ALL EDUC 1

In the Stereotype Threat Study, how did the test results of the African-American and Caucasian subjects compare when they were not told that they were being compared

they were the same

Role of perception of managing emotions

those who believe they are good at managing emotions are more prosocial, able to resist peer pressure, empathetic with peers.

incremental view of ability

"growth mindset" student believes that their abilities are unstable and controllable, and that they can improve with hard work. Can change

active learning

"guide on the side" together teacher and students construct knowledge, interact, facilitate inquiry (good teaching involves both active and passive learning, can be combined)

Passive learning

"sage on the stage" teacher the pitcher, students the container (good teaching involves both active and passive learning, can be combined)

Pennsylvania data supporting school-to-prison pipeline theory

# of school-based arrests tripled in 7 years after high stakes tests implemented- after being stable for 40 years

Teacher pipeline 2020:

# of white teacher candidates is triple that of all other racial and ethnic groups combined. Meanwhile, currently more minority students in U.S> than white—demographic mismatch

Inequalities on the local level

#1: property values vary greatly between towns, meaning that the amount going toward public schools varies too #2: # of educated adults who are QUALIFIED to be on the Board of education also varies

National per-pupil expenditure

$11,841 (But white plains $22k vs. San Perlita, TX $11k vs. Bryan county, GA $6k. State and federal funding kicked in for San Perlita, so it's not always the poorest towns that have the least amount of money)

CVS study #4: do findings hold with a more authentic transfer task? meaning of the results with a focus on discovery

(+) on the authentic task, those who learned CVS through discovery did just as well (-) we should expect a benefit but they did just as well as direct instruction

CVS Study #4: do findings hold with a more authentic transfer task? meaning of the results with a focus on Direct instruction

(+) the prior results hold up even with authentic transfer (-) gain is lost on more authentic tasks

Dual code hypothesis

We remember best when presented in both verbal and visual forms. Helps explain why we remember concrete items more easily than abstract (encode into memory with verbal and visual attributes)

IPS

intraparietal sulcus, part of the parietal lobe. Amount of increased bilateral activation in IPS is greater for approximation than exact calculation.

which type of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic) should teachers try to foster? why?

intrinsic because it's linked to higher levels of achievement and motivation

Why are handwritten notes beneficial

it causes you to process and summarize the information rather than just writing the notes verbatim

how is science included in the CCSS?

it is not! there was too much controversy over the importance of either content or process so they left it out completely,

what do the results of the board game study suggest about teaching math?

it is taught most effectively in a spacially represented way (number lines, abacus, etc)

How long is info stored in LTM

it is unclear... maybe forever?

Dunning-Kruger effect:

people with low ability mistake themselves to be better/smarter AND they have the highest confidencetheir lack of ability renders them unable to perform and then realize they performed poorly

what type of goal setting does an entity mindset typically lead to?

performance avoidance

What type of goals are the biggest danger?

performance avoidance goals. If students are not successful, performance approach goals likely to turn into performance avoidance.

edTPA assessment

phasing in—"Bar exam for teaching"; same type of career-entry assessment requirement as those for lawyers, doctors, etc. Problems: it's expensive and time consuming which deters low-income and minority candidates

what are the two approaches to teaching reading

phonics and whole-language

what were the findings of Kraemer's study on learning preferences using fMRI?

preferences determine which neural resources we recruit for tasks, but they don't impact performance

children who are read-to frequently develop a number of skills... what does proficiency in these skills predict?

reading ability and time spent reading... it's a cycle

Interleaving

rearranging the order if multiple things need to be learned

How might a teacher respond if they assume a child's failure is due to internal, stable reasons

respond with sympathy, avoids giving punishment, leads student thinking failure is due to internal, stable reasons

Non-strategic organization

retrieval of one item automatically activates the retrieval of other related items (long term potentiation)

2nd and 3rd grade reading abilities

retrieve whole words

what is one method of teaching phonological awareness

rhyming

Findings CVS study #2 (real classroom): are these findings consistent in real classrooms?

same findings as study #1 to the same degree- in the explicit group, % who understood CVS went from 5 to 95

how do different levels of stress impact metacognition

short term (ST) stressors are positive. long term, chronic stress is toxic

Global Self Esteem (5 categories)

social, athletic, scholastic, physical, behavioral

1st grade reading abilities

sound out letters and words

phonemes/phonology

sounds of a language/understanding sound

Spacing Effects Study #3: School-Based Learning Findings

spaced group performed better on both simple and complex topics

Distributed cognition

spread learning tasks across many minds and draw on multiple knowledge bases and ideas. Must consider disadvantages for some students.

The State Level: public school funding

states provide varying amounts of funding to public schools tp supplement property taxes in accordance with state taxes. Some states have more money than others.

what are the neural differences in those with discalculia

structural- smaller IPS functional- less increased activity in IPS

what were the methods of the study that showed evidence for the ventral stream

subjects were placed in the scanner and asked to read either: real words made up words random strings of letters strings of symbols

how are males more likely to attribute their successes/failures

success- ability failure- lack of effort

how are females more likely to attribute their successes/failures

success- effort failure- lack of ability

which area of the brain is associated with phonological awareness

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

potentiation

synchronous firing of neurons makes it more likely that that subset will fire together again in the future

What did the Alloway study suggest about working memory

that it is a better predictor of intelligence than IQ

why don't schools use a mix of the two reading approaches

the curriculum doesn't exist

what does "deep orthography" refer to

the fact that in english there is not a 1:1 ration between mapping and sound

In a study with kindergarteners, 1/2 were given internal/stable praise and 1/2 were given internal/unstable praise. what was the impact?

the group that received unstable praise thought of themselves as more competent, and were more likely to persist and pursue more challenging tasks in the future

what were the findings of the study with toddlers and eye trackers? what were the results when they were tested 6 months later

the high income toddlers viewed the correct image in 750ms, while the low income kids took 200ms longer 6 months later, the low-income kids just reached the speed that the high-income kids were at 6 months prior

pygmalion effect

the idea that we act unconsciously according to expectations

which area of the brain showed more increased activation during exact calculation? what does this suggest about exact calc?

the left hemisphere, which suggests that there are language components

what were the findings of the study that showed how phonological awareness from reading alters our brains

the literate and illiterate women showed identical activity with real words, but literate women showed more activity in the STS, suggesting that learning to read changes the development of phonological processing systems and the way you analyze speech

In the second study of the Mayer-Massa meta analysis, they did the same test with one difference. What was it and what was the outcome?

the participants were uneducated and the outcome was the same

What is the meshing hypothesis?

the theory that learning can be optimized by matching instruction style to one's learning style

aspects of the roman alphabet that make it difficult to learn

there are letters that look similar, upper/lower case, and different letters are attached to the same phoneme

in the brain damage studies, what did the differences in processing deficits suggest about the brain?

there are regions specialized for number words and other regions specialized for understanding quantity

threshold effect (stress)

there is a point where too much cortisol is present and it can detract from performance

describe the supporting evidence for the whole-language approach

there is none

Findings of CVS study #3: is explicit-instruction learning dependent on the HOE (hands on experiment) aspect?

