ALED 125 - Test 2

white privilege

"invisible knapsack"- the weightless knapsack is filled with provisions that help white people travel through life more easily *Even well-meaning people in the majority culture often take for granted the benefits of White Privilege, which include shopping without being followed, being able to buy housing of their choice, and easily finding toys and pictures that look like themselves

4 necessary qualities to advance ethical standards in an organization

1) Critical thinking skills to analyze and convey the ethical components of a problem or dilemma 2) Possession of a high degree of integrity to stand up for your personal and professional ethics 3) The ability to see situations from others' perspectives (showing concern for others) 4) Personal motivation to do the right thing

Kidder's (1995) Three Principles of Ethical Decision Making

1) End-based thinking. Do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number. 2) Rule-based thinking. Follow only the principle that you want everyone else to follow. 3) Care- base thinking. Do to others what you would like them to do to you.

four components of Kidder's (2005) Four- Dilemma Paradigm Model

1) Justice versus mercy: fairness and equity conflict with compassion, empathy, and love 2) Short term versus long term: immediate needs run counter to future goals. 3) Individual versus community: self versus others or small group versus larger group 4) Truth versus loyalty: honesty competes with commitment, responsibility, or promise- keeping

Ethnocentrism

A human survival response that tells us our own culture is best. Individuals at this stage may exhibit intolerance and outright hostility or aggression towards other cultures. Individuals who do not move beyond this stage tend to feel their culture is superior and impose it on others

Appreciating/ Value

At this stage, one begins to understand that cultures have strengths and weaknesses; such an understanding leads to appreciation and valuing of specific aspects of other cultures. A change occurs from objectivity to subjectivity considering cultural aspects in terms of one's own identity and values.

Explain the relationship between values, beliefs, and actions

Beliefs shape values, which influence thoughts and actions. If you can articulate your values, then you are likely be aware of the principles and beliefs that serve as your guides.

8 assumptions of leadership: 7

Ethical leadership is a shared process. Leaders and participants shared the responsibility of advancing core organizational values and of doing the right things. Members often are called upon to be courageous and to advocate for what is right, despite risks such as losing a job or alienating friends.

8 assumptions of leadership: 1

Ethics is the heart of leadership. The means justify the ends when leading with integrity.

Hoopes Intercultural Learning Process.

Ethnocentrism Awareness Understanding Acceptance/ Respect Appreciating/ Value Selective Adoption Multiculturalism

8 assumptions of leadership: 8

Everything we do teaches. We learn by watching others, and we make judgements about what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior in organizations.

cultural programming

individuals' positive and negative reactions to events, people, and other phenomena in their environment

stereotyping

information that is most reinforced & more easily accessed jumps to the forefront

pluralistic leadership

results when heterogeneous groups of people work together to accomplish change, is enhanced when a person understands, develops an appreciation for, and possesses the skills needed to communicate across these borders and come to common understandings

Be able to define the terms and explain the relationship between: self-concept

self- concept- how we objectively describe ourselves; usually, if is based on out roles and attributes

ethical dilemma

stands for right-versus-right situations in which two core moral values come into conflict; each side of the problem is firmly rooted in one of our basic, core values

Be able to define the terms and explain the relationship between: self-confidence

the ability to know that you can rely on your strengths, competencies, and skills in the many contexts in which you find yourself

Selective Adoption

the individuals at this stage tries and adopts new attitudes and behaviors from other cultures which are believed to be useful and desirable to emulate. Aspects of another culture which have value and worth for the individual personally are integrated into her/his way of thinking, feeling, or acting.

moral courage

the quality of mind and spirit that enables one to face up to ethical challenges firmly and confidently, without flinching or retreating; can be viewed as the intersection of three conceptual fields: principles, danger, and endurance, having an awareness of danger is key in possessing moral courage Ex: It took moral courage for Nelson Mandela to be imprisoned for eighteen years in his opposition to apartheid in South Africa.

Be able to define the terms and explain the relationship between: self-esteem

the subjective element if how you feel about yourself

Leadership lessons from Johnny Cash?

very very inclusive dont dwell on the past, but don't forget about your past mistakes man in black like to be a common power went against the status quo

toxic leaders

who engage in numerous destructive behaviors and who exhibit certain dysfunctional personal characteristics which must inflict some reasonably serious and enduring harm on their followers and their organizations Leaving their followers worse off than they found them · Violating the basic standards of human rights of their own supporters, as well as those of other individuals and groups they do not count among their followers · Consciously feeding their followers illusions that enhance the leader's power and impair the followers' capacity to act independently (persuading followers that they are the only ones who can save them or the organization) · Misleading followers through deliberate untruths and misdiagnoses of issues and problems · Insatiable ambition that prompts leaders to put their own sustained power, glory, and fortunes above their followers' well- being · Enormous egos that blind leaders to the shortcoming of their own character and thus limit their capacity for self- renewal · Reckless disregard for the costs of their actions to others, as well as to themselves · Cowardice that leads them to shrink from difficult choices

What are Bennis' 4 lessons for self- development?

you are your own best teacher. · Accept responsibility. Blame no one. · You can learn anything you want to learn. · True understanding comes from reflection on your experience

Understanding

This stage involves the acquiring of knowledge and information about other cultures on rational, cognitive level. The individual begins to piece together the puzzle of other culture from pieces of information about values, customs, etc. Occurs in a detached and separate way

