All of AP Euro Sets (Duncan's sets Combined)

Girondins Arrested June 1793

Mountain and sans-culotte arrest the Girondins in the National Convention after the execution of Louis XVI. Mountain get complete control, sans-culotte get a just price and a moral economy

Danton

Mountain member who supports Robespierre, after the dual threat is quieted, calls for the end of the Reign of Terror and for mercy. Killed by Robespierre because he feared that Danton would turn the peasants against him

1840s Chartist Movement

Movement in Britain that argues for the People's Charter, which includes universal male suffrage, and allows anyone to run for office. Thousands join the movement, and it sparks fear in the hearts of the Elite. Whig party leads this, and it leads to universal male suffrage

Feminist Movement

Movement in the late 19th century and 20th century that advocated for women's rights, including the right to vote and own property. Middle Class feminists and Socialists feminists are the two main types

Realism

Movement that depicted life the way it actually is, opposite to romanticism. Origins are post 1848, and a return to reality, realizing that romantic revolutionary ideas will not come true. Realism is gritty, depicts daily life, while romanticism focused on nature and the surreal. Emile Zola is important

Enclosure

Movement to fence in fields to farm more effectively, as opposed to the open field system. A lot of peasants relied on common fields for farming or pasture, and this took it away form them. Advocated for by Young, this system benefitted large scale farmers, but was bad for the peasants. From the 1760s to 1815, a series of laws passed by Parliament enclosed most of the land in Britain. Helped to cause proletarianization in Europe

Romanticism

Movement with its origins in the early 18th century (1780-1840), and was influenced by nationalism and the high hopes of revolutionaries to create nation states. Revolt against classicism and the enlightenment, which favored careful, calibrated thought and science. This movement was about wild, crazy passion and feelings, and paintings were often of surreal landscapes. Big part of this movement was the thought that there are greater forces at work, and a yearning for the past

The Industrious Revolution

Moving away from subsistence economy to wage labor economy. More women also enter the work force

Nobles Diet

Mulit-course hour long meals with tons of sugar and meat. Issues: obesity, constipation

1935 Ethiopia Invasion

Mussolini scape goats Ethiopia, invades and takes over the territories. Now has control of the Nile river, can make a lot of money for Italy

March on Rome (Oct 1922)

Mussolini tries to impress Victor Emmanuel and the pope, and marches up to Emmanuel and demands that he is made PM. Emmanuel says yes because he feels like socialism is the biggest threat, and thinks he has the same views as Mussolini. Mussolini is granted the power as PM for 1 year

Battle of the Nile (July 31 1798)

Napoleon and his fleet are challenged and crushed by the British Navy, makes his conquest meaningless, and forces Napoleon to return to France empty handed, and starts to look into Turkish territory

War vs Turks Napoleon (Feb-May 1799)

Napoleon attacks the Turks, but has to turn back after a failed attempt at the Siege of Acres, in which the British cut off French supplies

1804 Emporer

Napoleon becomes Emperor of France

Command in Italy 1796

Napoleon conquers Italy by going over the Alps, brings it under French control. Before his tour of Egypt

Napoleon Arrested for Treason 1794

Napoleon had been a supporter of Robespierre, jailed for treason but was soon let out to help with the military

Coup d'etat December 2, 1851

Napoleon has decreased the suffrage in France in order to appease the conservative National Assembly and asks them to pay off his debt and elect him for another term. With the help of the army, he crushes the National Assembly and all revolts afterwards. He calls for a vote and 92% of France want him as president

Napoleon Return to Paris (Aug 1799)

Napoleon is able to return before his bad news does, able to spin it so it is not so bad. Tactical

Napoleon Tactics

Napoleon is selfish, ruthless, tactical, educated. He is also interested in building and restoring culture, shows this by bringing scientists to Egypt to restore the pyramids, and they also find the Rosetta Store

Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt 1798

Napoleon lands in Alexandria on July 1, and reads the Koran along the way, and uses his knowledge to gain respect from his conquered areas. Successful in the battle of the Pyramids (Mamelukes), destroyed in the Battle of the Nile (Britain). Conquest of Egypt becomes meaningless, and Napoleon is able to return to Paris before the bad news

Marie Louise 1810

Napoleon marries this person to have an heir. She gives him a son who later dies

Reorganization of German States 1803-1806

Napoleon regrouped some of the German states to make strong secondary states like Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria. Austria and Prussia were the two strongest, Prussia gained power through this new arrangement and Austria lost it

Napoleon Abdication (Apr 1814)

Napoleon removes himself from the position as Emperor, end of his epic rule, enters into Treaty of Paris

Burning of Moscow (October-Nov 1812)

Napoleon takes over Moscow, but the fleeing Russians led by Alexander burn everything, leaving no resourced for Napoleon's army. Many people die of disease, starvation, hypothermia, Napoleon forced to retreat with the dwindling army. This great retreat leads to the War of the 6th Coalition

Napoleon's Goal in Europe

Napoleon wanted to unite Europe. Similar to the EU, eliminate trade barriers, same coins, rights, weights and measures. He tried to accomplish this by breaking down large states and uniting smaller states to create an even balance of power. He put his relatives in charge of various places to keep them loyal

Napoleon's Goal in France (Domestic Policies)

Napoleon wants to restore law and order (stability), and prioritize economic stability and growth over freedoms of individuals. Does this using Three tools

1804 Civil Codes

Napoleon's codes pertaining the freedoms of civilians, and retains revolutionary ideals. Guarantees equality before the law, abolished feudalism, freedom of worship, firstborn does not get everything. Step back for women and slavery though (slavery needed for productivity in French colonies)

1810 Crime Codes

Napoleon's codes pertaining the legal system. Same crime same punishment, no torture, no arbitrary arrest, also public jury trials

Commercial Codes (Napoleon)

Napoleon's codes pertaining trade and finance. He established a currency of France, gets rid of trade barriers within France

Napoleon's Blind Spot

Napoleon's logical thinking is his blind spot, does not understand that even though his reforms brought prosperity, that people will do things for reasons other than self-interest and fear. His conquest triggers nationalistic responses, and all three estates want indepedence from Napoleon

Napoleon's Foreign Policy "Double edged sword"

Napoleon's main foreign policy goal was to re-assert France's influence, does so in the Crimean War, Congress of Paris, and assisting in Italian unification. He also takes control of Mexico and parts of Indochina for rubber, also to show off

Continental System

Napoleon's response after Britain blockades French coasts. Napoleon cannot beat the Royal Navy, instead bans his empire from trading with England. Leads to the downfall of his empire, created after the War of the 4th Coalition (1806-07)

Nation States

Nation where the political and cultural boundaries are the same

Differences between Medieval and 17th Absolute rule (5) NSPAD

National taxes, State bureaucracy, permanent standing armies, Divine right Monarchy, and attempt to control competing groups within territory (nobles). All these things helped to centralize power and standardize empires (everyone had same taxes)

Protestantism influenced the development of (NCDS)

Nationalism (we germans), Capitalism, Democracy (elected officials), and Science (Luther used the scientific method to figure out what was wrong with church)

Mood of 1914

Nationalism and xenophobia has created a frenzy, everyone thinks they are the best and ready to prove it. There had not been a great war in a long time, and tensions were building.

Nationalism 1870-1914

Nationalism becomes more closely allied with conservatism, advocated by for by Bismarck and Napoleon III

Nationalism and Racism Post 1870

Nationalism fosters an 'us vs them' feeling, poor treatment leads to a mass emigration of jews to the US. Ex: scapegoating, Kulturcampf, Dreyfus Affair

Triumph of Nationalism 1850-1914

Nationalism is born in 1789 after the French Revolution, and squashed by conservative monarchies in 1815 and 1848. Becomes a more conservative ideal, can cope with the challenges of the Dual Rev and an increasingly urban society. Leads to increased tensions and xenophobia, helps to take the focus off of internal problems

Admiral Gaspard de Coligny

Navarre, head of the Huguenot military, killed by Henrí of Guise

Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)

Nazi operation of the invasion of the Soviet Union during WWII. 3 million mile front, Nazis gained ground quickly. Millions die, and the Nazis almost take over the Soviet Union

First Factories (1770-1790)

Near rivers to use their power, employed children, hard labor. 1790, steam engine allows factories to be in urban areas instead of the countryside. Family is employed as a unit.

Great Reform Act of 1832

New act that allows more people to vote, allows the Bourgeoise to vote. Gets rid of the rotten Borough system, giving more power to the newly populated urban areas. Shift of focus of parliament from countryside problems to city issues, more urban legislation follows

Rudolphine Tables

New and improved table of planetary motions created by Brahe. Named after patron, Rudolph II of HRE

Physics and Science post WWI

New discoveries lead to less objective, uncertain universe. Atoms and other subatomic particles discovered, not so easy to understand. Albert Einstein comes up with the Theory of Relativity

Decennial Consulate 1799-1802

New government created after Coup d'ett of 18 Brumaire. 3 Consuls, Napoleon (1st Consul) being the only one that mattered. Created Senate, Council of State, Tribunate, Legislative Assembly, and Prefects. All of these positions were close to meaningless, created to make it look like a democracy. People could vote on some officials, but on a ballot selected by Napoleon, very crafty. Story of Two Old Women says that this new set-up had a lot of involvement from Napoleon

Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another, and the magnitude of the attraction is based on the mass of each object. Revealed by Newton in Principia Mathematica 1687

On the revolutions of heavenly spheres. Introduced heliocentric model

Nicholas Copernicus

Junkers

Nobles of Prussia. The Great Elector made a deal with them that gave them privileges like more control over surfs. In return, Junkers had no say in assemblies, had to accept taxation without consent

Intendants

Nobles of the robe whose power stemmed from the monarchy. Wedge group, important alternative from rule by nobles of the sword

Interests of the Nobles at the beginning of the French Revolution

Nobles want to keep the monarchical situation, including feudalism and a nobles only parliament. Express their views through the Paris Parliament, Assembly of Notables, Estates General

Nobility of the Sword

Nobles who's power stemmed from ancient bloodlines. These nobles were often seen as threats by monarchs

Nobility of the Robe

Nobles who's power was bought, and during the 17th century relied on the King for power

Madame du Chatelet

Noblewoman who loved science, and had an affair with Voltaire. Translated Principia Mathematica into French.