there was no difference- explicit instruction isn't dependent on hands-on minds on>hands on

Cut scores and school impact

they cause cheating because they are too high of stakes- schools desperately try to meet AYP's

what is the main way that kids learn semantics? by the age of 3, what does 90% of a child's vocab consist of?

they learn semantics by hearing spoken language - by age 3, 90% of their vocab consists of the vocab of their primary caregiver

where do dopamine neurons originate and project

they originate in the putamen and project their axons throughout various brain pathways

what do fmri scans show of the dorsal regions in dyslexics

they show less activation

occipital lobe

(back of the skull) vision

temporal lobe

(bottom of the skull) auditory information, long term memory

frontal lobe

(front of the skull) reasoning, decision making, planning, self-regulation

parietal lobe

(top of the skull) temperature, pressure, texture, pain

Accountability assessments

- "High-stakes" testing - not the test itself but the consequences - associated with accountability movement in education - intended to be used in formative ways, but tends not to be

Brain Gym

- $20k/year program utilized by schools that use body movements to "integrate all parts of the brain to enhance learning" - no actual evidence - skewed research on hemisphere lateralization, extreme dehydration, and benefits of exercise

Effect size

- 'D' value: the size of the difference between groups, on a standard scale (practical significance) - 0-2 but rarely goes above 1 (.2 small)

'P' vs 'd'

- 'P' value: is there a difference (statistical significance). In education, does it work? - 'D' value: how big is the difference (practical significance). In education, how well does it work?

Statistical Significance

- 'P' value: probability that the pattern of findings were due to chance - Threshold of p<.05 (There is only a 5% chance that these results would have occurred by chance (meaning if the effect was not real) But, p<.05 is not magic) Not the same as practical significance

laundry chunking study

- 1/2 of participants read passage with title "laundry" - 1/2 of ptcpts read passage w/o title - 95% of ptcpts without title made errors - 5% w title made errors - title allowed them to chunk info into known steps

Perry Preschool Project

- 1962 longitudinal study on high risk sample - for 2 years - consisted of pre-k M-F 2.5 hours a day, home visits, and small group programs for parents

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

- 1975 - funding to all states so that all students with disabilities receive free, appropriate education- gave rise to IEPs (Individual education plan( -students placed in least restrictive environment (LRE) (some are mainstreamed, some are not) - Widespread support, but growing concerns as costs grow rapidly

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

- 2015 overturned NCLB - reauthorized ESEA - Shift away from negative consequences/andswitch controlfrom federal to state - effectiveness hasn't been studied

Choices in Education Act

- 2017 - Attempt to REPEAL ESEA of 1965!!! - limit the federal authority to only award block grants - states give vouchers to students to use at whatever school they want - would be the end of public education as we know it - money from federal govt and not property taxes

Methods of CVS study #1 (lab): can knowledge acquired in one domain transfer?

- 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders were taught CVS through on of three methods: - discovery- hands-on experiments - probing- HOE and asked what was learned - explicit instruction- " " and CVS explained3 apparatuses used: ball and ramp springs and weights sinking objects - transfer was measured with very near transfer, near transfer (7 days), and remote transfer (7 months)

Traditional teacher certification

- 5 year programs (undergrad training + 1 year of grad) associated with most effectiveness - Teachers with this training more confident and successful

How much time have urban, low-income schools been shown to spend preparing for high-stakes tests? what about time spent actually taking the test?

- 60-100 hrs/yr in prep - 20-50 taking

methods of Alloway experiment/findings

- 7-11 year olds were given WM and IQ tests, and then tested again 2 years later - people who were good at math and reading were still good at it two years later - when IQ was controlled for, WM predicted outcomes - when WM was controlled for, IQ could not predict outcomes

Methods of CVS study #2 (real classroom): are these findings consistent in real classrooms?

- 77 4th grade students in 4 classrooms and real teachers were used - ratio was 1:20 instead of 1:1 - students shared apparatus

Results of CVS study #4: do findings hold with a more authentic transfer task?

- 77% of direct instruction group passed post test - 23% of discovery group passed post test - of those who PASSED the post test (from both groups), there was no difference between the groups in terms of the # who passed transfer task

Evaluation of teachers with value added model

- A complex algorithm that calculates how much a teacher contributed to a student's education. - Clear technical requirements must be met for use of VAM - Studies show VAM is 1) widely used and 2)almost never in ways that meet all or even most of the technical requirements

Competitent in CVS is reflected in children's

- Ability to generate unconfounded experiments - Identify and correct confounded experiments - Make appropriate inferences from experimental outcomes

Theory of Mind (ToM)

- Ability to understand that other people have mental states, beliefs, and desires...that might be different states, beliefs, and desires...that might be different than your own...and might be incorrect...and impact than your own...and might be incorrect...and impact their behavior. - critical for successful social interactions

results of stereotype threat study

- African-American and Caucasian subjects had the same number of items correct without a threat condition, but caucasian students far surpassed african american students with the threat condition. - Pattern hold when stereotype not explicitly brought up

Pruning

- After synaptogenesis, connections are reduced through pruning, allowing brain circuits to be more efficient. - Early years most active period of synaptogenesis, but new connections can form throughout life and unused connections pruned throughout life. - Result: it's impossible to determine what % of the brain develops by a certain age. The connections that form early provide either a strong or weak foundation for later connections *Experience determines which connections will be strengthened or pruned*

Electroencephalogram (EEG)- what does it measure and how?

- Analyzes the ERPs (event related potentials) - tells something about timing, not location of electrical change - average electrical changes together to determine nature of electrical activity across POPULATION of neurons as related to an event. - ex. N100 (negative @ 100 ms) or P200 (positive @ 200 ms)

Preschool

- Before K. Some sort of educational curriculum. - No mandatory public pre-K in U.S.. - Growing number of states offer state or federally funded pre-K. (Federal program: Head Start for lower-income families and communities.)

Independent Private Schools

- Board of trustees regulatory group. - May be affiliated with religious group, but can't take money or governance. - Teachers do not need to be certified. - Cost varies drastically. - Funding: no money from local, state, or federal. Funded via tuition, charitable contributions, endowment

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

- Bush, 2002 - alters ESEA with additions - standard-based education - tests given each year grades 3-8 and once in high school - Test aligns with state content standards, and schools received scores based on the number of students in each of the three categories: basic, proficient, advanced - Data reported overall and by subgroups (low-income, disability, ethnic/racial minority, gifted, all others)

Issues with SBAC and PARCC

- Computer based, adaptive (resources became an issue here) - Intended to be more difficult to have more variability, but still impose cut scores - administered in the spring (can't be formative) - Alignment with pre-existing state assessments varies significantly - Long testing times

Stereotype threat

- Concern you may be judged to have traits associated with negative social stereotypes about a group to you belong - Leads to lower cognitive performance

Evidence of mainstreaming disadvantage

- Cost: average cost to educate student with special needs is twice as much as a typical student (range varies a lot) - Tradeoff with non-disabled students' academic education: time and attention may be taken away from others to meet needs of student with special needs - Social issues: students mainstreamed for only certain classes or certain times may feel socially rejected by classmates

