcohol flush reaction," ALDH2⊗2 occurs in individuals when they consume alcohol. This mutation is located at a specific location on chromosome 12. A different sequence at this same chromosome location, ALDH2⊛1 results in individuals that consume alcohol with no flush Based on this information, alcohol flush reaction and the non-reaction trait are...

different variants (alleles) for the same gene

fat or oil: enriched in animal sources

fat

fat or oil: saturated with hydrogen

fat

fat or oil: solid at room temperature

fat

triglycerides

fats and oils (3 fatty acids)

Polypeptide

final product produced

Half of the calories in a serving of Totino's Party Pizza (1/2 pie) come from fats. Identify which of the following ingredients contributed fat to the pizza.

mozzarella cheese substitute (palm and soybean oil with rennet)

fast ALDH

no glowing

slow ADH

no glowing

Which of the following ingredients on a food label contributes protein? A. non-fat milk B. partially hydrogenated soybean oil C. corn syrup D. enriched flour E. potatoes

non-fat milk enriched flour potatoes

Amyloplast

non-pigmented organelles in plant cells that break down starch

fat or oil: enriched in plant sources

oil

fat or oil: liquid at room temperature

oil

hydrogenated fatty acids

oils made solid by breaking carbon-carbon bonds and replacing with hydrogen bonds (hydrogenation)

monosaturated fatty acid

one carbon bond (c=c) canola oil, nut oils

What ingredient would the Nestle people have to remove to get rid of the trans fats? a. eggs b. enriched flour c. partially-hydrogenated soybean oil d. cocoa butter

partially-hydrogenated soybean oil

These lipids are the main component of cell membranes.

phosphlipids

Carbohydrates

produced by plants for energy storage and structure (milk exception), look for -OSE ending, and common names (starch, cellulose, sugar, syrup)

carbohydrate, saturated fat, cholesterol, or protein: corned beef

protein

Enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions.

common carbs: starch

rice, potatoes

carbohydrate, saturated fat, cholesterol, or protein: Alfredo Sauce

saturated fat

The 35mg of cholesterol in the cookie comes from all of the following, EXCEPT ____. a. soybean oil b. eggs c. buttermilk d. milkfat

soybean oil

what carbohydrate does rice contain?

starch

lipids function

stored energy, membranes, steroid hormones

Carbohydrates function

stores energy, cell surface molecules, structure molecules

Proteins function

structure (animals), enzymes, protection, hormones, signaling, movement -plants have protein -no kind of cell without protein

what carbohydrate does table sugar contain?

sucrose

Glucose + fructose =

sucrose + water (table sugar)

These lipids are responsible for stimulating male secondary sex characteristics

testosterone