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

Northern Italian who wrote On Crimes and Punishments (1764). He argued for abolishment of torture and the death sentence. Wanted the government to focus on crime prevention rather than using harsh punishments

Thomas More

Northern humanist and parliament member who was killed by Henry VIII when he refused to support the Act of Supremacy

Battle of St. Peterloo 1819

Not an actual battle, when British police attacked and killed protestors after the Six Acts. Name mocks the battle of Waterloo

Absenteeism

Not being present at your church position, common in the Catholic church

Teresa of Avila

Nun who brought her order back to stricter standards of poverty. She was told to do this by God, but was at one point investigated to see if she was communicating with the devil

Middle Class feminists

One kind of feminist who followed in the footsteps of Mary Wallstonecraft, and fought for women's rights. Most important issues are access to education and federal employment

Carnival

One of the many religious celebrations that entertained people. Came before lent, included drinking, dancing, and rowdy partying

Coffee Houses

One of the places were the common people gathered to discuss ideas. Print shops (Book market) were another

Equality

One of the two concepts of Classical Liberalism. Birth does not give people rights over others, cannot inherit titles or privileges, economic advantages. This means economic opportunity, not equality (this would violate the concept of private property). This goes hand in hand with capitalism. Does not mean gender and racial equality

Liberty

One of the two concepts of Classical Liberalism. Everyone (white males) have natural rights (life, liberty, property), and all freedoms that do not harm others. The people are sovereign and have a representative government. This is not democracy however

Canton

Only port city where Foreign merchants were allowed to live in and trade in before Europe overpowered the Chinese government

Dismantling the Open Field System

Open Field system ended by Enclosure, which was a more productive agricultural method. This was met with resistance from the peasants who used the land

3 Laws of Planetary Motion

Orbits are elliptical, Speed is relative to the distance from the sun, No uniform speed. Developed by Kepler, and lead to many more findings and questions about the universe and how things work

Progressive bloc

Organization of moderate socialists who called on Tsar Nicolas II to create a new government with the Duma in charge. Nicolas II dismisses the Duma as a result

Pogroms

Organized massacre of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Rotten Borough System

Outdates zoning of voting, gave more power to the countryside where there used to be more people. Fixed by the Great Reform Act of 1832

Bortolomé de las Casas

Outspoken critic of Spanish brutality in the colonies through the missionaries and the encomienda system, and convinced Charles V to abolish the worst parts of the Encomienda system in 1531

1928 Kellogg Briand Pact

Pact signed before the Great Depression, 15 countries sign. Condemns and renounces war as a method of international policy, and a way to resolve conflicts. Help to create a sense of hope of long lasting peace in Europe

Swiss alchemist who pioneered the use of medicine

Paracelsus

Petrograd Soviet

Parallel government in Petrograd consisting of mass meetings of workers, soldiers, and socialists. Different from the provisional government lead by Kerensky

Over Concern for children Ind. Rev

Parents were super concerned about the sex lives of their kids, taught to not have sex before marriage or even masterbate

Rebuilding Paris

Paris in 1850 was a labyrinth of narrow streets, poorly designed and easy to barricade. Napoleon III asks Haussman to rebuild. Creates broad streets, making it easy to move about, rings roads, and small parks as well as two large ones. Uniform buildings. Provided construction jobs and created a business friendly environment

Paris Parliament

Parliament created after remonstration was reinstated by Duke of Orleans

Long Parliament (1640-9)

Parliament that sat when Charles I needed money. Parliament immediately abolished Medieval tax and imposes the Triennial act, which says that Parliament has to meet every three years. Leads to English Civil War

Worship of the Supreme Being

Part of Robespierre's Republic of Virtue, created to replace christianity, does not work

Levee en Masse

Part of the Reign of terror, all unmarried men are drafted, part of the epic war effort of 1793-94

Whig Party

Party in England that was responsive to middle class bourgeoise interests, and also want the poor laws to be reformed. Urban representation, pass the 1832 Great Reform Act among other things

Italian Combat Squad (Italian Fascist Party)

Party started by Mussolini in 1919, rules over Italy from the 1920s to the end of WWI

Test Act 1673

Passed by Parliament, stripped away rights of non-anglicans, including vote or hold public office

1867 Meiji Restoration

Patriotic samurai restore the emperor to power over the shogunate. Goal was to modernize Japan

Peace of Pressburg 1805

Peace made with Austria, ends the war of the 3rd Coalition. Austria forced out of Italy, pay $40million

12 Articles

Peasant demands, justified by Lutherism

The Great Fear (Summer 1789)

Peasants break into the houses of nobles and their lords, looting them and destroying all paperwork binding them to the feudal system. In terror, the nobles flee into Paris and into other countries as emigrés. In response, the National Assembly abolished feudalism on August 4th to win over the peasants and quell further violence

Post Medieval Family

People after Medieval times married for economic reasons, low illegitimacy due to strong village controls

February Revolution of 1848 (France)

People are dissatisfied with Louis Philippe and the bourgeoise monarchy, and also political gatherings have been banned. This revolt leads to the establishment of the 2nd French Republic. Immediately, their is a new constitution, universal male suffrage, and a 10 hour work day maximum. Moderate liberal republicans and radical socialist republicans revolted, solve the economic crisis and poverty

The Law of 22 Prairial II (June 1794)

People are tried in batches, and rumors become evidence. Ramps up the snitch state, gets rid of the overcrowding problem of prisons

Parallel between Enlightened treatment of Race and Gender

People believed that race and gender naturally limited some people, thought that white males were superior. Used the scientific method to reinforce their claims

"Imagined Communities"

People bound by a common language, culture, and history. Romantic version of nationalism that emerges in the early 19th century

Birth of Social Sciences

People like Weber and Durkheim begin to use the scientific method to discern natural laws about society

1917 March Bread Riots in Petrograd

People of Russia feel like bread is being hoarded, take to the streets. Russian army joins them, and Tsar Nicolas II abdicates as a result. Provisional government is declared, ruled by Alexander Kerensky. Part of the Feb/March Revolution

Astrolabe

Perfected by muslims, allowed sailors to plot their exact latitude.

The Reign of Terror

Period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason, and new culture consisting of a new calendar and the Worship of the Supreme Being was imposed. Three goals, three keys

Italian Unification

Period from 1850-1860 where Italy was unified under the Kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia

Government of Britain 1820-1840s

Period of British government dominated by the Whig Party, and saw more liberal reforms, in sharp contrast to the earlier decades. During this time: 1832 Great Reform Act, Repeal of the Corn Laws, 10 Hours Act, Chartist Movement

The Great Depression

Period of time from 1929-1933 where economic output decreases by 38%. Unemployment becomes rampant. Stock markets crash and leads to huge money problems, leads to the end of the Young Plan. Britain takes their currency off the gold standard, which makes other currencies inflate, proves catastrophic. US loans to Europe dry up as well

The 100 Days (Napoleon) (Feb-June 1815)

Period of time from Napoleon's escape form Elba to the Second Treaty of Paris. Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo, and banished this time to St. Helena

Tour of Europe

Peter the Great tours Europe, takes bits and pieces of things he likes from each country. Likes what he sees, and brings westernization to Russia

Philip II in the Netherlands

Philip II failed to control the Netherlands after inheriting it from Charles V. The result was the creation of the United Provinces, and eventually a trading empire that would surpass Spain's

Revolt of the Netherlands 1566

Philip II inherits the Netherlands. Netherlands revolt because they see Philip II as unfit to rule them (according to calvinist teachings), they are calvinist instead of catholic, and the economy is based on trade, seen as lowly in the eyes of catholicism.

Elizabeth vs Philip II

Philip II wanted control of England, and also was strongly Catholic. Philip tried to use Bloody Mary and Mary Queen of Scots, but Elizabeth stood in the way and killed Mary QoS. Elizabeth also supported the Netherlands in their fight against Philip II. Tensions rose, and lead to the Spanish Armada attacking England

Adam Smith

Philosophe part of the Scottish Enlightenment wrote Wealth of Nations, promotes capitalism and is against mercantilism. CH16 definition

David Hume (1711-1776)

Philosophe part of the Scottish Enlightenment. Builds on Locke's teachings about the mind and argues that the human mind is a bunch of impressions. Emphasizes civic morality and religious skepticism. Wrote Of Natural Characters 1748, which said that the white race is superior to other races

Rousseau (1712-1778)

Philosophe who contributed to the Encyclopedia. Born into the working class unlike the others, felt isolated. Anticipates Socialism because he thinks of private property as the downfall of man. Roots of Romanticism because he elevates nature and its raw state. Comes up with the general will, writes Emile 1762 and The Social Contract 1762. Very chauvenistic

Voltaire/Arouet (1694-1778)

Philosophe who went by a fake name. Deist, wrote Letters to the English 1733, Essay on Manner & Spirits of Nations 1756, and had an affair with Chatelet. Fled to England, and thought that the people are not able to govern themselves, need someone to rule

Immanuel Kant

Philosophe who wrote What is the Enlightenment? 1784. Believed that people should have public freedom, but should obey all laws. Freedom to exercise reason, should use freedom to practice obedience. Kant also wrote on the Different Races of Men 1775, which claimed that there were four different races

Thomas Hobbes 1651

Philosopher that held a pessimistic view of human nature, and believed that people needed a king to have order

Georg Hegel (1770-1831)

Philosopher who saw history as a constant, and that all history is connected. Marx is influenced by him

Modern Philosophy

Philosophy after WWI challenged faith in progress, reason and faith itself. Major parts were Nietzsche, Logical Empiricism, and Existentialism

"We Germans"

Phrase often used by Luther which sparked nationalism

Wrote the Historical and Critical Dictionary

Pierre Bayle

Methodism

Pietism in England lead by John Wesley.

Duke of Orleans

Place holder for Louis XV, lets nobility gain power and the the power of remonstration (which was destroyed by Louis XIV). Lead to the creation of parliament

Foundling Hospitals

Places set up to take unwanted kids. Mortality here was 50%, and kids were put to work

1925 Locarno Agreements

Plan between Stresemann and Briand, increases stability in the Weimar Republic. Countries agree to respect each other's borders. Nobel Prize awarded to Stresemann and Briand as a result

1924 Dawes Plan

Plan that put an end to the Ruhr crisis and also staggered German debt repayments over a series of smaller payments, more manageable for Germany. The new debt is based on the German economy, so that Germany never pays too much that it crushes them, and also the US gives Germany loans and aid to help them pay. Paves the way for the Locarno agreements in the following year

Three Partitions of Poland (1772-1795)

Poland is split up three times between Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Through this, Russia's population doubles, and they get a lot of jews.

Polish Rebellion 1863

Poland saw Russia fail in the Crimean war, rebel, but Russia crushes the revolt. Later leads to the assassination of Alexander II

Nativism

Policies, beliefs, often influenced by nationalism and mass migration, that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

Copernicus (1473-1543)

Polish scientist who was the first to challenge the knowledge of Medieval times, inspired by the Italian Renaissance. Developed the Copernican Hypothesis, but does not publish it as On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres until his deathbed, in part because he knew his claims went against the church. Copernicus inspires many scientists to come, including Galileo

Classical Liberalism

Political Ideology that advocates for liberty and freedom. Fueled revolutions of the 18th century such as the American and French

Jacobins

Political club in revolutionary France whose members were radical republicans. Present in the National Convention, consisting of two main groups: Girondins and the Mountain. These groups fought, and the Mountain won in June 1793

Absolutism

Political theory that something should be ruled by an individual with total (absolute) power. Absolutism was common in Europe during this time. Ex: France, HRE, Spain

Raison d'etat

Political thought started by Richelieu which said that behavior of state is explained by its interests. This explains French support of the German States during the 30YW, even though they have different religions

Adolphe Thiers

Politician who lead the National Assembly against the Paris Commune, brutally crushing them

Common Obstacles of State building (4) PLLL

Poor communication, caused by lack of roads, different languages. Lack of information caused by lack of census and caused by poor communication, local power structures/privileged groups (nobles). Linguistic differences which impedes communication and also makes people disloyal

Sweated industries

Poorly paid handicraft production, often carried out by married women paid by the piece, sometimes working at home

Pope Clement VII

Pope during the sack of Rome

Pope Paul III

Pope from 1535-1549 that was influenced by northern humanists, and helped to reform the church. He created the Holy Office and the Council of Trent, and was the leader of the Catholic Reformation, making catholicism more appealing

Pope Pius "Declaration of Papal Infallibility" 1870

Pope's response to Kulturkampf, says that the pope can never be wrong, and undermines German authority and nationalism

Rococo

Popular style of art during the Enlightenment know for its soft, sentimental portraits

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Popularized inoculation. Used cowpox as a vaccine for smallpox

Was the population in the 18th increase a sign of progress?