Cut score study: Measurement of Academic Progress (MAP)

- Created a computerized adaptive test that would give a score and then correspond that score with all state test scores (called a MAP score) - 8th grade proficient cut scores had VERY different meaning across states - one score on the map test could put a kid in the 17th percentile in one state and the 80th in another

State variation in cut scores

- Cut scores determined differently by different states. - A student may be proficient in one state and failing in another due to variation in cut scores

Metacognition & teaching

- Data suggests teachers engage in and improve metacognitive abilities more than those in other professionals. - Embedded completely, more than most other professions - much of the profession focuses on reflection e.g. video analysis, lesson planning

Neural formation of recalling a memory

- Each element is stored in the same part that originally encoded that fragment. - each time you recall something you're actually recalling the last time you recalled it, not the original memory

10% myth "reasoning"

- Einstein? No record. - scientist deadened many parts of the brain and it was still able to carry out processes- thought this meant that those areas were unused, but it actually showed how adaptable our brains are because other areas took over - The brain does contain many more supporting cells (glia) than it does neurons. Glia cells are not "electrically" active (no action potentials but clean up brain debris, bring nutrients, hold neurons in place) - NO inactive areas have ever been observed.

Native American Reservation Schools

- Funded at the federal level. Bureau of Indian Education funds. - Curriculum focuses on modern skills and knowledge while preserving Native American tradition and culture

Public School

- Funding: Primarily funded by local property taxes (also state and federal funding) - must admit all students in the district - teachers must be certified - adhere to state testing regulations

why did PARCC and SBAC fail?

- Growing opt-out among parents due to test length - Testing before transition to CCSS is complete, so misalignment between curriculum and assessment - Scores for teacher evaluation with VAMS (VAMS hit education at the same time so can avoid VAMs if avoid these assessments)

Evidence of Mainstreaming Advantage

- Higher academic achievement: grad rates of students with special needs 15% higher - Higher self esteem: 96% of students with special needs more confident - Better social skills: students on Autism spectrum 6 x more likely to socialize outside of school - Students without disabilities: ncreases in tolerance and self worth. (Supports contact theory: frequent, meaningful interaction between people with differences tends to produce positive change in attitudes of all.)

Long term potentiation

- If fire together often, eventually become permanently sensitized to each other, so if one fires, other fires - "neurons that fire together, wire together"

Misconceptions in science

- In science, more than any other subject, learners come with misconceptions. - Not just lacking correct knowledge, but actually holding erroneous concepts about science -or- information that is inconsistent with the truth.,

Impact of cut scores

- In some states, must "pass" state test to graduate high school. Can take test as many times as you want. - Low income urban students who barely fail are 8% less likely to graduate than those who barely pass (one question difference). As likely to retake test but less success without resources and opportunity to learn - Low-income urban students who barely pass are actually more likely to graduate than those who pass more easily (seems to serve as motivating) - Pre NCLB, 68 of 100 largest districts saw rising graduation rates. Post-NCLB 73 saw declining rates.

2 ways we respond to reward

- Increase in number of neurons firing - Each neuron releases more dopamine

Neural formation of memory

- Initial knowledge encoded throughout brain - Hippocampus: lays down the initial blueprint and accesses knowledge

Benefits of recess

- academic: improved attention and productivity in the classroom - social: improved communication skills, cooperation, sharing, coping

KIPP impact

- Kindergarteners did better than local counterparts AND almost half of the entire state - 8th graders: 95% did better than local counterparts, 75% did better than other kids in the state - 40% of early KIPP alumni earned four-year college degrees

what are the two more specific areas in the ventral stream

- Letter area: letters appear to be processed as letters in this pathway - word area: words also appear to be processed as words in the fusiform gyrus of this pathway

What is evidence-based education?

- Operates at two levels 1. USE existing evidence from research and literature across many disciplines•Know how to find it, interpret it, and determine its relevance 2. ESTABLISH sound research where existing evidence is lacking - Consequences of not using evidence-based education: research-to-practice gap, neuromyths

summative assessment

- used to test for learning - summative assessments can be used in formative ways

evaluating teachers (Race to the Top)

- value added model - average change of student scores rather than just yearly numbers

Trump on science curriculum?

- Not clear - "March for science" spring 2017 - downplayed empirical evidence w/ climate and COVID

biden on science curriculum

- Not clear - advocate for science and evidence based decision making in general

Quasi-experimental ("Tier 2" in ESSA)

- Not randomly assigned to groups; use pre-existing groups - Head Start studies are an example, but groups matched as closely as possible - Often pre-test, post-test - Problems: confounding variables, experimental and control group not equal

Federal Level: public school funding

- Only 9% of total funding comes from federal government (91% from state and local sources) - Attempt to even out distribution across districts in a state (helps some but does not equalize)

Achievement Gap

- Overall achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families* is roughly 40% larger now than it was 25 years ago. - exists before kindergarten and persists through high school - increase in the association between family income and children's academic achievement for families above the median income level

Parochial Schools

- Owned and operated by religious group. - Teachers do not need certification, may be clergy. - Tend to be less expensive than independent private schools because they can take money from religious organization.

Synaptogenesis

- Physically, the brain is built over time. - At birth, bain 1/4 size of adulthood. - In year 1, more than 1 million new neural connections every second - By 3, brain is about 3/4 size of adulthood

PEER STATUS CATEGORIES

- Popular: Liked by many members, disliked by very few - Rejected: Disliked by many members, liked by few - Neglected: Few nominations as liked or disliked - Controversial: Liked by many Liked by many and and disliked by many - 2/3 of children fall into one of these 4 categories

rehearsal

- Powerful method of keeping info in WM by consciously repeating it - Way to use WM to protect information from decay

Magnet Schools

- Public, launched in 1970's re: segregation efforts. Encouraged students to attend schools outside neighborhood. - Diversity still explicit goal. - Highly selective, rigorous application process. - Known for special programs and facilities (must find funding). - Known for high academic standards and performance (high selection criteria and can kick students out) - Funding: Federal, State, Local

Charter Schools

- Public, students choose to attend (lottery if oversubscribed—96% are not). - Not in all states. "- Alternative" in some way. - Adhere to state testing regulations. - Can kick students out—if students don't show gains, shut down. - Free of other regulations (including teacher standards). More reading gains, comparable math gains. - Funding: Local + state, but also sponsoring group.

Randomized Control Trials-RCT ("Tier 1" in ESSA)

- Randomly assign to groups - Often pre-test, post-test - Allows for cause and effect assumptions - Problems: Confounding variables—Variables so closely associated that their effects cannot be separated

Correlational ("Tier 3" in ESSA)

- Relationships between characteristics. - Increase/decrease in one variable associated with increase/decrease in another - Correlation coefficient - Scale -1 to +1•+/-: kind of relationship - Absolute value: strength of relationship - Problems: No causality, confounding variable - Much of developmental and educational research.

