FINAL nutri

what are the chances of contracting diarrhea from travel to other countries?

1 in 2

morning sickness is most likely to occur during which trimester of pregnacy?

1st

in the practtice of agriculture approximately what percentage more energy is required to prduce most animal foodes in comparision to grains?

200

what is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for a normal weight women?

25-35 lbs

at what point are infants ready for solid or semi solid foods?

4-6 months of age

what branch of the department of health and human services is responsible for mointoring foodborne illness?

CDC

which of the following statements is true about breast or formula feeding for infants?

HIV infection is passed from the mother to infant in breast milk

ions that carry a postive charge are called

cations

there are four critical steps in the food handling process that you need to take to help prevent foodbourne illness. these four steps are

cleaning, combating cross contamination. cooking and chilling

a food label ingredient list reads: wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar salt and cornstarch what item would be found in the lowest amount in the food?

corn strach

what term is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specfic events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?

critical period

raw hamburger patties are taken to the grill on a platter. after being cooked, they are returned to the unwashed platter and served this is an example of

cross contamination

in what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?

abdomen

________ is the major symptom of vitamin k deficiency

abnormal blood coagulation

the percentage range of intakes for protein, fat and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases is termed

acceptable macronutrient distribution range AMDR

what is the major factor that determines metabolic rate

amount of lean body tissue

in the u.s the avg life expect

ancy is 78 years and healthy life expectancy is 69 years. what does this mean?

a child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at a high risk of showing signs of

anemia

the usda my plate recommends eating

at least half your grains as whole grains each day

the female athelete triad consists of _______

disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of

double bonds

hyponatremia is a concern of marathon runners which can be caused by

drinking too much water during a marathon

the foods that most frequently cause salmonella infection are

eggs and poultry

protein molecules that increase the rate of specfic chemical reactions without themselves being changed

enzymes

a period of extreme food shortage resulting in widespread starvation and death is known as

famine

the main food that a pregnant women she be cautious about eating during pregnancy to avoid mercury contamination

fish

a deficiency of which nutrient appears to be related to an increased risk of nerual tube defects in the new born?

folate

exercise increases ________ production which can be counteracted by _______ in the body

free radical ; antioxidents

which nutrient can be used to produce energy in the absence of oxygen?

glucose

all of the following are advantages of organic farming as compared to conventional farming . except

higher crop yields

as compared to medium intenisty excercise such as hiking, fatty acids are used at a ______rate and glucose at a _____ rate for fuel during rest

higher, lower

which of the following has caused botulism posioning in infants?

honey

clostridum botulinum posioning is a hazard associated with

improperly canned vegetables

the primary mechanism by which medium consumption of alcohol lowers cardiovascular disease risk

increases HDL

aerobic training _________ the size and _________ the number of mitochondria in cells

increases;increases

which of the following groups especially vulnerable to illness becuse of immature immune systems?

infants and young children

food bourne illness caused by pathogens that multiply in the human body are termed "food borne ______"

infection

this method of pest control combines chemical and non chemical methods and emphasizes the use of natural toxins

integrated pest managment

which of the following is most commonly deficent in children and adolescents?

iron

why is increasing the number of red blood cells an advantageous physiological change that occurs with aerobic training?

it allows oxygen to be transported to tissues

which of the following can influence an older adults ablity to consume a nutrtious diet?

living on a fixed income, loss of teeth, alcohol abuse

particles that are formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile

micelles

for most people, the majority of their total energy expenditure is from

basal metabolism

the cycle of malnutrion can be broken by

better health care for children, increasing the availablity of nutritious foods for adults and better health care and nutrition for women during pregnacy

for most adults what is the recommended minimum amount of fat that should be consumed as a percentage of total energy intake

20

approximately how many kcals are contained in a pound of body fat?

3500

of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?

4

apporximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation dieting is lean body mass ?