Population growth showed progress because we were able to reduce the amount of deaths, but not because we became unsustainable

Causes of European Expansion (6 PCEGGR)

Population pressure, Crusading Impulse and religious fervor, Economic/political opportunity, government sponsorship, renaissance curiosity, Gold and Spices

Three successive commercial empires

Portugal , Spain, Dutch

Natural Advantages of the Portuguese

Portugal had currents which lead them right to Africa and is Islands, and later Brazil. Because of this, they were able to cut off Spain from northern Africa. Also, they knew the waters of the atlantic better than others

Christopher Columbus (Spanish/Portuguese)

Portuguese Explorer under the Spanish crown who "discovered" the New World in 1492 when he landed in the Bahamas in October. The purpose of his mission was to establish a route to India going straight across the Atlantic. Columbus was deeply religious, and viewed himself as an instrument of God. He is a contraversial figure because he didn't really discover the Americas- there were people already there! Also, his discovery wreaked havoc on native populations, yet we have a day dedicated to him.

Pedro Cabral (Portuguese)

Portuguese explorer who discovered Brazil in 1500-01

Divide between elite and common entertainment

Post 1750s, different classes entertained themselves in different ways. The elite visited spa towns such as Bath, England, and the common folk watched bloodsports and played sports

Lamarck (1744-1829)

Postulates that all forms of life come from the same source, challenges divine creation. Influences Darwin

Electoral Reforms in Russia (1907)

Power of Parliament returned to the Boyars, and collective ownership of land by peasants is ended, good for them

Legislative Assembly

Power that succeeds the National Assembly, comes into power after the Constitution of 1791. Liberals on the left, conservatives on the right. Declares war on HRE and Austria after the Declaration of Pillnitz

Mexica Empire

Powerful Empire ruled by Montezuma II, with Tenochtitlán as its capital. It was the dominant force in Mexico, and besides its practice of human sacrifice, very sophisticated. It was overthrown in 1521, with the defeat of Tenochtitlán at the hands of Cortés of Spain.

Liberal Reforms pre1815 vs post1815

Pre 1815, governments are unwilling to budge on reforms such as just price and the abolition of feudalism, and the government does not want to give up power. Post 1815, there is a reinforcement of demand for liberal reforms, and the industrial revolution leads to more workers rights. French revolution also helps for the push of liberal reforms

Moral Reorientation (Post/Pre 1848)

Pre-1848, there was a huge emphasis on nationalism and emotion, characterized by romanticism. After the failed revolutions of 1848, realism replaced romanticism, and people started to focus on incremental goals instead of revolutions. Religious Skepticism shows this as well, and politics starts to focus on the needs of the countries instead of idealistic notions

Coup d'etat December 2, 1852

President Napoleon becomes Napoleon III. 97% of France agree, the Second Republic ends, and he is the first modern dictator. Part of the reason of his success is the good harvests at the time

Vincenzo Gioberti

Priest who wants to unify Italy under the pope, and was supported by the pope.

Prince William "the Silent" of Orange

Prince in the Netherlands who stood up to Philip II in 1576, represents the Dutch revolt

Importance of Printing press

Printing press helped to quickly spread the ideas of the reformation, including those of Luther

17th Century Armies

Professional standing armies created, and army size increased dramatically. The government also started to fund the armies instead of local nobles, helped to create a uniform, standardized army. French led the way in there military advancements, and the rest of Europe soon followed

1906 People's Budget

Proposed by David Lloyd George to provide basic social welfare for British people, Tax the wealthy, heaviest burden on the broadest backs. This pisses off the lords, and the King has to persuade the lords. Helps to let the steam out

Prostitution

Prostitution becomes a liscenced profession, and it is very popular at the time, but ranged in type. Streetwalkers were unregistered, desperate women, while escorts and mistresses were more common for the upper class. There were concerns about disease, and the Contagious Disease Act as put into affect to make sure prostitutes were not carrying diseases. Viewed as sexist

Goals of State Building (4) PRIC

Protect and Expand frontiers, Raise new taxes, Increase sovereignty, Colonies. These goals were shared by both absolute and constitutional states

Protestant revival (Pietism)

Protestant churches had become boring, and people wanted to get the energy and religious fervor back into church life. This revival starts in Germany, and creates a warm emotional experience for Protestants.

War of the 4th Coalition 1806-1807

Prussia, England, Russia vs France. Prussia pissed off by the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, and Austria is not strong enough to fight. Prussia is crushed at Jena and Auerstadt, while Russia loses at the Battles of Elyau and Friedland in early 1807. Ends with the Peace of Tilsit and formation of the Continental System

Holy Alliance 1815

Prussia, Russia, Austria. Became a symbol of repression of liberal and revolutionary ideas all over Europe

Revolution of 1848 in Prussia (March 1848-March 1849)

Prussian liberals want two things: Constitution, United Germany led by Prussia. Frederick William IV of Prussia agrees to these things, and the Frankfurt Assembly leads the reforms. The region is also basically united by the Zollverein. Eventually William IV backs out and it all fails.

The Reichstag

Prussian parliament. Bismarck disregards them but then offers them the Indemnity Bill

On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres 1543

Published by Copernicus, reveals the copernican hypothesis

Principia Mathematica 1687

Published by Newton, law of universal gravitation is developed in this book. He explains the planetary movement found by Kepler and Brahe, and his laws operate everywhere

Declaration of Pillnitz (August 1791)

Put forth by Austria and HRE, saying they would intervene in the revolution if Louis XVI was harmed. Thought that the revolutionaries would back off, but it leads to the Legislative Assembly declaring war in April 1792, War of the First Coalition

The Insurrection of August 10, 1792 (3)

Put forth by the Legislative Assembly, three main things: 1. Louis XVI suspended. National Guard (mostly sans-culotte) storm Paris and arrest Louis XVI 2. Creation of the National Convention, needs to make a new constitution without the monarchy 3. Provisory Executive Council created, does the job of the monarch

Mary Queen of Scotts

Queen of Scotland, catholic, and planned with Philip II to kill Elizabeth I. She was killed by Elizabeth

"Home by christmas"

Quote that shows the attitude going into WWI, everyone thought it would be super short and that everyone would be home soon

Fashoda Affair 1898

Race between France and Britain that almost leads to war, Fashoda is a town on the Nile. Marchand, the French leader in Africa, recognizes that Britain got their first

Robert Owen

Rags to riches story, exposed to enlightened ideals. Creates New Lanark. Reports to Parliament in 1819, and creates New Harmony in 1826. Big idea is that man is a product of his environment, making a better environment makes a better worker and person. Utopian Socialist.

December Assassination 1916

Rasputin killed by members of the aristocracy, causes Tsar Nicolas II to rush back to Petrograd

Constitution of the Second Republic

Re-made after the Bloody June Days, and Louis Napoleon III is created as the constitutional monarchy to restore order

Reading Revolution

Reading becomes very common during this time, which leads to the demand of more books. Most books were of gossip, scandal, and porn, but some also spread enlightened ideals to people who weren't well off. Because the poor had such a ferocious appetite for reading, lending libraries were set up (books were expensive). Reading became dangerous to Monarchs because they could not control what influenced their people, and new ideas could question the monarchy

Guiseppe Mazzini

Referred to as the soul of Italian unification. He wants to unite Italy through a nationalist movement, arrested by Austria

Reform Bills of GB in the 19th century

Reform bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884 grant practically universal suffrage, and let the steam out of the public, prevent revolts from the poor and socialists

Tridentine Decrees

Reforms made by the Council of Trent, including putting scripture over tradition. It also put an end to private marriages

Salons

Regular social gatherings held by rich Parisians in their homes were the wealthy and philosophes got together to talk about ideas Two important Salonnieres: Madame Geoffrin and du Deffand

Indemnity Bill

Reichstag initially said no to war, but Bismarck ignored them. This bill allows them to approve after the fact and make them look good. Bismarck is showing his respect

Declaration of Indulgences

Religious freedom imposed by James II, lead to the glorious revolution

Used Deductive reasoning to formulate the theory of Cartesian Dualism

René Descartes

The New French Calendar

Replaced the gregorian calendar, established as part of Robespierre's Republic of Virtue. 10 day weeks (deca-days), renamed months to nature names

National Convention

Replaces the Legislative Assembly after the Insurrection of August 10, 1972

Mass Media

Replaces traditional entertainment post-WWI, with movies and radios taking over. FDR utilizes this new technology with fireside chats

Theodore Herzl

Reporter who covers the Dreyfus affair, decides that Jews will always be discriminated against, founds zionism

Six Acts 1817-1819

Response by the tory government of Britain to the protests after the Corn Laws. Suspends the rights of some civilians, fearing a revolt like the French Revolution

1929 Young Plan

Restructuring of German debt, at first it is successful but falls apart with the Great Depression. Last of a series of legislation that create an atmosphere of peace

The Second Industrial Revolution

Result of the understanding of theoretical knowledge of the first industrial revolution. Ex: laws of thermodynamics, helped with new technology

Vladimir Lenin

Returns to Russia from Switzerland in April of 1917, supported by Germany secretly. Lead the Bolsheviks, comes to power after the Red Revolution, and appeals to the masses of Russia

Edict of Nantes revoked (1685)

Revoked by Louis XIV because he wants religious unity, but the result is the departure of many loyal and skilled French to other parts of Europe

Revolution in 1848 of Austria (March 1848-June 1848)

Revolt in Austria by Hungarians to gain autonomy, want a constitution, and inspired by nationalism. Willing to be within Austria if they can have their own government. Initially successful, but when the revolution spreads the different groups in Austria want different things. Ferdinand promises a constitution and abolishes serfdom. Eventually, Franz Joseph is put on the throne after the revolution is suppressed

Revolution of 1905

Revolution in Russia triggered by Bloody Sunday and political and social unrest, leads to some reform and a parliament (Duma) for a bit, but it quickly lost power. Result is Tsar does not have absolute control

1910 silent revolution

Revolution of the people against disease and death. Less infants die, and people can recover from illness

Glorious Revolution of 1688

Revolution without any blood in England, caused by Declaration of Indulgences and also James II's catholic family. Result is that William and Mary come to the throne, monarchy becomes subordinate to Parliament

Richelieu foreign policy

Richelieu focused on diminishing the power of the Habsburgs, who almost completely surrounded France. Even though HRE was Catholic, France supports the German States during 30YW. Shows Richelieu belief of state over religion, Raison d'etat

"I have always said that taxes are the sinews of the state"

Richelieu says this, and shows his belief in the need of taxes. Richelieu used taxes to fund his army and also bureaucracy

Gustave Streseman

Rises to power as the Chancellor of Germany in 1923, agrees to pay concessions to Poincare and France to end the Ruhr crisis, which many right wingers see as an awful move. Later wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in creating the Locarno agreement

Problem of Transportation pre-Indus Rev

Roads were made of dirt, dangerous and were not reliable to transport goods. As a result, over 4,000 miles of canals in England were built. In 1800, steam powered trains and carts replace ponies bringing things up from mines

Created laws regarding the pressure of gases

Robert Boyle

Report to Parliament 1819

Robert Owen reports to British Parliament on the conditions of factories and child labor, concludes they need reform.