Reliability and validity

- Reliability: Consistency, repeatability - Validity: Must accurately measure the characteristics that the research claims to measure - Internal validity: Degree to which conditions internal to design of study permit an accurate test of hypothesis - External validity: Degree to which findings generalize to settings and participants outside the original study

Consequences of self regulation

- Self assessment (can I do it?) + self monitoring (am I doing it?) --> student performance - self regulated predicted academic performance, twice as much variance as IQ in grades, attendance, homework, etc. - seems to be a major reason students fall short of intellectual potential

State "Secretary of Education" Role

- Setting content standards - Setting teacher certification/qualification standards - approving curriculum and materials (i.e. textbook selection)

3 primary purposes for assessments

- Testing for learning (formative) - Testing of learning (summative) - Testing for accountability

Methods of CVS study #3: is explicit-instruction learning dependent on the HOE (hands on experiment) aspect?

- a virtual version of the explicit instruction method was developed - 93 4th and 5th graders assigned to either real or virtua - pretest, posttest, transfer test

ToM development

- Typically develops at 3-5 years. (sally anne task) - 3 year olds: 0% correct - 5 year olds: 57% correct - 7 year olds: 86% correct - Develops through social interactions. - May continue to develop after ages 3-5 (shelves task)—adolescents make more errors and take longer than adults

How does US science curriculum differ from other countries? What's a problem with this?

- US covers more content/topics than any other country at every grade level. Also makes the fewest links between topics. - Problem: If conceptual change takes time, we cannot possibly be allowing for conceptual change if we need to cover all of the content.

Learning aptitudes

- Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning - They are somewhat correlated (support for g), but do show a moderate level of independence.

Neural formation + Sleep

- When sleep after learning something new, neural consolidation occurs, mainly during nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM). - Neural blueprint reactivated and strengthened. - Helps lead to long-term potentiation!

Describe the Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal: how many schools were involved? what was the punishment? why did teachers do it?

- a 2011 report showed that 44 of 56 APS cheated - 30+ educators went to prison for changing test answers and conspiring for bonuses - if the schools had higher avg scores they would receive money from RTT which trickled down into teacher bonuses

what is the zero tolerance policy? And how did schools use it (maybe)

- a policy that removed protections for behavioral violations in school - it is possible that schools used this policy to get rid of low income students who were lowering their average test scores, as school discipline sees huge increase when high stakes testing put in place

General experimental design of the "academic motivation" study with 14 college students. What were the types of rewards? How were they tested?

- asked 24 questions to measure their levels of motivation- given challenging task in fMRI scanner (n-back test) - First tested academic rewards with an intrinsic reward: a lattice that lit up if they answered correctly - Then tested monetary rewards with extrinsic reward:

formative assessment

- assessment used to teach - E.g. pair discussion, exit ticket, questions, discussion

Kuhl's Language Acquisition Research findings

- babies learned chinese tones when hearing it live - social interaction is critical for sound discrimination learning (no learning with TV condition or audio condition) - still need to determine if social interaction benefits all types of learning or just language

metacognition

- being aware of your own learning and cognitive processing - "thinking about thinking" - being able to use prior knowledge to problem-solve and reflect - associated with success on many measures

why is cooperation/competition more productive than individual work

- both activated the Anterior insula (autonomic arousal) and made people more attentive

how does brain activity change during cooperative vs competitive computer games?

- cooperation: showed increased activity in rewards system - competitive: greater use of mPFC (theory of mind resources) - cooperation seems to be a more socially rewarding process at the neural level and associated with best long-term retention

certification requirements that vary among states

- courses, practicum, standardized tests

Method of experiment 1 from Mayer and Massa on learning styles meshing hypothesis

- created computer-based lesson on electronics for college students - randomly assigned to 'help screen' group (either visual or verbal) - then tested on electronics learned

PPP Findings

- follow-up at age nine showed very little gains- follow -up at age 14 showed enormous gains in motivation, test scores, and time spent on hw, less delinquent behavior - follow-up age 27 maintained huge gains! fewer arrests, less need for assistance, higher earning

what could Mr. M do? which area of understanding does this exhibit?

- he could get to a meaningful number if he counted up from one (eg his daughter's age) - he could approximate quantity - he could compare #s - he had an understanding of quantity

what was wrong with Mr. M

- he suffered damage to his left parietal lobe - couldn't perform simple sums if read to him - couldn't recognize written #s - couldn't compare very similar quantities

effects of ST stressors? what tasks do they benefit

- increased physiological arousal - increased cortisol release -benefit simple tasks

what did obama do to increase national focus on science?

- invested $100 million to improve STEM through 2025 - used toward training 100,000 STEM teachers through 2020 - efforts to pay STEM teachers more to recruit and retain (questionable...)

Basic core emotions

- joy, sadness, disgust, fear, anger - but also some combinations of the 5

Head Start: Results of 2005 Impact Study and Hope for Future?

- kindergarteners were better prepared on every measure: language, literacy, math - first grade, gains were gone. Maybe due to fadeout effect, bad K, or head start kids get less attention - we have hope to see positive gains later on similar to PPP

short term/working memory capacity

- limited capacity (7+/-2 items), requires attention - involves all conscious thinking

Attention

- limited processing capacity - To move information from the sensory register into WM, we must pay attention to it.

peer status

- measure of a student's likability in the eyes of their peers - often measured by sociometrics (questionnaires)

fMRI (functional MRI)

- measures changes (*increases and decreases*) in blood flow to different areas of the brain using a giant magnet - oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different magnetic properties (When neurons in an area are active, they need oxygen (oxygenated blood has different magnetic properties than de-oxygenated blood)) - Known as BOLD imaging (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent imaging)

in the brain damage studies, what were the two main deficits in processing?

- number words- pt read "5" as "nine"- quantity- confusion with base number format (pt read 30 as 300)

Race to the Top

- obama, 2009 - grant program, not law - reward instead of punishment (schools w most points get money) - states earn points for 3 things: following common core, evaluating teachers, building data systems to measure success - effects have yet to be studied - since 2015 $0 allocated to Race to the Top

what were the methods/hypothesis of the study that observed areas of the brain involved with effortful/non-effortful mapping

- participants read high and low frequency words in the scanner - hypothesis: high frequency words wouldn't require very much effort to map but low frequency words would

Head Start

- pre-k implemented on large scale. Started 1965 but grown extensively since - $8 billion from government serving 1 million kids (which is only 40% of eligible participants) - for families earning less than 130% fed poverty line - Program: education, health services, and social services - small studies show Head Start children complete more years of school, earn more, healthier

What area of the brain is associated with metacognition?

- prefrontal cortex- higher level thinking

Local Level: locus in control

- property taxes. (public education is the largest expenditure of every US town) - Controlled by board of Education: comprised of elected members who analyze test scores, budget, teachers, principals, and superintendents

metacognitive illusion study

- psych students given exam and asked to estimate their performance and mastery of the material - those who didn't do well estimated that they had done well

characteristics of teachers with entity view

- quick to form judgements - slow to modify opinions when presented with contradictory evidence

what were the findings of the study that measured effortful/non-effortful word mapping? Which brain areas were associated with each?