50

what is the cheif reason why people living in poverty and hunger bear numerous children?

only a small percentage of the children may survive to adult hood.

what food is responsible for the most life threatening allergic reactions in people ?

peanuts

all of the following statements are true regarding components of a nutrition study that provides reliable information: data must be quantifiable, proper experimental controls should be used, the data must be interpreted accurately except:

personal testimonals are appropriate type of data to collect

the main cause of food insecuirty in the united states

poverty

which of the following is the hormone that stimulates milk production in woman who has just given birth ?

prolactin

protein hydrolyzing enzymes are commonly known as

proteases

athletes can safely add muscle tissue by

putting a demand on muscles by making them work harder

which of the following is a result of regular exercise?

reduced blood pressure

which of the following behaviors is most likely to promote formation of dental caries?

slowly sipping fruit juices between meals

what is the primary absorption site for digestable carbohydrates?

small intestines

hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of

sodium

which minerals help regulate fluid balance

sodium, potassium and chloride

an infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has

spina bifida

what is one function of the gallbladder?

stores bile

what is the term given to agricultural practices that are designed to minimize use of energy and chemicals?

sustainable agriculture

as compared to an adult, the percentage of calories from fat is ___ for an adolescent

the same

general features of the legumes include all of the following except

they are high in fat

which of the following is a characterstic of structure function claims on food labels?

they can be made without any FDA approval

several nutrient deficiencys have recently reemerged as problems throught the world including the following deficiency diseases : beri beri, scurvy, pellagra. which nutrients in the order that matches the deficincy listed are responsible for these diseases?

thiamin, vitamin c, niacin

as people age they tend to lose lean body mass owing to the decrease in BMR typically seen with aging.

true

deficiency of vitamin a is the worlds leading cause of blindess in young children

true

infants require more calories per pound of body weight than adults

true

a person who exercises moderalty longer than 20 mins begins to

use less glucose and more fat for fuel

which of the following is not true about television watching by children

watching televison has no effect on a childs future risk for being overweight

according to the my plate , approximately what percentage of the days food servings should be derived from plant foods?

75

food labels express the nutrient content in relation to a set of standard values known as the

daily values

the application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as

denaturation

when you eat a taco the tortilla meat cheese and lettuce and tomato are broken apart releasing the nutrients and other food components they contain, this process is called

digestion

the bicarbonate neutralizes the acid in chyme which allows ____ from the pancreas and small intestine to function

enzymes

what structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?

epiglottis

if the diet is deficient in one or more of the ___ amino acids, the boy must break down existing proteins to provide the needed amino acid

essential

when thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess?

excreted primarly in the urine

which of the following is generally not digested but does stimulate intestinal muscle contractions ?

fiber

plant foods generally are excellent sources of the health promoting foods. these types of plant foods usually contain

fiber, phytochemicals, unsaturated fats

research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of

folate

what is a "limiting" amino acid in a protein?

an essential amino acid present in insufficent quantity for body protein synthesis to take place.

which of the following is known as a fruit sugar or levulose?

fructose

when blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?

glucagon

what is the name of the animal polysaccahride composed of glucose units?

glycogen

anaerobic metabolic pathway that splits gluecose into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

glycolsis

which of the following foods is highest in folate?

green leafy vegatables

adverse side effects of typical low carb diets include all of the following except

high blood pressure

the ratio of a persons body weight to height is represented as his or her

body mass index

the bodys amino acid pool consists of

both essential and nonessential amino acids

urine color charts help people monitor thier ____ status

hydration

the DASH diet plan was devised to prevent

hypertension

which of the following statements describes the glycemic effect of foods

a measure of how fast and high the food causes the blood glucose to rise

iron bioavailablity from complete meals is known to be affected significantly by each of the following substances except

caffeine

which of the following types of oil is the best source of healthy unstaturated fats?

canola oil

according to the AMDR the majority of calories that you eat should come from

carbohydrates

what lipoprotein is largest in size?

chylomicron

what is the primary function of the b vitamins?