Ireland during the Industrial Revolution

Roman Catholics are discriminated against by the government at this time. People live in wretched cabins, and it only gets worse as the population grows. Relied heavily on potatoes, so when potatoes get sick it caused the Great Famine, leaving millions dead and one million more flee to other countries. Britain does not help, slow to react and still collect taxes from the starving people

Emile 1762

Rosseau expresses his ideas about raising children and their education. Also shows his chauvenistic side, because he says that women should not learn about anything beyond the needs of the household

Vasco de Gama (Portuguese)

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope 1497-99 and makes it to Calicut, India. Used force to acquire goods, and made a bad impression of Portuguese, but he proved that the sea route to India was possible via the Cape of Good Hope. Portuguese explorer

Bartholomew Díaz (Portuguese)

Rounds the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 before turning back. Portuguese

Insurrection of 13 Vendemiare (October 1795)

Royalist revolt, put out quickly by Napoleon and his forces. "Whiff of grapeshot"

William and Mary 1689

Rule after the Glorious Revolution, subordinate to Parliament, and power stems from Parliament (Constitutional Monarchy)

Edward VI

Ruled for a brief period, and promoted Protestantism. During his reign, Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer. Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour

Ferdinand I

Ruler of Austria who dies during the revolution, promising a constitution and abolishes serfdom. Replaces by Franz Joseph

Frederick William "the Great Elector"

Ruler of Prussia whose goal was to unite the provinces under one Empire. He was able to succeed because of 4 things: The crisis atmosphere of Europe (Little Ice Age) justified a large army, decreases the power of the Junkers and church, imported military officials (Huguenots expelled by Louis XIV), and he was fiscally prudent (didn't borrow money, didn't get into money troubles)

Ivan IV "the Terrible"

Ruler of Russia who calls himself the first Tsar in 1547. He acquires vast new territories (Swedish, Mongol), Persecuted Boyar (noble) families and replaces them with wedge groups, and further subjegates surfs under Prince (makes them objects)

Charles V

Ruler of the HRE from 1519-56, and had vast holdings including HRE, Austria, Spain, and the New World Empire

Atahualpa

Ruler of the Incan Empire during the time of Francisco Pizarro. He attempted to ambush Pizarro, but ended up being captured and held ransom for gold by Pizarro. After receiving the gold, Atahualpa was killed.

Montezuma II

Ruler of the Mexica Empire when it was crushed by Cortés. He hesitated to attack Cortés, which lead to his downfall

Ivan III "the Great"

Ruler who in 1480 challenged the Mongols and gained autonomy. He uses many of the Mongols ruling strategies including indirect rule and their tax system. Claims that Russia is the protector of Orthodox Christianity because he marries the daughter of the last Byzantine Emperor (fall of Constantinople 1453). Calls Russia the "Third Rome"

Charles II (1660-1685)

Rules after Interregnum, imposes religious toleration for all. When he did not get along with Parliament, he got involved in the Secret Treaty of Dover with Louis XIV, which lead to the Test Act as well as the Exclusion Bill

Hohenzollern

Ruling family of Prussia

Treaty of Niestad

Russia acquires Latvia and Estonia, giving them access to warm water ports

Russia 1914

Russia enters WWI enthusiastic, but as time goes on, the country starts to despise the war. Tsar Nicolas II does not share power, worsens things

Russia 1914

Russia is partially modernized, agrarian economy, dominated by peasants and a lot of political and ethnic unrest

Reform Surges in Russia (4)

Russia realizes after the Crimean war that they need to reform, also need nationalism. These reforms are done halfway and do not work 1. Political 2. Economic (1860s-1880s) 3. Economic (1890s-1914) 4 Political (1904-5)

Russia Withdraws from Continental System 1812

Russia withdraws because France isn't helping them against the Ottomans, also Russia is hurt economically by the Continental System. Napoleon declares war, and invades in June. Burning of Moscow eventually leads to the retreat of Napoleon, this is the beginning of the end

War of the 6th Coalition (1813-1814)

Russia, England, Austria, Prussia agains France. Starts with the Battle of Leipzig where Napoleon is defeated

War of the 2nd Coalition

Russia, Ottoman Empire, Austria, England, force France out of all the land secured by Napoleon (Germany, Italy, and Switzerland). Napoleon returns to Paris and is devastated by this, and is able to fight back, ending the War with the Treaty of Luneville in 1801

Allies' Total War

Russia, Serbia, France, England, Greece Romania, Japan, Italy (May 1915), US (April 1917). Russia mobilized early in August of 1914, and France and England also mobilized their colonial forces as well as their armies later on. Japan joins in order to grab German concessions and outposts in China and the Pacific

Duma

Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar, lost its power

Kitchener

SA official who helps in the race to Fashoda (Omdurman 1898), and also a big part of the Boer War, seen as too cruel

Madame du Deffand

Salonneire who hosted Montesquieu and Ben Franklin

Madame Geoffrin

Salonneire who was the godmother of the Encylcopedia

Spinning Mule 1790

Samuel Crompton, combines the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame, making a finer, higher quality thread

Skepticism

School of thought founded on doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge is ever attainable

Existentialism

School of thought that becomes popular in continental Europe post WWI. Says that there is a meaningless to life, we cannot trust that their is a god. We have to depend on ourselves, and that one should not look to an outside leader to guide but guide and be good yourself

Fascination with Evolution

Scientists tart to study the process of evolution. Ex: Lyell, Lamarck, Darwin, Spencer

James Watt 1769

Scottish thinker who improves upon the steam engine, allows it to be more efficient and also portable. No longer needs to be right next to a mill. Hundreds sold in the first year. With this portability, the steam engine can be used to help industries like the coke industry, sugar, and flour. Makes these products more affordable

Scramble for Empire

Scramble from 1880-1900 where Europeans raced for territory in Africa and elsewhere in a New Imperialistic age

Basic Tenets of Lutherism/Protestantism

Scripture alone, faith alone, priesthood of all believers, consubstantiation

Calvinism

Scripture alone, faith alone, priesthood of all believers, separation of church and state, and predestination

Spanish Commercial Empire

Second Commercial Empire, which was basically a land empire in the New World, and also a seaborne empire centered in Manila in the Philippines. Mainly traded american silver for asian silk

New Constitution (Spring 1793)

Second Constitution of the French revolution, said all men are created equal, all men get a vote, anyone can run for office. Does not last long

Second Treaty of Paris (1815)

Second Treaty of Napoleon's defeat, harsher terms for France. Louis XVIII is restored as king of France. Napoleon banished to St. Helena

Ptolemy's Geography

Second century work that combined all the geography of the world, and introduced longitude and latitude. This helped people create more accurate maps, and aided the Europeans in exploration. Did have several errors, including a missing North America

Battle of Masurian Lake

Second huge German victory in 1914, lead by Hindenburg and Ludendorff

Stage II of Italian Unification

Second phase of Italian unification, Garibaldi and his Red Shirts take over southern Italy, and want to attack French-occupied Rome. Cavour intercepts him so that he does not start a war, and Garibaldi hands over his conquered territory, a patriotic Southern Italy, to S&P, creating the Kingdom of Italy in 1860.

Danish Phase (1625-29)

Second phase of the 30YW, which saw more Protestant defeat. Edict of Restitution is issued by Ferdinand II during this phase

Pope Clement VI

Second pope in the great schism. Moved the papacy to Avignon

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII, mom of Elizabeth I. She was executed because she did not have a son

Secret Treaty of Dover

Secret deal between Charles II and Louis XIV in which Louis gives Charles II and Charles II gradually makes England catholic, and has to convert on deathbed

House of Commons

Section of Parliament with weaker nobles that represent the rising wealthy class in England. Parliament and the House of Commons believe they have the power to do things without the kings authority

Girondins

Sector of Jacobins who advocated for economic liberalism. Did not support the just price, believed in liberty over equality. Resist the centralization of the revolution around Paris, and distrusted the masses. Feared that the mountain was too radical

The Mountain

Sector of Jacobins who wanted to kill the king, worked together with the sans-culotte to arrest the Girondins in the National Convention. Radical, believed in a just price, and used the masses as their force. Led by Robespierre and Danton

Prebendelism

Seeking an office to materially benefit from it

The Legal Codes Napoleon

Seen as his greatest victory, part of his domestic reforms. Made up of 5 codes including 1804 Civil Codes, 1810 Crime Codes, and the Commercial Codes. Before this, 3000 different and complicated legal systems throughout France. This standardizes things

Frankfurt Assembly

Self-proclaimed assembly during the Prussian Revolution that treid to establish a constitution for Germany. Cannot decide whether to include all of Austria or not, this stalls their momentum

Paris Commune 1871

Separate government created in Paris after the Treaty of Frankfurt to end the Franco Prussian war, wanted to rule Paris without the interference of the rest of France. Crushed by Adolphe Thiers and the National Assembly

Serbia's Response to Austria's ultimatum

Serbia tries to agree with Austria's ultimatum, but the AH embassy has been shut down, cannot deliver their answer. Leads to war

The First Balkan War 1912

Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria attack the Ottoman Empire, and then they quarrel over the spoils

Vendée Revolts

Series of Provincial uprisings against the revolutionary government in France in early 1793. Made up part of the Dual Threat to the revolution, response was the Reign of Terror

The Revolutions of 1848

Series of Revolts in 1848 caused by economic hardship, lack of national pride, and nationalism. These revolts took place in France, Austria, and Prussia

The Fronde

Series of violent uprisings during early Louis XIV reign triggered by increasing royal power and taxation. This uprising was also incouraged by nobles who disliked the governments new policies. Three big results: Increased economic disruption, Confirmed the need for cooperation between nobles and Monarchy, and also lead Louis XIV to never trust the nobles again

The 30 Years' War (1618-48)

Series of wars between the Catholic League (HRE, Spain) and the Protestant Union (German States, France, Sweden, Denmark, England, and the United Provinces). This was was caused by the build up of religious wars and tension, as well as the struggle for European dominance. This war was fought in four phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French/International Phase. This war started with the Defenestration of Prague, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This War was the last of the religious wars in Europe for centuries to come

Ministry of Munitions

Set up by David Lloyd George, organized private industry to produce for the war and settle labor disputes

War Raw Materials Board (KRA)

Set up by Walter Rathenau to ration and distribute raw materials

Maximum Prices Edict 1793

Sets maximum price on bread, just price. Gives the sans-culotte what they want, part of the planned economy

Iwakura mission

Several Japanese government officials set out across the world to observe different societies and learn from them to help Japan modernize

Spanish Armada Defeat 1588

Shows the diminishing power of the Spanish, contributes to the pessimistic attitude