- reading high frequency words cause increased activity in the posterior brain system while low frequency words increased activity it anterior systems this tells us that: - posterior: non effortful mapping - anterior: effortful mapping (young kids show more activity here because they are LEARNING)

Cut scores

- score at lower bound of "proficient" category - continuous into categorical - arbitrary. Not based on science/math

characteristics of teachers with incremental view

- set mastery goals - understand that failure means there's work to be done

short term vs working memory

- short term memory is one part of working memory. Ability to maintain info for a brief time - working memory pulls in info from LTM. Ability to maintain and process info for brief time. Identified information in sensory registry that warrants attention.

sensory register

- sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly - unlimited capacity - Measuring exact duration is difficult (By the time asked to report info already moved onto WM)

NCLB Process

- states given 2 year attainment goals to get all students proficient in reading/math by 2012 - No consequences for non-title 1 schools, but for title 1 schools... - 2 years not meeting AYP = "needing improvement": school officials develop two year plan to turn around school. Students offered option to transfer to another school in district not identified as needing improvement - 3 years: school must offer supplemental educational services - 4 years: "corrective action" Implement corrective actions, such as replace certain staff (i.e., administration), fully implement a new curriculum, extend school day or year - 5 years= "restructuring" Must initiate plans to restructure school, replace all or most of staff, reopen school as charter school, extend school day or year, close school entirely, "other" - 80% of Title I schools today don't meet AYP - more than 4,000 schools in restructuring - govt gave no additional money for required and EXPENSIVE restructuring efforts - major fail

chunking study about baseball

- students split into two groups- strong and weak readers half of each group also knew a lot about baseball they read a passage about baseball and indicated comprehension by moving pieces on a baseball diamond - background knowledge determined how much they remembered MORE than reading ability

Testing Effects- Real Classroom Study Methods

- students w/ heavy reading workload tested each week on 10 target facts quizzed each week in one of 3 groups: SA, MC, and just reading the 10 facts - feedback was given immediately - 3 weeks later they received a test with the exposed and unexposed facts

Alternative teacher programs examples

- teach for america - residency programs

in which lobes is the ventral stream and how fast does info get there? what does the ventral stream do

- temporal lobes, and it takes 150ms - it discriminates fonts, patterns, and textures—eventually automatic.

Testing Effects- Real Classroom Study (exposed/non-exposed facts) findings... 3 week test vs 40 day test

- testing effects were evident after 3 weeks SA and MC showed benefits, but SA showed more - re-reading had no benefits after 40 days, SA still had benefits but MC did not

revolving door effect

- the fact that school face costs when teachers are constantly leaving:- less qualified teachers, lost investment in professional development, loss of connection with parents and the community, and summers spent hiring

self regulation

- the process of adjusting emotions (by managing feelings, associated physiological reactions, cognition, behavior) to appropriate levels of intensity to achieve a goal - associated with activity in the prefrontal cortex

major difference between formative and summative assessments

- the way in which the data is used if data sparks action, it's formative if data is just used for a grade, it's summative - can use summative assessments in formative ways

what were the methods of the study involving russian-english bilinguals?

- they were all taught a new way of doing exact and approximate calculations, but half were taught in Russian and the other half in English - they were tested on a mixture of problems in both languages

Long term memory capacity

- unlimited - The more information stored, the easier it becomes to store new information

what were the results of the study done on english-russian bilinguals? what does this suggest about the knowledge for exact calculation?

- when the problems required exact calculation, subjects were faster on the ones that were in the language in which they were taught (language-switching costs) - speed was the same for both groups on approximation problems - this suggests that the knowledge for exact calc was stored in a language-specific way

findings of the "academic motivation" experiment

-Finding 1: activation widespread between academic/monetary/experimental/control - Finding 2: In academic conditions, no cortical differences between exp and control. In monetary conditions, more bi-lateral frontal in exp than control - Finding 3: In academic condition, level of motivation to learn positively correlated with bi-lateral putamen activity. More motivated a person is, the more neural change they see when doing challenging academic tasks. In monetary condition, also bilateral putamen activity, but no correlation between level of motivation and amount of activity.

Internal, unstable praise vs. internal, stable praise

-When teacher uses internal, unstable praise: "You worked hard" --> increases motivation -When teacher uses internal, stable praise: You're smart" --? DECREASES motivation

implications of "rejected" peer status

-aggression, immaturity, impulsive behavior, social anxiety, lower academic achievement, low self-esteem -less classroom participation - most stable of the categories, gets more stable over time because peers tend to attribute rejected peers antisocial conduct to stable traits and prosocial conduct to unstable causes.

Self regulation development

-new borns: none, first year of life: some basic, (turn away, suck thumb)- boys are less able to self regulate compared to girls at 6 months -1-2 years: rock self, chew on things, move away from things that upset them. - 3-5 years: learn "emotional display rules" such as smiling when receiving a bad gift

Method of study in support of learning styles theory

-subjects were gifted students - they were given aptitude test for three measures: creativity, practicality, analysis - those who had an outstanding aptitude for any one (112) were placed into three sections of yale psych course, one for each measure of aptitude - those who were matched for their aptitude did the best in their section

criticisms of the study that supports the meshing hypothesis

-weird measures of aptitude - only 1/3 of subjects assigned - outliers removed - mean score on MC final was not reported

Ideal ISI for spacing effects study #1: List learning - ISI: 5 minutes - 14 days - RI: 10 days

1 day

Ideal ISI for spacing effects study #2: List learning - ISI: 5 minutes - 6 months - RI: 1 year

1 month

3 parts of memory

1) Sensory register 2) Short term/working memory 3) long term memory

basic emotional responses are...

1) rapid and instinctive 2) easy to read because clearly expressed in gestures and faces

5 things that other countries do differently

1) value/respect teachers 2) Emphasis on Effort (rather than blaming genetics) 3) Similar Education for all (no honors/tracking) 4) More time in school 5) Fewer kids living in poverty (only considering developed countries)

3 major neuromyths

1) we only use 10% of our brain 2) brain is only plastic during critical periods 3) Products can enhance cognitive function

Types of schools

1. Public 2. Charter 3. Magnet 4. Independent Private 5. Parochial 6. Native American Reservation

after reaching the occipital lobe, which two paths can the information take?

1. Ventral (deals with the "what") 2. Dorsal (deals with the "where")

NCLB criticisms

1. limited gifted and talented programs because schools try to bring up average test scores 2. conflicts with IDEA, which focused on treating each student as an individual and focusing on their needs 3. Teachers teach to the test and neglect other important subjects and recess 4. Restructuring brings up issues such as low morale, inability to hire new teachers, no time to plan curriculum, no additional money, details not provided

ESSA vs NCLB

1. testing still required: can be any national test 2. growth measured with other factors such as test scores, graduation rates, and another indicator of choice 3. teachers no longer evaluated by test scores 4. federal govt recognizes underperformance but states give the consequences

how many words do middle-high income kindergarteners hear per year? what about low income? what is different about the words they hear?

11 millions vs 3 million, and the 3 million are less unique and complex

out of 34 participating countries, where does the US rank on comparative science tests?

17th, but when broken down into age groups, we do much worse as children get older

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

1965; implemented by LBJ in War on Poverty - first time federal govt gave money to states - Title I funding for schools in low income communities - Title III funding for ELL students - Government reauthorizes every 5 years until now...