coenzyme participation

starch and dietary fiber are classified as

complex carbohydrates

increased blood flow at the surface of the body causes the skin to become red in hot weather and during strenous activity. evaportion of sweat then cools the skin and blood near the surface of the skin. this is part of the process the body uses to regulate:

core temperature

which of the following would not expect to see in a person with kwashiorkor?

increased physical activity

a goiter occurs as a result of deificiency of

iodine

which of the following is a property of niacin in nutrition?

it can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan

which of the following is a feature of the body mass index?

it correlates with disease risks

when there is not suffiecent carbohydrate to completely metabolism fatty acids these molecules form

ketones

dietary supplements have regualtions that are _____ strict as compared to drugs

less

which of the following is a disadvantage of using weight measures for the assessment of disease risk?

limited amount of body composition data

which of the following is the best description of nutrients provided by animal protein sources: ______ in fiber, ____ in saturated fat and choesterol ______ in readily absorbed forms of iron, zinc and calcium

low, high, high

what is the main explantion for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight

males have a higher percentage of lean body mass

what substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices

mucus

which of the following is an exampple of a macronutrient?

protein

collagen is a _______. vitamin c is necessary to form_____ that hold adjacent collagen strands together and give the protein ______

protein, bonds, strength

the main function of carbohydrates in the body

provide enrgy

nutrient denisty refers to foods that

provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

almost all 99% of the calcium in the body is used to

provide rigidity for the bones and teeth

the purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to

raise the ph of chyme

a protein that binds with biotin (thus inhibiting absorption) is found in which food?

raw egg whites

a child diagonosed with iron difeceincy anemia would most likely benefit from increasing the consumption of

red meat

which of the following is not a function of water in the human body ?

regulates blood glucose

which of the following foods contains cholesterol?

roasted turkey

the three main functions of the nutrients include all of the following: contribute to the structure of our body, regualte biological processes in the body and provide us with energy. EXCEPT:

speed up our metabolism

what is meant by the bioavailablity of a vitamin in food?

the amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body

which of the following is a characterstic of essential fatty acids

the body cannot make these at all or in sufficient quantities to meet the bodys need

in a controlled experiment, the group that is NOT subject to treatment is called

the control group

what does the tollerable upper intake level of a nutrient represent?

the maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people

which of the following is a charactersitc of enriched grain products?

they have all of the added nutrients listed on the label

based on the type of fat found in the following foods, which would be the healthiest choice for dinner from the vegetable group?

tomatoes with olive oil and balsmic vinegar

a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as

triglyceride

more than half of american adults are currenetly either overweight or obese.

true

this form of diabetes is caused by an autoimmunie destruction of inslin producing cells in the pancreas

type 1 diabetes

which of the following best describes the normal ph of the stomach

very acidic

what is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine ?

villi

a similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either

vitamin b12 or folate

active _______ is required to maintian normal blood calcium and phosphorous levels

vitamin d

in its role as an antioxident, this vitamin gaurds cell membranes, body proteins, dna and cholesterol and thus helps prevent heart disease, cancer, macular degeneration, and other chronic diseases.

vitamin e

when consumed in excess all of the following can be converted to body fat and stored except

vitmain c

all of the following are associated with increased risk of developing osteoporosis except;

walking daily for exercise

which of the following breads has the highest fiber content?

whole grain

among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate?

younger individuals

which of the following food hazards has the fda identified as its number one concern

microbial foodborne

which of the following is a common measure of protein quality?

PDCAAS

what is a precursor?

a substance that is used to syntheszie another compound

phytic acid, tannins and oxalates ___ the absorption of many minerals

decrease

most people in the US need to ____their salt intake and _______ their potassium intake to meet recommendations for a healthy diet

decrease;increase

vitamins A and C, thiamin, calcium and magnesium are considered

micronutrients

of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake?

milk

the top three causes of death in the us include stroke, cancer, and heart disease all of these conditions are thought to be increased by

obesity

which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?

the side group