Effects of Spanish Silver

Silver was Spain's main source of wealth from the New World, with a giant mountain (Potosí) of it discovered in Bolivia, but it helped contribute to the inflation experienced in Europe during 16-17c

Revolution in Greece 1821

Since 1460, Greece has been under Ottoman control, and they try to break free in 1821. Revolution is around the national identity of greek, and at first Metternich apposes this, but later supports them. In 1827, French, British and Russian forces force Ottomans to give up Greece, and they fight it out. Ends with Greece victory in 1830, but with a German Prince on the Throne

Reasons for the Atlantic Slave Trade

Slaves are needed in the Colonies because their is a lot of land and not a lot of labor. White Europeans see themselves as superior, have the right to enslave. From 1495-1900, 12.5 million slaves are brought to the Americas. Slaves are less numerous in the North because there are less plantations

Caravel

Small, maneuverable three-mast ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteen century. This ship did not require as much manpower, and was sturdier than early ship, a necessity for the harsh Atlantic. The Caravel also hold more cargo, and had cannons. Because of this, the caravel gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade

Socialism 1871-1914

Socialism at this time becomes less radical but increases in popularity

May Day

Socialist holiday that commemorates Haymarket Affair in which police attacked a peaceful labor gathering promoting 8-hour day in Chicago. Associated with Second International

International Workingmen's Association

Socialist organization that united a variety of different socialist groups. Dissolved, replaced by the Second International

"Utopian Socialists"

Socialists who spoke to the elite instead of the working class. Robert Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Louis Blanc, and Proudhon are examples. Speak to the higher ups

Switzerland religious wars 1520s

Some parts Protestant, others catholic. This led to fighting and the death of Zwingli, and both sides made a peace treaty, allowing each region to decide its own religion, and also the severing of ties with other nations. This political neutrality remains in Switzerland today

Philip II

Son of Charles V, who marries Bloody Mary in order to try and control all of Europe. She dies, and he tries to entice Mary QoS to overthrow the protestant Elizabeth I. In 1558, his Spanish Armada is defeated by the Royal Navy, and he also sends the Duke of Alva to help regain control of the Netherlands

Louis XIII (1610-1643)

Son of Henrí IV and Marie de Medici. Comes to power at a young age, Marie de Medici and later Richelieu act as placeholders for him until he is old enough.

Khedive Tewfiq

Son of Khedive Ismail who is used by the Europeans as a puppet leader. Result of Europe buying up Egypt

Inca Empire

Sophisticated Peruvian Empire which had vast holdings along the west coast of South America. Cuzco was the capital, and the empire had an elaborate network of roads to help spread the news from one region to the next. Francisco Pizzaro defeated the Empire in 1531, while Atahualpa ruled

Cecil Rhodes

South African PM who provokes the Boers to start the Boer war and seize control of mineral resources

Constitutional Republic

Sovereign power in the electorate, head of state

Spanish Colonial Administration

Spain created different systems to deal with the new world, including the House of Trade, Council of the Indies, and Viceroyalties ruled by Viceroys. A similar system was adopted by the Portuguese, with the India House of Lisbon acting as their House of Trade

Hernando Cortés (Spain)

Spanish Explorer who conquered the Mexica Empire starting in 1519 (Aztecs) during his search for gold. He overthrew the powerful empire by siding with subject kingdoms, and took over the capital city of Tenochtitlán in 1521

House of Trade

Spanish branch that controlled the flow of goods and people to and from the colonies

Council of the Indies

Spanish branch that guided royal policy and served as high court for colonial affairs

Francisco Pizarro (Spain)

Spanish conquistador who overthrew Atahualpa of the Incas starting in 1531 during his search for gold.

Michael Servetus

Spanish humanist who rejected child baptism and other things that were considered threats to Genevan society. He was burned at the Stake by the Genevan consistory

Conquistadors

Spanish soldier explorers who wanted to claim the New World for the Spanish Crown

Cottage Industry Limitations in GB after 1760

Spinners and weavers work with textiles. Flying Shuttle in 1733 makes weavers faster, Spinners could not keep up with the weavers. This leads to the invention of the Spinning Jenny in 1765. Water Frame in 1765 uses water power to spin the thread. Spinning Mule combines the Spinning Jenny and the Water frame to help the Water frame produce high quality thread. Puts pressure on the weavers and supply of raw cotton, and the Power Loom is created to help. The cotton gin also separates cotton faster

Rise of Spectator Sports

Sports emerge as a source of entertainment. Towns would play each other in soccer and other sports. Bloodsports also become very popular, and the rules of sports start to become standardized

Cottage Industry (Putting out system)

Stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their home to manufacture goods on a large scale to be sold at market. The peasant workers worked for merchant overseers, who gave them the raw materials to be made into products. This starts in the Netherlands with the textile industry, and was important for the peasants as way to supplement their income. All peasants in the home were employed

The Grand Alliance

Stalin, FDR, Churchill all come together during WWII, eventually defeat the Nazis

Peasant Diet

Staple of the peasant diet was bread, vegetables, and rarely fruits and meat. Alcohol was more common than water because it was clean. Protein was lacking. Diet supplemented by the potato that entered Europe through the Colombian Exchange. Issues: Famine, vitamin and protein deficiency, just price

John Knox

Started the Presbyterian church in Scotland

The Constitutional State

State of constitutionalism

Totalitarian State

State that attempts to exert total control over every aspect of the citizen's lives and have the them like it. Made possible in the 20th century because of radio and mass media lead to propaganda, nationalism, control through communication

Women under the reign of Napoleon

Step backwards for women, can be imprisoned for adultery, cannot own land or a bank account

Black Tuesday (Oct 29, 1929)

Stock markets crash and people withdraw their money, leading to crisis and the collapse of banks. No one spends money, no one trusts the economy

Baroque Art

Style of art that is used to inspire awe. Absolutist people used it to show the might of the king

Shore Trading

Style of trading of slaves that was more efficient, just took all the war prisoners from African ports

Consubstantiation

Substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist

Louis XV (1715-1774)

Successor to Louis XIV, initial placeholder was Duke of Orleans. During the War of Austrian Succession, tried to increase taxes (5% income tax), met with resistance, Parliament says no. Seven Year's War, tries to tax again but shut down again. Louis XV created Maupeou Parliament instead of parliament, which is loyal to him. Folds after his death, succeeded by Louis XVI and the restoration of Parliament

Louis XVI (1774-1792)

Successor to Louis XV, said "what I would like most is to be loved." He is indecisive and married to Marie Antoinette, brings back Remonstrance and Paris Parliament to gain approval. Brings in Turgot as his Finance Minister, replaces him with Necker. He initiated the Franco-American Alliance, and was faced with the National Debt of the 1780s which lead to his undoing.

Joseph II (1780-1790)

Successor to Maria Theresa, enlightened monarch. Reforms include end of censorship, change of corveé to cash (but the peasants did not have money), religious toleration for all. Over 2,000 reforms, made some people feel oppressed, especially the Czechs and Slovaks. Succeeded by Leopold II

Wilhelm II

Successor to William I of Germany, dismisses Bismarck, and is much more aggressive and militaristic. Reckless, and leads Germany to WWI and poor relations with Europe

Cultural Relativism

Suggests that one culture is not necessarily superior to another, just different.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk (Mar 1918)

Super unfair treaty between Germany and Russia to end Russia's part in WWI, and Lenin only does this to secure peace by any means, lose a ton of land and people to the German Empire. This allows Lenin to focus on the war with the Whites

Reasons for consumerism (2)

Supply and New marketing techniques. Colonies create more supply of most products, and also an increased variety. The working proletariat also produce many products, make everything cheaper. Marketing techniques like windows in storefronts and also seasonal fashion lead to higher consumption rates. People start to specialize in their job (wig maker, bow maker).

Margeret of Valois

Supposed to be the wife of Henrí of Navarre, but St Bartholomew's Day Massacre ruins this

Sweden/Norway 1905

Sweden could not stop Norway from claiming independence in 1905

King Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish king who created a very successful standing army. He was able to aid the Protestant German States during the 30YW during the Swedish Phase, but died later in the war

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Swiss physician who pioneered the use of drugs and chemicals to treat illnesses. Didn't believe in humoral imbalance

Zollverein 1818

System created by Friedrich List, destroys trade boundaries between German States, imposes tariffs on those not part of the group. Unites Germans economically

Encomienda System

System where the Spanish Crown gave the conquerers the rights employ groups of natives by force in exchange for food, shelter, and christian teaching. Many indigenous people died from being overworked

Frederick III of Saxony-

Takes Luther in after he is banished by Charles V. This is open opposition to Charles V, and the debate becomes not only about religion but about secular authority

1815 Corn Laws

Tariff on grain imposed by the Tory government, which screws the working class completely. Leads to protests

1787 Tax Proposal

Tax Proposal made by French Economic Minister Calonne under Louis XVI. Louis creates the Assembly of Notables to endorse the proposal, but they do not. He dismisses them, declares the plan himself. Paris Parliament declares his action as void, say he needs to call the Estates General for such a large reform

Emerging Consumer Society

Technological developments lead to wide spread social change after WWI, driven by mass production, transportation, and advertising. Some embrace and some feel like they undermined society. Daily life is revolutionized with technology like radios and washing machines, mass entertainment shifts to movies and sporting events, and mass culture is influenced by consumerism, you are what you own becomes the reality. Many are critical of the new world, especially old conservatives

Nocturnal

Technology used to determine the local time using the sky

Effect of the Enlightenment on childcare

The Enlightenment stressed love for kids, an end to swaddling. Rousseau's Emile 1762 is a good example

Radical Change in Europe

The Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, and Dual Revolution are responsible for the drastic change in technology and countries from 1600s to the 1900s. They have shaped Europe

Economic/political oppurtunity

The Iberian peninsula was blocked out from trade, alternative route would benefit these countries. Also, not first born sons were eager to go and make a living for themselves, because they had nothing were they lived.

Spanish Throne Question

The Spanish throne is up for grabs, and Bismarck makes Spanish revolutionaries want to pick Leopold Hohenzollern, a German, to anger the French, in the hopes that it would lead to war. William I apposes Leopold Hohenzollern, almost ruining Bismarck's plan, but the Ems Telegram saves his plan

American Revolution

The autonomy and freedom of the English colonies was reduced with the need of heavy taxation in the wake of the Seven Years War. Americans did not like this, didnt like taxation without representation. Led to the Declaration of Independence 1776, The Constitution 1787 after their freedom, and the Bill of rights 1791 revising the constitution. Lafayette and French troops assisted the Americans, were inspired and brought home revolutionary ideals to France

The Industrial Revolution

The burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century. 18th century change from simple hand and water-powered tools into a steam powered large-scaled factories employing wage laborers in an urban setting. Catalyzed by the Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Agricultural Revolution

Copernican Hypothesis

The claim that the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentrism), not the other way around (geocentrism) as the church and the Medieval world believed. This proves the church wrong, undermining their authority and also makes people wonder what else the church was wrong about. People start to test things for themselves. In response, the Church puts On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres on the Index of Prohibited Books.