Testing Effects- Simulated Classroom Study methods

3 art history lectures given to small groups over 3 days (30 min each, 30 target images per lecture)assigned to SA,MC, re-watch, or "nothing" group given feedback on half of items given final test 30 days later

balls down the ramp paradigm

4 variables, each with two conditions (surface- smooth/rough, ball- golf/rubber, length of run- long/short, steepness of ramp- steep/shallow,) to test one variable, keep all others constant. if a student could effectively do this, then they were deemed competent in CVS

In an anonymous study, what percent of low-income schools admitted to cheating?

40%

How many states have dropped SBAC and PARCC

45 in 2010 --> 20 in 2016 --> ? unknown in 2020 because COVID

Spacing Effects Study #3: School-Based Learning methods

5-7 year olds were given 4 lessons on the food chain with simple and complex concepts on one of three schedules: massed: 4 lessons back-to-back clumped: 2 a day for 2 days spaced: 1 a day for 4 days they were all tested a week later

what percent of schools don't use the phonics approach and why

50% because they are unaware of the evidence- research to practice gap!!

What percent of high school seniors failed to meet college readiness benchmarks in science?

69%

What percent of high school seniors failed to meet college readiness benchmarks in science?,

69%

What did the experiment where college students were shown 600 pictures and told to differentiate what image they saw in picture pairs?

98% accuracy w/ pics, 88% w/o pics. Memory for meaningful pictures shows little decline over a 4 month period!

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A level of difficulty where the student can complete the task with support. Teachers should teach within the ZPD and then gradually remove support

common core

A national set of education standards in mathematics and English - fewer math topics, more depth - more evidence/support writing and less poetry/CR - smarter balanced assessments

Results of CVS study #1 (lab): can knowledge acquired in one domain transfer?

Across grade levels, CVS competency improved most for those in explicit instruction condition

ToM in the brain

Associated with activity in STS (superior temporal sulcus) and medial PFC (prefrontal cortex)

entity view of ability

Assumes abilities are stable and uncontrollable. Cannot change

Eye movement + development

Beginning readers have longer fixations, shorter saccades, and more regressions (movement from right to left)

example of variation in size and effect of gender differences between cultures

Boys outperform girls in China and USA, but girls in China perform better than boys in USA. - Not biological difference between china and USA: When chinese girls are taught in the USA their levels decline to that of American girls.

Parts of Working Memory

Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

CVS

Control of Variables Strategy- a method of designing an unconfounded experiment by changing one variable at a time

What does credible evidence for the learning styles meshing hypothesis need to show?

Crossover interaction. Instructional method that optimizes test scores of one preference group must be different than instructional method that optimizes test scores of another preference group.

relation between sleep and the income gap

Differences in sleep for groups differing by SES (patterns and disorders). Longitudinal studies have shown insufficient sleep in low SES children negatively affects their academic performance to a greater degree than high SES children - Consistent with idea that when multiple health disparities associated with low SES are present, any single additional stressor has a greater effect.

Federal Policy Summary

ESEA (which included IDEA) reauthorized as NCLB. Grant program Race to the Top added on. ESSA replaced NCLB as another reauthorization of ESEA. At same time, Race to the Top went away. Recently, Choices in Education Act introduced which replace ESEA.

Working memory subsystem capacity

Each subsystem has its own independent independent maintenance capacity, but if a subsystem is given a task that requires processing, it pulls resources from the one shared central executive.

Ability Development (elementary --> middle school)

Elementary aged children tend to have an incremental view. Middle school and ton tend to develop an entity view

RTC study on low achieving math students. where the experimental group received lessons on growth mindset during a study hall period, and the control group received lessons on study strategies during the same study hall period. What was the impact on their math ability?

Experimental group had huge increase in math ability. Relationship between one's view of ability and the types of goals they set.

What does the dual-task method show

Given primary and secondary task, if neither task influences the other, we infer they are separate mental resources. If one always disrupts, presume they are the same mental resources. Sometimes disrupts, evidence of partial sharing of mental resources.

Imaging study role of language in math. Results

Greater bilateral IPS activation for approximation. Greater left hemisphere activation for exact calculation.

Fundamental question with math:

How do we process mathematical information? Verbal and/or visual?

ISI

Intersession interval, the amount of time between study sessions

Marshmallow study

Kids who could delay gratification had good self-assessment and monitoring- they later had higher SAT scores, more competence, made more money, and refuse drugs

KIPP

Knowledge is Power Program - charter program for under resourced communities focusing on college prep - work hard. be nice. - students earn "paycheck" at the end of the week - parent, student, teacher agreement signed at the start of each year - Intense schedule: - 7:30am-5pm - 3 hrs every other saturday - 2-3 weeks summer school- - 60% more in-class time!

Handwritten v. typed notes

Laptop notetakers took more notes, but by hand notetakers had stronger conceptual understanding, application and integration ability on immediate test.

Why does the process of learning vary whether students' hold misconceptions

Learning is more difficult. With misconceptions, learning is a matter of conceptual change or accommodation: current knowledge must undergo radical reorganization or replacement, as opposed to conceptual growth.

Spacing Effect

Learning is powerfully affected by temporal distribution of study time. In general, distributed is better than massed, regardless of retention interval and the longer the intersession interval the better (but threshold point).

Learning preferences

Learning preferences are valid. People will tell you that they have a preference, preferences are correlated with what people choose to do.

Interleaving generalizable?

Less clear. Most studies on visual discrimination and math. Does not play out consistently with younger children.

Two best predictors of reading achievement in elementary school

Letter identification (orthography) and sounds (phonology)

Working memory capacity

Limited: 7 +/- 2 units - develops with age

What is optimal, mastery-oriented or performance-oriented goals?

Mastery oriented. However, performance orientation can serve you well at times and we can engage in both at the same time.

Is learning optimized when it is social?

Meta-analyses have concluded that educational programs that 'emphasize social interaction' result programs that 'emphasize social interaction' result in greater long-term improvements in academic achievement, social adjustment, and economic success than non-social programs.

Method and hypothesis of experiment 3 from Mayer and Massa on learning styles meshing hypothesis

Method: verbal and visual preference college kids randomly assigned to 1) receive both visual and verbal help screens or 2) receive no help Hypothesis: Verbal folks would outperform visual folks in the no help condition (because the lesson is largely verbal)

Influences on attention

Motion, size, intensity, novelty, incongruity, emotion, personal significance, social cues

To what extent does culture lead to changes in brain activation of brain for math processing?

Native English and Chinese speakers show different activation patterns during simple addition and comparison tasks. - Native English: recruit more left language regions - Native Chinese: recruit more bi lateral premotor cortex during same task.