Intercultural Competence

a set of cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills and characteristics that support effective and appropriate interaction in a variety of cultural contexts

List and explain the hindrances to intercultural competence shared in class: Dealing with Personal Discomfort

1) Unfamiliar 2) Different 3) Diffcult to relax 4) Hard to be yourself 5) Anxiety specifically fear of in-group rejection- the idea of us and them is very simple way of explaining ingroup and outgroup phenomena. Fear of Outgroup rejection- A feeling that any attempt to interact with outgroup members will lead to rejection from the group because they may not want to "interact with us and have personal relationship with us" due to intergroup differences Fear of Loss of Identity- People feel that they will change in an unacceptable way if they allowed themselves to be exposed to other cultures. Fear of Embarrassment- Engaging in new activities carries an inherent risk of embarrassment. Interactions in an unfamiliar or less familiar social context create the fear of inappropriate behavior's evoking derision from those who know the appropriate behaviors and manners. It is natural for a person to try to act perfectly in accordance with defined appropriate rules of conduct.

Multiculturalism

An ideal state and an ongoing PROCESS where a person is able to feel comfortable in and communicate effectively with people from many cultures and in many situations. Identities, self-concepts, outlooks, and value formation transcends cultural considerations. Very open to new experiences.

8 assumptions of leadership: 6

Character development is an essential ingredients of ethical leadership. A leader's character is defined by his or her actions and behaviors, not simply by the values that are espoused.

8 assumptions of leadership: 4

Ethical leadership can be learned. Ethical learning is a process involving experience, reflection, conceptualization, and application. The life experiences you gain over time will affect your development as an ethical leader.

8 assumptions of leadership: 5

Ethical leadership involves a connection between ethical thought and action. Linking moral reasoning with values and action is imperative in leadership.

Acceptance/ Respect

Individuals at this stage accept the validity of other cultures without comparing them or judging them against one's own culture. A change in attitude of "Its OK for them" occurs, a relativistic approach. A Live and let live" attitude results and the value of other cultures is for others, not me.

Who was out Great leader #2?

Johnny Cash

8 assumptions of leadership: 3

Personal values intersect with organizational values. The journey to ethical leadership begins with an examination of personal values, as well as ongoing reflection of personal core values and how these values are related to the values of on organization or community.

Johnny Cash and the RLM

Process- inclucive empowerment purpose ethical

Riddle Scale: Negative Attitudes

Repulsion-Views people who are different at as strange, sick, crazy, and aversive. Views anything that will change them to be more "normal" or part of the mainstream as justifiable Pity- Views people who are different as somehow born that way and feels that is pitiful. Seeing being different as definitely immature and less preferred, so to help those poor individuals one should reinforce normal behaviors. Tolerance- Sees being different as just a phrase of development that most people "grow out" of. Thus one should protect and tolerate those who are different as one does a child who is still learning. Acceptance- Implies that one needs to make accommodations for another's differences; does not acknowledge that the other's identity may be of the same value as one's own.

Five Ethical Principles in Decision Making

Respect Autonomy: providing leaders and members with freedom of choice, allowing individuals to freely develop their values, and respecting the right of others to act independently Doing No Harm or nonmaleficence: refrain from engaging in actions which risk harming others Benefiting Others or Beneficence: promoting the interests of the organization above personal interests and self-gain Being just or justice: treating people fairly and equally Being Faithful or Fidelity: keeping promises

Riddle Scale: Postive Attitudes

Support- Works to safeguard the right of those who are different. One may be uncomfortable oneself but one is aware of the climate and the irrational unfairness in our society. Admiration- Acknowledges that being different in our society takes strength. One is willing to truly look at oneself and work on one's own personal biases. Appreciation- Values the being different in our society takes strength. One is willing to truly look at oneself and work one one's own personal biases. Nurturance- Assumes the differences in people are indispensable in society. Views differences with genuine affection and delight and is willing to be advocate of those differences.

Awareness

This stage involves the acknowledgment that other cultures exist and the awareness that they have a culture. The individual at this stage becomes aware that differences are culturally based and that they are part of a given people's way of thinking and acting.

List and be able to describe the six pillars/actions for a person of character.

Trustworthy respectful responsible fair caring citizenship

Be able to define the terms and explain the relationship between: overall

You can increase your confidence by maximizing your strengths and managing your weaknesses . If some aspects of yourself are negative influences on your self-esteem, you must differentiate between those you can actually do something about from those you just need to think about differently, which can lead to a higher level of self-acceptance. Perceiving things differently is called cognitive reframing- a different way of thinking

8 assumptions of leadership: 2

all leadership is value-driven. Participants and leaders bring to the organization their own values and beliefs about how people should be treated, notions of what is right versus what is wrong, and ideas about what is just and fair.

ethical temptation

dilemmas that stem from the right- versus- wrong issues that produce moral temptations; moral judgment situations in which unethical decisions are made due to failure of

culture

encompasses everything about how a group of people thinks, feels, and behaves; it is their pattern of knowledge; It is a "body of common understandings" - it is a integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thoughts, communications, languages, practices, beliefs, values, customs, courtesies, rituals , manners of interacting, and roles, relationships and expected behaviors of a racial, ethnic, religious or social group; and the ability to transmit the above to succeeding generations