Birth of the consumer revolution

The connection between self-identity and consumption start around this time

Key Causes of Catholic Church Downfall

The corruption of the catholic church and loss of papal prestige as well as renaissance humanism lead to ideas about reforming the church. Also, the invention of the printing press helped to spread ideas of reformers such as Hus and Wyclif.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, land, and opportunity of the Americas for animals, plants, and diseases of Europe. Europeans brought plants and animals so that they could have a familiar diet. This "exchange" shows how brutal European invasion was at this time. One disease brought to Europe is sifolus

Trialism

The idea of granting more autonomy to Bosnia and Croatia, supported by Ferdinand. This threatened the idea of a greater Serbia

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that the power stems not from god or Parliament, but from the people. Idea emphasized in The Social Contract (Rousseau)

Foreign Reaction to the French Revolution

The initial foreign reaction is supportive because it weakens France, but when it becomes apparent that the revolution is super strong, outside rulers turn agaisnt it, fearing for the lives of the French Bourbons and the spread of revolutionary ideas into their countries

Coup d'etat of Fructidor (Sept 1797)

The majority of the new officials elected to the council of Ancients and 500 are royalists, Coup d'etat ensues. Censorship is imposed by the new Directory, Napoleon has involvement in the revolt

Radical Beliefs

The reformation brought about many radical beliefs and groups like the anabaptists. One religious group thought that the end was near, and took over Munster in the 1530s. Some believed there should be a separation between church and state, and radicals were often killed and tortured (Intolerance)

Scientific Revolution

The revolution of rapid growth in knowledge, especially scientific. Catalyzed by MRRIN, and took off during the 16th century. This movement was founded on the idea that people could use senses and human faculties to figure out the laws of the universe. During this time, people began to think for themselves instead of accepting knowledge from others, especially the church. This eventually leads to the Enlightenment, which in turn leads to the Dual Revolution

Results of Enclosure (2)

The rise of market oriented agriculture, and the emergence of a landless, rural proletariat.

Enlightened Absolutism

The rule of 18th century monarchs who, while still being absolute rulers, adopted the Enlightened ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance. Frederick II and Catherine the Great are known as Enlightened rulers. Maria Theresa would be, but she was too Catholic

Economics

The study of how goods and services and produced are distributed in society. Adam Smith pioneered key concepts of economics

Adolf Hitler

The worst man in the world, but a fantastic leader. This man served in WWI, and feels cheated by the Treaty of Versailles. Joins the Nazi party in 1920 and becomes president in 1921, and leads the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Writes Mein Kampf in prison, and is also very anti-semitic. Gains an audience through his prison trial. Initiates and causes WWII, but was also the Times man of the year multiple times. Killed himself when Germany was losing

The Communist Manifesto 1848

Theory of history laid out by Marx. Says that the fundamental task of society is to help its people survive, and how the people survive determines the type of society (Changes in society stem from changes in the economy). History of the world is determined by class struggle. Also believes that religion and other things were created to distract workers

Miasmatic theory

Theory of medieval medicine that disease was caused by bad air. Lack of knowledge about germs at this time, refuted by Chadwick

Catholic Monarchs religious authority

These rulers exert their control by reducing the power of the pope. Louis XV expels the Jesuits from France, and Joseph II imposes the Edict of Idle Institutions, which removes all the unproductive church institutions (monasteries). Peasants do not like this

Protestant princes and Monarchs religious authority

These rulers pick the clergy, and direct education through the church. Want the peasants to be more productive

Gold and Spices

These things were valuable to Europeans, and was one of the reasons for european expansion. Spices were important because they enhanced the otherwise bland european diet, and also served religious purposes (clover)

Maps and Charts

These were reintroduced by Muslim Scholars, and helped the Portuguese navigate. Great strides in cartography were also made during the renaissance, producing more accurate maps

Dutch Commercial Empire

Third Commercial Empire, started out centered on spices and took over the trade form the Portuguese in Asia. This Empire also got involved in the slave trade when it took over some Spanish african ports

1795 Constitution

Third Constitution of the French Revolution, comes after 9 Thermidor. Government consists of a five manned Directory, Council of Elders, and Council of 500

Taxes of the Third Estate

Third Estate pays taxes to their lord (labor tax), king, and church (taille), very overwhelming

Swedish Phase (1630-35)

Third Phase of 30YW that saw Protestant victory. Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus came to the aid of the German States, along with French Richelieu

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII. She gave him a son (Edward) but died during childbrith

Remonstration (Power of Remonstration)

This allows Parliament of France to check the power of the king, do so by signing or vetoing Edicts. Louis XIV abolished this to get rid of noble power, reinstated by Duke of Orleans

The Middle Classes Industrial Rev

This class does mental work during the industrial revolution, and includes bankers, lawyers, and doctors. Protestant work ethic with maids, servants, nice houses and education. Top 1/5 holds 1/2 of the wealth

Armistice Nov 11, 1918

This ends WWI, no more fighting

Monarchy Abolished (Sept 21, 1792)

This even was inspired by the Battle of Valmy, France did not need monarchy

"New" Imperialism vs Old Imperalism

This imperialism was much more protestant, More focused on trade, not so much about a religious crusade. However, China resembles old colonialism because Europeans wanted their manufactured goods

Logical Empiricism

This kind of thinking was popular in the US and England post WWI. Rejected the concern of traditional philosophers, thinks that things that cannot be proven through science and math should be left alone. I can only know what I know through rational thought

The modern girl

This person votes, drinks, smokes, drives, works, and uses their sex appeal to lure men. Came about after WWI

Schleswig Holstein Affair

This territory is part of both Holland and the German Confederation, and Austria and Prussia combine to take the territory. At the end, Prussia takes the territory, leaving none for Austria which angers them

Medieval Science

This view of the world was based on religion, and focused on the eternal rather than the temporal. The works of greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, also formed the basis of knowledge because their claims lined up with those of the church. The physics of the time was of light elements and heavy elements, made sense to people. Geocentrism

Crimean War for Russia 1853-56

This was a devastating defeat for Russia (even though they won Armenia), showed them that they needed to modernize, and also told different ethnic groups that the government was weak

English Wins over France in the race for a dominance (3 Wars)

Three Wars: Peace of Utrecht 1713 at the end of the War of Spanish Succession forces France to give up Hudson Bay and Newfoundland to England, and Spain gives England Gibraltar and the Asiento. Treaty of Aix la Chapelle to end the War of Austrian Succession leaves no clear winner, paves the way for the Seven Years War. For France and England, this war is known as the French Indian War abroad. The Treaty of Paris 1763 forces France to give up Canada, and also their forts in India. Britain emerges the dominant Empire of the world

Geography of Prussia

Three main areas: Prussia, Brandenburg, and areas near the Rhine. Explains the goal of Frederick William to unite the territories

Three Balkan Wars

Three wars in the Balkans from 1912 to 1914 that sparked WWI, includes the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Racine

Through tragedy and comedy, use emotions to make people empathetic. Baroque

Appeal of Classical Liberalism

To the Bourgeoisie (urban elite), they want to break the barrier separating them from the 1st Estate, classical liberalism does this. As for the poor, they wanted a just price and moral economy, which went against the ideas of classical liberalism. They also resented changes made by liberals such as enclosure. Initially, this did not matter, only the opinion of the elite did

Raymond Poincare

Tough-minded French PM who started the Ruhr Crisis. Replaced by Briand shortly after

Proletarianization

Transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners. Similar to sharecropping

Congress of Paris 1856

Treaty after the Crimean War where Russia is not allowed to have war ships on the Black Sea, and Ottomans cannot treat their christians poorly. Russia feels humiliated, feels Austria did not help them. Treaty made in Paris, part of Napoleon III effort to improve France's image

Treaty of Frankfurt

Treaty after the Franco Prussian War, would have been more lenient if France gave up after the Battle of Sedan. Signed at Versailles along with the coronation of Wilhelm II as Kaiser Wilhelm. France owes Germany money, and takes Alsace Lorraine, not part of Bismarck's plan. This treaty was not made by Bismarck, and leads to mounting tensions between France and Germany, precursor to WWI

Peace of Westphalia 1648

Treaty at the end of 30YW that recognizes the indiependent authority of over 100 German States, and also allowed the toleration of Calvinism in Germany. The Pope was also banned from meddling in German affairs, and also gave land to the Swedes. The Netherlands was also recognized as an independent nation. This treaty was devastating for HRE.

Treaty of Amiens 1802

Treaty between England and Napoleonic France, lasting one year

Treaty of Villafranca

Treaty between France, S&P, and Austria. Austria gives Lombardy but not Venetia to S&P, and France gets Savoy and Niece. Cavour is mad about this treaty

Rom-Berlin Axis 1936

Treaty between Hitler and Mussolini, and Japan joins. Solidifies their friendly relations

Treaty of Luneville 1801

Treaty between Napoleon and Austria to end the War of the 2nd Coalition. Napoleon gains Italy

German Russian Reinsurance Treaty

Treaty created by Bismarck between Germany and Russia, where either country promised neutrality if attacked. This treaty was mad without the knowledge of AH, and Kaiser Wilhelm let it expire, leading to a two front war in WWI

Treaty of Versailles (9)

Treaty signed on June 28, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors, brutal for the Germans, ends WWI 1 German Colonies become League of Nations "mandates", treated like colonies 2 Alsace Lorraine back to France 3 Poland & the Polish corridor created, splits Germany 4 German Military limited, no navy 5 The Rhineland is occupied by allies 6 Reparations, Germany owes a ton to Allies 7 Guilt Clause, Germany solely responsible for WWI 8 League of Nations created 9 New nations: - Czechoslovakia, Latvia, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia

Peace of Utrecht 1713 (4)

Treaty that ended War of Spanish Succession. Philip of Anjou gets the throne, French and Spanish crowns can never be joined, France gives some colonies to England such as Newfoundland, Spain gives Gibraltar Menorcha and slave trade to Britain and Spanish Netherlands goes to Austria. Balance of power is established in Europe, but power of Spain further declines

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

Treaty that settled the argument between Portugal and Spain over who got the new land. They both went to the pope, who drew a line and gave Spain the west and Portugal the East. This worked in Portugal's favor at first with the discovery of Brazil, which they used to reap enormous profits

Red Revolution/October Revolution (Nov 1917)

Trotsky leads the armed Red army against the provisional government, named Lenin the head of the new government

Alexandra of Russia

Tsar Nicholas II leaves her in charge of Russia while he goes to the front for a while. Her son has hemophilia, and Rasputin helps the son get better, and so Rasputin starts to influence her rule in Petrograd

Michael Romanov

Tsar after the Time of Troubles. Famous policy is establishing the absolute authority of the tsar, and also enslaves surfs under the nobles in 1649

Tsar Nicolas I

Tsar of Russia in the 1850s, dies in 1855 and replaced by Tsar Alexander II

Peter the Great (1682-1725)

Tsar with two goals: Territorial expansion (Warm water ports). As a result he fights the Great Northern. He also addresses Russian losses, and creates the Russian Army in 1689 to help achieve territorial expansion. He introduces western views after his tour or Europe

Jaffa (March 1799)

Turkish city, Napoleon and his troops break down the wall. Cannot take a ton of prisoners, so they slaughter the whole city. Brutal