Near vs. far transfer

Near: benefit to a new skill based on practice of a similar skille.g. using skills from a writing class in history class Far: the transfer of learning to a situation that is very different from the one in which the initial learning took placee.g. applying strategies from chess to political campaigns

Why is conceptual change harder than conceptual growth

Need more time to teach. Need ample time to explore and explain student's current (incorrect knowledge), then battle through conflicting ideas

Basic neuron function

Neurons: made of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. - An axon sends electrical impulses to other neurons (over synapses) - Dendrites receive electrical impulses from other neurons Electrical change in a neuron: called an action potential - action potentials trigger the release of neurotransmitters, which travel across synapses to the dendrite of the next neuron. (Each dendrite selectively recognizes particular neurotransmitters)

Is there one spot dedicated to reward? Where is it?

No

Is there a "math center" in the brain?

No, but the IPS seems particularly important, especially (bilaterally) for approximation.

Is reading "natural"?

No. You will not learn to read unless explicitly taught. "Borrow" from multiple neural systems with their own specializations.

Pigmalion effect race study

Non-black teachers of black students had significantly lower academic expectations than black teachers had of same black students.

Are we teaching new teachers about assessment?

Not Well. Some coursework on assessment literacy (how to measure student performance using assessment), but very little to none on analytic skills (analyze student data) and instructional decision making (using student assessment data to plan instruction).

How might a teacher respond if they assume a child's failure is due to internal, unstable reasons

Tends to respond with anger/disappointment, Gives punishment

Performance oriented goals

intention to seem competent to others

Is there a greater degree of overlap than difference between boys and girls?

Overlap. Many girls do better than many boys.

Who won Obama's RFP? How many states adopted them and why?

PARCC and SBAC- 45 states adopted them in 2010 to get money from RTT

what connection is weakened by bad sleep

PFC and amygdala

which teaching method for reading is superior

PHONICS- if you have to choose one or the other. Ideally both

What part of the brain is involved in spatial representation

Parietal lobe. Increased activation when pick up objects, guide ourselves around, remember where anything is, pay attention to particular parts of our environment.

PISA

Programme for International Student Assessment, an international test taken by 15 year olds in 50 nations every 3 years - measures reading, math, and science - Hong Kong, Korea, Japan consistently among top performers - US consistently at or below average despite highest spending on education and being biggest economic powerhouse

Interleaving Study #2: volume of 4 obscure shapes- findings

interleaved group did worse on practice problems but better on final test

what is a guaranteed way of having kids hear varied language

Read to them

Gender gap in last 30 years?

Reduced by half, indication that gender differences are partially socially induced

Take home from "academic motivation" study

Response to academic motivation is different than monetary motivation. And more "motivated" a person, more neural change with academic motivation. Can assume more dopamine release

RI

Retention Interval, the amount of time between the last study session and the test

Testing effects study #1 (college students article) findings: who had the best retention?

SA group did the best on the testMC group showed benefit, but smaller the best way to study is RECALL

Testing Effects- Simulated Classroom Study findings

SA group had best performance on final test MC and re-watch group were the same all 3 better than nothing

Long-term retention handwritten notes v. typed notes

Same result as first study. Laptop notetakers took more notes, but by hand notetakers had stronger conceptual understanding, application and integration ability on long term retention test.

How is the STS related to reading?

Seems to be specialized for phonology, which is used in both spoken language (speech) and written language processing (reading)

STS activation for 3 month and 5 year olds?

Shows activation for speech

Backwards Planning

Starts with the end in mind: what should students know? how will I know if they know it? how will we support learners in coming to know it?

Pilot program: Innovative Assessment and Accountability Demonstration Authority

States can design new approaches to assessments: - performance based - instructionally embedded - interim assessments (formative) that can be combined into summative

SEL (social and emotional learning) affects

Strong SEL Programs shown to improve achievement, prosocial behavior, student attitude towards school, reduce depression.

Testing effects study #2 (mathmatical funciton learning) findings

Testing effects improve learning of mathematical functions. Participants in testing conditions also transferred their knowledge better than those in 'just study' condition.

Testing effects

Tests most often thought of as assessment tools, BUT they actually directly strengthen of memory representation of the tested information. Testing helps your learn!

Textbook selection problem

Textbook companies are for-profit companies, and often tailor material to huge states where they will sell the most (CA and TX)

Transfer

The ULTIMATE goal. acquiring content and applying it to other settings

There was a study on 6th graders, half of which had entity and half of which had incremental view. What did it show?

Those with incremental view had higher test scores and continued improving

What is Fleming's model of learning style?

VAK model- that one is a visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learner

Academic emotions 3 dimensions

Valence - positive - negative Activation - Physiologically activating - Physiologically deactivating Object focus - activity related - prospective outcome related - retrospective outcome related

Interleaving + textbooks

Vast majority of math texts, for example, present practice problems in blocked fashion. Fairly easy to reorder problems.

Results of experiment 3 from Mayer and Massa on learning styles meshing hypothesis

Verbal preference folks DID choose verbal screens first and visual preference folks DID choose visual screens first—supports impact of preference on choice. Verbal preference folks and visual preference folks did not differ on post test: no support for learning styles meshing hypothesis.

Orthography

Visual processing. To read you must first make sense of how marks on a page look.

Study #5: does this data carry over to lower-achieving students. Findings?

YES, but not to standardized testing

Is spatial representation associated with math ability?

Yes! Very high correlations

Do studies show gender differences in math?

Yes. But differences are not biological.

what is happening to the brain when the student is learning to read

actually changing the brain by building the ventral and dorsal systems.

DRM paradigm

adults are more likely to produce false responses because children don't have enough background knowledge to accidentally activate the wrong term

Interleaving Study #1 methods (paintings)

adults viewed paintings by 12 different artists either blocked or interleaved they were tested with unseen paintings

how much sleep restriction shows statistically significant diminishment in cognitive performance

as little as 1 hour/night

in the same study with low and high income toddlers, what was the difference between the groups when they measured spoken vocabulary?

at 24 months, the difference in spoken vocab ability was equivalent to a 6 month age gap

phonics approach

bottom upteaching letters and their attached sounds

Interleaving Study #1 findings (paintings) and conclusions.

interleaving group did way better interleaving helps with visual induction and recognizing patterns (induction)

What is Dunn and Dunn's framework of learning styles?

captures the idea that we all have unique combos of preferences that vary across stimuli (eg environmental, emotional, sociological)

locus

cause is internal or external to person

stability

cause of outcome is or is not the same across time and in different situations (stable vs unstable)

Pygmalion effect study (Ellison)

certain students were labeled as "poised to bloom," and then ended up increasing their IQ scores 27 points on average- teachers gave more!- more challenging work, feedback, closer relationships, more time and attention

how might a child attribute success if they are below school age?

children are unrealistic optimists. Internal, stable attributions for success and external unstable for failures

Testing Effects Study #1 methods (college students read article and assigned to one of four conditions)

college students read short article and then were assigned to one of four groups: - short answer test - mc test - re-read - nothing they were given immediate feedback 3 days later they were all tested on the same material with a combo of MC/SA

Interleaving Study #2: volume of 4 obscure shapes- methods

college students were taught how to find volume of 4 shapes interleaved group was given 4 tutorials and then 16 mixed problems blocked group was given 1 lesson and then 4 problems

First step in becoming a teacher through traditional certification

complete training through accredited undergrad or grad program

two principle features of science education

content and process,

central executive system

controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention as needed

PPP cost verse gains

cost: 12k gains: 60k - the govt ultimately spends less on welfare, gets more taxes on earnings, and pays less for judicial processes

what is involved in reading

decoding words AND knowing their meaning

what is the main disability associated with math? how many kids have it?

discalculia- an estimated 5% of normal IQ kids have it

mastery avoidance goals

do not want to not be able to master task.

2 subcategories of content

domain-specific topics (physics, bio, etc) AND domain-general topics (feedback, equilibrium, etc.),

Implications of spacing effects

don't cram. Intense courses may prevent ideal spacing.

2 views of ability

entity view and incremental view

Results of experiment 1 from Mayer and Massa on learning styles meshing hypothesis

everyone did better with the visual help box- suggests that preference is unrelated to aptitude

what does the dorsal stream control- what are the two types

eye movements across the page- fixations or saccades

What is the evidence for the theory that rejection is encoded both physically and emotionally

fMRI study showed that subjects who were excluded from computerized ball toss game had activity in the anterior cingulate complex (ACC) which is an area associated with physical pain

impacts of long-term, chronic stress

flooding of PFC, lack of cortisol regulation, no more signs of increased efficiency

"critical periods" reasoning

generalization of animal study results: - Lorenz and imprinting on baby birds -Weisel and Hubel at Harvard on baby cats - pruning in monkeys happens in the first three years whereas for humans it doesn't even happen in frontal lobes until adolescence (generally from back to front) - Plasticity in humans is life long (degree of plasticity changes with age) - now refer to humans having sensitive periods

3 skills exhibited by children who are read-to frequently

good phonological and orthographic awareness better decoding larger vocab

What is the explanation for why Mr. M could no longer grasp exact calculation?

he damaged his left hemisphere which is involved with language- we now know that language is involved with exact approximation he could still exhibit an understanding of quantity, which is bilateral

In the study where toddlers sat on their mothers' lap with eye trackers, what were the methods?

high and low-income toddlers sat on their mothers' laps with eye trackers and were asked to look at a specific image on the screen

Corpus callosum

holds together both sides of the brain, enables constant communication between the two hemispheres. both hemispheres work on most tasks

visuospatial sketchpad

holds visual and spatial information

reading ability from birth to kindergarten

identify letters

In Kraemer's study on learning preference, what areas of the brain were activated for which groups for which condition?

in correct trials... picture-picture: Verbal preference participants showed additional activity in supramarginal gyrus during visual tasks word-word: vVisual preference participants showed additional activity in fusiform gyrus during verbal tasks

Self esteem age 4-7

inflated- unable to distinguish between reality of abilities and desire

Mastery oriented goals

intention to improve abilities and learn

what is important about the timing of the firing of orthographic, phonological, and connective brain regions?

it must be at the SAME TIME "synchronous blood flow". - Uncoordinated" processing in these areas has been found to be related to poor reading scores.

why is there a discrepancy in ideal ISI?

it varies in proportion with the RI. the amount of time you spend between study sessions/drilling information should vary based on when you need to recall the information.

Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)

it was developed by states in collaboration with career scientists and focuses on process. Still no assessments and controversial among career scientists. Focus mostly on process not content.,

Two factors influencing strategy-use and effectiveness

knowledge base (background knowledge) and meta-cognition

Item specific effects (knowledge base)

knowledge increases the accessibility of specific items

conceptual growth

learning without misconceptions. establishing or embellishing knowledge rather than changing it

processes to perform exact calculation take place somewhere in the _______ hemisphere

left

which brain area is associated with connectivity and is atypical in those with reading disabilities

left angular gyrus

outcome of internal/stable failure attribution (ability)

likely will give up

what were the methods of the study that showed how phonological awareness when reading changes neural circuits

literate and illiterate women were asked to repeat real and made up words in the scanner

2 elements in attributing success/failures

locus and stability

Consequences of high self esteem

low risk for substance abuse and mental health disorders, higher average life satisfaction and happiness

episodic buffer

maintain multi-modal info

phonological loop

maintains verbal and auditory info

What is the alphabetic principle?

mapping sounds onto shapes

2 main types of goals

mastery oriented and performance oriented

semantics

meaning of words and sentences

Potential limitations of "academic motivation" study

monetary condition was intended to represent 'extrinsic motivation' and academic 'intrinsic motivation'. Internal validity issue.

What attributes to the popularity of learning styles?

money maker, human nature to want to classify people into types, reflects idea that teachers should treat students as individuals, can blame teacher instead of learner

self esteem age 8

more accurate representations, focus more on how others view them to form opinions "looking glass self"

Sperling's findings (Sensory Register)

most of the symbols are stored at least momentarily in the sensory register, but they fade before we can write them all down

Intrinsic Motivation

motivation associated with activities that are their own reward

Extrinsic motivation

motivation by external factors, such as rewards or punishments

what changes have been implemented recently in the classroom in regards to teaching math

multiplication is taught with an emphasis on quantity/estimating methods so they know what it means

are aptitudes, preferences, and the meshing hypothesis interchangeable?

no

Do teachers tend to stay in Teach for America?

no, only 60% still teach after 2 years and 28% after 5 years. this causes the revolving door effect

is the amount of $ the US spends on science reflected in test results?

no, we spend the most for the least yield

performance-avoidance goals

not wanting to perform badly/look bad

In order to have a quality assessment of common core state standards, what did obama do?

offered $350 million RFP to anyone who could produce a " high quality measure"

evidence for item specific effects (young kids vs older kids during recall)

older kids could recall a list of unrelated items faster than younger kids likely because the items were more richly encoded in their LTM because they have more experience (potentiation)

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

what are the brain areas associated with orthography, phonology, and connectivity?

orthography: occipital lobe, ventral (fusiform gyrus)/dorsal streams phonology: Superior temporal sulcus connectivity: left angular gyrus

Metacognitive Illusion

people of lower ability fail to realize their incompetence due to poor metacognition

in a study where preschoolers played board games for an hour, what was the outcome

those who played a game with a linear format (chutes and ladders) did better on a subsequent task that tested understanding of number magnitude than those who played a game on a circular board - benefits stuck for 1.5 months

what aspects of sleep are related to academic outcomes

time, quality, consistency of sleep/wake cycles

whole-language approach

top-down attaching meaning to entire words and not focusing on individual letters

Performance-approach goals

wanting to look good to others

Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment findings

we can learn from observation even if they don't exhibit the behavior (vicarious learning)

what were the findings of the study that showed evidence for the ventral stream

when the subjects saw real or made up words, they showed more increased activation in the fusiform gyrus, suggesting that there is a word area in the fusiform gyrus

Neural explanation for dual code hypothesis

when we code things in multiple locations, there are more access points, there are more associations

outcome of internal/unstable failure attribution (effort)

will try harder

the bottleneck/how we overcome it

working memory is the bottleneck between SR and LTM because their capacities are unlimited and WM has a limited capacity. We chunk info to overcome it

mastery approach goals

working to attain something of intrinsic value, wanting to master material

when the bilingual study was repeated with more complex math, did the results carry over?

yes, exact calculation problems highlighted language-switching costs