Built observatory and collected data for the Rudolphine tables. (A New table for planetary data)

Tycho Brahe

Socialist Feminists

Type of feminist who focuses on economic equality, getting paid the same as men. Their concerns were more focused around the family, believes that social inequality cause gender inequality

Commodore Matthew C. Perry

US Commodore who, using gunboat diplomacy, imposes an unequal treaty of trade on the Japanese. Leads to development of Japan in the years to come

US rejection of the League of Nations

US Congress mad that Wilson only brought democrats, also feel like League of Nations violates the right to declare war, infringes on sovereignty. Woodrow also has a stroke, cannot advocate effectively for the League of Nations

Lend Lease Program (Dec 1940)

US lends destroyer ships to GB in return for the use of military bases, FDR's way of helping the Allies without joining the war. FDR argues that he just stimulating the US economy

Woodrow Wilson

US rep during the treaty of Versailles, wanted to implement his 14 points, only brought along Democratic party people, no republicans

USA after WWI

USA tries to back out of European affairs post WWI, focus on themselves

German Unification

Unification of German ethnic groups in the 1860-73, including the Austro-Prussian war and Franco-Prussian war. Led by Bismarck, and the result was a dominant Germany and bitter Franco-Prussian relations

Charles Lyell

Uniformitarianism, geology. Thinks that the earths surfaces have changed over time. Goes against the bible, no six days of creation

February/March Revolution

Unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations that began in March 1917 in Petrograd, and lead to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government

Bundesrat

Upper house of the German Parliament

Georges Haussmann

Urban Designer who helps Napoleon III change Paris

Changes in Family life post 1750

Urbanization, enclosure, and the illegitimacy explosion characterize family life after 1750. Less people married because work was les stable, needed money for a family

Henry Cort

Used the steam engine to have steam powered roling mills, lowers the cost of steel

Nuremberg Laws 1935

Uses pseudo science to support the idea of a superior race. Prohibits Jews of citizenship and intermarrying, ties blood to nationality. Eugenics used here by Hitler, reflection of his deep anti-semitism

Gunboat diplomacy

Using a weapon or a threat to force a deal, shown in the Japanese exploitation story

Count Henry Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

Utopian Socialist. Founder of Industrialism, believed the industrial classes (the doers) should be protected from the idling classes. Major criticism is that he developed a lot of ideas and societies, but his followers really made the difference

Charles Fourier

Utopian Socialist. Supports the equality of men and women, wants a mathematically perfect society. Wants Marriage to only be out of love

Pierre Proudhon

Utopian socialist who wrote What is Property?, believes that property has been stolen from the people. Distrusts all institutions of government, father of anarchism

Wrote on the structure of the human body

Vesalius

Cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, and all elements of society should benefit the monarchy, and therefore the state. State should use its authority to benefit the people. Frederick II believed in this

The Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

Vision Japan had for Asia, eliminating all western influence, and ruled by Japan, uniting all the Asian countries under them

Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

Vision for after the war between FDR and Churchill, calls for an arms reduction and national self-determination

Republic of Virtue

Vision of a culture that incorporates everything, eliminates future internal threat. Robespierre tries to change everything in society to do this, including creating The New French Calendar and the Worship of the Supreme Being to unite and benefit France. Aims to take out imperial and christian ways in France. Does this in a rational way, including the Metric System. People go along with this to stay alive, and also as part of the revolution

Declaration of Rights of Man (August 1789)

Vision statement for France put forth by the National Assembly. Says that men are born free and remain free, and that the government is supposed to preserve the natural rights of man. Declares popular sovereignty, no mention of the king

Renowned French philosophy who wrote over seventy works. He defended Jean Calas and was the lover of Madame de Chatelet

Voltaire

A Vindication of the Rights of Man 1790

Wallstonecraft's response to Burke, pro revolution

German state Socialism during WWI

Walter Rathenau, Hindenburg and Ludendorff start to control Germany and use Germany's homefront to gain the upper hand, including laws like the Auxiliary Service Law

Sweden/Denmark motivation for 30 Years War

Wanted more land in the Baltic Region, and also protect Protestantism. Sided with the German States

England/Dutch motivation for 30 Years War

Wanted to protect Protestantism in Europe, sided with the German States

Franco Prussian War 1870-1871

War between Northern German States and France started by the Ems Telegram. France, lead by a successful Napoleon III is threatened by Bismarck's presence, and declares war after being provoked. Bismarck wants the war in order to unite the Southern German states under his control Napoleon III captured at the Battle of Sedan, but the rest of France refuses defeat, delays the end of the war by months. Ends with the Treaty of Frankfurt. Germany is created

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

War between Prussia, France, Russia, Spain against Britain and HRE. After Charles VI dies, Frederick II violates the Pragmatic Sanction by taking over iron rich Silesia. Other nations come into play, and Maria Theresa is forced to give up Silesia but she keeps the throne. Anger leads to the Seven Years War

1917 Disillusionment with WWI

War has dragged on, leads to pessimism. Everyone is tired, leads to rebellion such as the Easter Rebellion and May 1917 Mutiny

Three masters of the peasants

Ward/nobles, Church, king. Needed to pay taxes for all, which added to money troubles of the peasants

Opium Wars (1839-1842) and (1856-1860)

Wars between China and Britain (later Europe) over trade, in which European countries dominated, ruined Chinese civilization forever

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Wars fought between HRE and France from 1521-1555. These wars, along with the takeover of Constantinople distracted Charles V from crushing Protestantism

The September Massacres (1792)

Wave of killings by the sans-culotte of jailed aristocrats, fearing that when invaded, the jails would be opened

Social Scientists

Weber, Durkheim, Gustave le Bon, Tonnies

General Will

What the people want or feel, what people believe. Discussed in The Social Contract by Rosseau

"Whose the region, his the religion"

Whoever is the prince of the region gets to decide the religion, established at the Peace of Augsberg in 1555

Catherine the Great

Wife of Peter III who later kills him because "I don't care about Peter, but I do care about the crown." She had three goals: Westernize Russia, Domestic Reforms, and Territorial Expansion. To Westernize, she becomes a patron of the arts and prints the Encyclopedia, and achieves land on the Black sea through the Three Partitions of Poland. Her plans for domestic reform are stopped by Emelian Pugachev.

Germany's Blank Check

Wilhelm II pledges his support to AH after the assassination, sees this as an opportunity to test Germany's strength. After this, he goes on a cruise, leaving him unable to negotiate

"Dropping the pilot" 1890

Wilhelm II replaces William I, and Wilhelm II feels threatened by Bismarck's power. Forces him to resign because they clash on many issues, change in German policies result

Critics of Industrialization

William Blake, William Wordsworth, The Luddites, Friedrich Engel

Discovered circulation of blood within the body

William Harvey

Ems Telegram

William I sends this to Bismarck, describes an argument with the French Ambassador, who demands William I to renounce Leopold Hohenzollern as a possibility to the throne (even though e already did)! This makes William I mad, and when this is sent out to newspapers it angers the French as well. Franco Prussian war declared one day later

Great European Witch Hunt

Witch Hunts increased during the reformation, caused by religious hysteria, insecurity coming from war, tensions within towns, and an important change in witch procedure: accusations were anonymous.

Franziska Tiburtius

Women in the 19th century who became a doctor when not a lot of women were in that profession. Big for women's rights movement

Women's March on Versailles (October 1790)

Women march to Versailles to protest the price of bread, do not trust the government. They raid the royal pantry, shows the power of the people. Women want to kill the royal family, Lafayette stops this from happening. Louis XVI put under house arrest in Paris

Family Size of the 18th century

Women married late and had babies as soon as they could. Most women tried to have 6 babies, because mortality was 20%. 10% of women died in childbirth

Suffragettes

Women who believed in the suffrage movement

Core values for middle class women

Women's ideals emphasized domesticity, submission, piety, and purity

Romantic literature

Wordsworth and Lord Byron lead the charge of this movement, awe of nature and the greek revolution, connecting to the past

Joseph Fouche

Worked for Napoleon, censored all of the content in France, leaving only a handful of newspapers in circulation

Duke of Alva

Worked for Philip II to regain control over the Netherlands

The Dilemma of national Loyalty and unity

Worried that if everyone is granted the vote, that they will vote in the best interest of the existing government. Also, there is a struggle to make the rich and poor feel connected, and the draft makes people feel connected

Declaration of Verona (1795)

Would-be King of France (Louis XVIII) says he will come back to France and help create the new government

De Fontenelle

Writes Conversations of the Plurality of Worlds 1686, which explains and compares geocentrism and heliocentrism in a way that doesn't get people mad. Unlike Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the World 1632, written by Galileo. Enlightenment writer

Gustave le Bon (1841-1931)

Writes The Crowd 1895, says that a group of people are easily manipulated by a strong leader. We go looking for connections with people and groups

Pierre Bayle

Writes the Historical and Critical Dictionary in 1697. Says nothing can ever be known without any doubt (skepticism). Enlightenment writer

Wealth of Nations 1776

Written by Adam Smith, advocates for free trade and outlines the three laws of economics: Competition, self interest, supply and demand. Also says the two greatest discoveries are NA and Cape of Good Hope route to India.

Book of Common Prayer

Written by Cranmer, included the order of all services and prayers of the church of England

Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790

Written by Edmund Burke, against the revolution. He feels that nobles privileges should be restored

Dialogues of the Two Chief Systems of the World 1632

Written by Galileo and sponsored by Urban VIII. Was supposed to fairly display the arguments of heliocentrism and geocentrism, but heavily favors heliocentrism and makes fun of the Church's view

"An Admonition to Peace 1525"

Written by Luther, backing the peasants of Germany and their 12 Articles and blaming the rulers for their oppression

"Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants"

Written by Luther, backing the rulers and saying that the peasants had gone too far and that the bible had nothing to do with material gain. This came after the Admonition to Peace of 1525

On Christian Liberty

Written by Luther, which talks about the spirit and the flesh, and that humans should meet the demands of the flesh, and the spirit is what counts. Justifies his opposition of clerical celibacy

Don Quixote

Written by Miguel de Cervantes, embodies the pessimistic view of the spanish

Persian Letters 1721

Written by Montesquieu, contrast culture and tolerance of Paris and Persia

Declaration of the Rights of Women 1791

Written by Olympia de Gouge, advocated for more rights for women during the revolution in France

The Social Contract 1762

Written by Rosseau and has two main concepts: General will and popular sovereignty. Believes that the general will is sacred, and people can be forced to agree with it.

On the Structure of the Human Body 1543

Written by Vesalius, changes our understanding of human anatomy

Essay on Manner & Spirits of Nations 1756

Written by Voltaire, dedicated to Chatelet. Talks about past nations and what we can learn about them, including his theory on power checking

Letters to the English 1733

Written by Voltaire, talks about how great the english culture is, specifically universal rights. Indirectly scoffs at french life, leads to him fleeing to England

A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792

Written by Wallstonecraft, advocated for equal rights for women. Considered the birth of the women's rights movement

Thomas Malthus

Wrote Essay on the Principle of Population 1789, core idea is that population growth increases exponentially, while the supply of food and goods does not. Says that there will therefore always be shortages, and our population is unsustainable. Pessimist, represent Ebaneezer Schrooge

Madame Coudray

Wrote Manual on the Art of Childbirth 1757, helped to educate midwives by touring France

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Wrote On the Origin of Species, comes up with evolution on the HMS Beagle. Influences by Lyell and Lamarck. Hugely important to science, though of as wacky at the time

Carl von Linne

Wrote The Systems of Nature 1735, argued that nature is organized in a hierarchy. Important for the ideas about race during the Enlightenment, breaks humans into four species

Thomas Cranmer

Wrote the Book of Common Prayer in1549

Lollards

Wyclif's followers

John Wyclif

c14, believed that scripture alone should be the foundation of christian beliefs, and the popes. Argued this during the Great Schism, and followers were called the Llolards

Jan Hus

c14/15, theologian who denied papal authority, and created the Hussite church. He was killed at the council at Constance after being granted safe passage

Prince Henry "the Navigator"

c15, supported the study of geography and navigation and sponsored expeditions. He made sure that Portuguese exploration continued, and oversaw the conquest of Ceuta, Madiera, and the Azures during the 1420s, and created sugar plantations. This marked the beginning of Portuguese expansion

John Calvin

c16, French man who was going to be a lawyer but then suddenly converted to protestantism. Helped to reform Geneva, and created a well-disciplined christian society. Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536, which centered around the total weakness of humans compared to God (predestination)

Martin Luther

c16, German priest. Luther was critical of the Catholic Church, and soon wrote the 95 these in 1517. He created Lutherism, and was a major player in the Reformation. He married Katherine von Bora, and wrote On Christian Liberty

Cranach

c16, Painter who supported Luther and his works depict his ideas

Ulrich Zwingli

c16, Swiss priest who was convinced that christian life should be based on scripture alone. Similar beliefs as Luther, married Rienhart. Zwingli was killed in 1531 during the religious wars in Switzerland

Katharina von Bora

c16, a former nun who married Luther

Anna Jansz

c16, anabaptist who was executed because of her beliefs. Important figure for Anabaptists, and her son became the mayor of Rotterdam

Charles V

c16, ruler of HRE from 1519 to 1556, and felt it was his duty to maintain political and religious unity. Charles was Catholic, and held the Diet of Worms 1521, and the Imperial Diet 1530.

Anna Reinhart

c16, wife of Zwingli

J.A. Hobson

says colonial exploitation is due to unregulated capitalism, used to stave off inflation, and also that imperialism did not benefit the whole nation.

Klemens von Metternich

"Chief Minister of Police," anti-liberalist Austrian official who thought that liberalism led to an unstable state. Did not want popular sovereignty or nationalism, very conservative. Metternich was against Nationalism because Austria is multi-ethnic, and nationalism would cause these groups to revolt. The only thing that united Austria was the loyalty to the Habsburgs. Creates the Karlsbad Decrees

David Ricardo

"Iron Law of Wages", says that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above a subsistence level. Wrong in the long term

Flaws of the Treaty of Versailles

- Not enough workers after the war to pay back debt in Germany, which is almost insurmountable. The treaty demands too much of Germany, and many internationally are critical of the treaty, including Keynes

Mussolini's Fascist Regime in Action

1 1924 Electoral Law. Party with most number of votes gets 2/3 of parliament, which ends up increasing seats of Fascist group from 35 to a lot more. Also allowed for things to get done 2 The Murder of Giacomo Matteotti. This man speaks out against Mussolini, captured by the black shirts and killed 3 Repression Mussolini imposes censorship, abolished political competition and makes a 1 party system. Teachers had to swear oath and defend the fascist regime, and propaganda becomes important

Goals of the Five Year Plan

1 Agricultural Production. Stalin uses quotas as a tool of terror, also abolish national identity. These state quotas paid for urban and industrial labor, also used to fund the cost of buying machinery, did not have the technological know-how. Many resist and die 2 Industrial production. Mass conscription forces people to work super hard, make people feel like it is an honor to work. Increased rate of re-investment No concern of standard of living which goes down due to low supply of consumer goods

Factors in the Entrance of the US into WWI (6)

1 Allied propaganda flowing into the US 2 War loans, US invested in the Allies 3 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. Sinking of the Lusitania 4 Zimmerman Telegram 5 Revolution in Russia, Allies need more help 6 Woodrow Wilson, wants to "make the world safe for democracy"

Bismarck's Unification preparations for Austro-Prussian War

1 Bismarck makes sure that Russia would not get involved if Prussia and Austria went to war 2 Bismarck makes sure Italy will not interfere 3 Biarritz 1865 takes care of France

Keys to centralizing Loyalty and Unity by 1890

1 Centralized institutions. Standardized education that honors the country, uniform laws, weights 2 Better Transportation and Communication. Railroad services that link the country, national press supporting the countries 3 Intellectuals and Politicians 4 Symbols and Rituals. John Bull personifies Britain, Marie Ann, Michel is the german people, Huge parades, makes people care about the country

Rationales of the New Imperialism (2)

1 Christianize the invaded areas 2 Civilize them, lead them away from barbaric practices

What starts Russia on a path towards Revolution? (3)

1 Crimean War leads to humiliation and anger 2 Russo Japanese War reveals weakness and results in further humiliation 3 Revolution of 1905 leads to unfulfilled promises

Roots of Opposition to Western Imperialism (2)

1 Desire for human dignity, people resented being traded poorly 2 Discovery of western ideologies. Lead bare the hypocrisy of liberalism in Europe and not so abroad. Nationalism, liberalism, socialism spread to these new places

Wilhelm II policy changes (2)

1 Disintegration of alliances made by Bismarck made to isolate France 2 Passed pro-worker legislation, legalizing pro-socialist activity. Bismarck hated socialists

Post-War political unrest in Italy (3)

1 Economic Problems. Unemployed veterans, and a need to change the base of the economy 2 Policial instability. North vs South divide that separated the country, and the only way that the gov't remained in control was by promising reform. The influence of socialism and communism became serious threats 3 National pride. Not a real sense of unification, different languages. Italy also switched sides in the middle of the war, many see this as cowardly. They also did not get the Austrian territory they were hoping for, and many Italians died

Anglo German rivalry (3)

1 Economic Rivalry. Germany is the #2 power, threatens GB dominance 2 Balance of power. Germany is a rising power, threatens the old balance 3 The Kaiser's "sword rattling". These things lead to GB and Germany on opposite sides of WWI

Causes of the New Imperialism (6)

1 Economic. New markets, especially the new Europes 2 Strategic. Canals, army bases, ports to resupply boats 3 Nationalism. Colonies were high status, feels good to own so much 4 Colonization. Outlet for excess population 5 Special interest groups. Merchants, traders, want colonies. Missionaries want to spread religion 6 Social Darwinism. The notion of Racial superiority, White man's burden

The Responsive Nation State (1871-1914) domestic politics (6)

1 Emergence of mass politics and mass loyalty 2 Social security laws have been issues 3 Nationalism is huge, often manipulated to focus internal problems on external threat 4 Growth so socialist parties and the moderation o fate social doctrine 5 Rise of anti-semitism - Jews and workers are getting freedoms, loss of control for the rich 6 Increasing protectionism - Tariff wall in the 1890s

Second Program of the Fascist Party (4)

1 End unemployment 2 Strengthen Italy 3 Gain territory 4 Fight communism Program is vague, and everyone can agree. Italy feels a little betrayed by the outcome of the war, and Mussolini appeals to the vulnerability of the Italians

Significances of Russo Japanese war (3)

1 First non-western nation to industrialize 2 Humiliating for Russia 3 Russia focuses on the balkans

Bismarck's objectives in Europe post Franco-Prussian War (2)

1 France, diplomatically isolate them as well as force their attention elsewhere, and not on getting revenge 2 Russian/AH/Ottoman Turks, neutralize them because they are potentially dangerous

Causes of WWII (5)

1 Great Depression paralyzed Democratic and Free World 2 US forgiven policy of isolation, do not want to get involved in Europe's affairs 3 Inability of the democratic Western European powers to cooperate with the Soviet Union against Fascism and Nazism, saw communism as worse 4 Failure of Democratic western powers to maintain a balance of power after League of Nations failed. GB and France focused on national security over collective security 5 British policy of Appeasement, give Hitler what he wants to an extent to avoid war. This leads to the buildup of his power

3 approaches to Italian Unification

1 Guiseppe Mazzini, Wants a republic and a representative government, popular sovereignty 2 Vincenzo Gioberti, He wants a unified Italy under the pope, supported by the pope 3 Sardinia Piedmont, wants to be the unifier under Count Camillo de Cavour

Keys to Red Victory (1918) (4)

1 Hold the center, Petrograd and Moscow 2 Move the Capital to Moscow, away from Eastern influence 3 Whites had a poorly defined political program. Reds were all about peace, land, and bread 4 Army led by Trotsky was very good, used secret police (Cheka)

Bismarck's Preparations for Franco-Prussian War

1 Italy given Venetia, makes them Happy 2 Elms Telegram

Criticisms of the New Imperialism (3)

1 J.A. Hobson 2 Double standard, Europe preached liberalism, but did the opposite abroad 3 Diversionary tactic, used imperialism to divert the masses away from class struggle and internal affairs

Social changes during WWI due to labor demand (4)

1 Labor unions 2 Women's rights, govt needs them to work 3 Social equality, minority groups prove themselves 4 Totalitarian model created on the homefront

1929-1939 Breakdown of Liberal /Democratic Governments in Europe (3)

1 Lacked democratic tradition, no influence of reformation and enlightenment, Vulnerable countries left power vacuums 2 Ethnic conflict undermines democracy. Not all of the new states are ethnically uniform, Heterogeneous, Once states get control, impose their power on ethnic minorities 3 Great depression, sense of inclusive citizenship goes down, divide between rich and poor, Scapegoating as well, Desperate times lead to desperate solutions, Sacrifice democracy for an attempt at economic security

Characteristics of a totalitarian society

1 Leader who personifies the state (Cult of Mao) 2 Promises by the leader to achieve great goals that require a permanent state of mobilization, promising that the never again moments never happen 3 Scape goats upon which to blame failure and shortcomings, Nazis scapegoat Jews 4 Widespread use of violence and terror to gain and maintain power, SS of Nazis and secret police of USSR 5 Elimination of all real or imagined opposition 6 Positive mind control via government controlled education, other mediums. All must support the state 7 Organic Theory of the state, a complete rejection of the Classical Liberal belief in human rights and freedom. Everyone is the state 8 One political party synonymous with the state 9 Intense nationalism, mass demonstration and widespread use of symbolism

Keys to Italian Unification (3)

1 Leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont 2 Nationalist fervor 3 Garibaldi's attack on the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Revolutions of 1848 Lessons (4)

1 Liberals and revolutionaries lost faith in violence 2 Increase in realistic and incremental goals in the future instead of romantic goals 3 Growing working class consciousness 4 Reactionary papacy

Lenin's interpretation of Marxist Doctrine (3)

1 Means violence is ok, rejects revisionism 2 Peasants are the proletariat, and industrialization is not a pre condition 3 Intelligence will lead the revolution, means the smart middle class

General Story of the 1848 Revolts

1 Middle class and working class worked together at first to overthrow the government. Constitution, expanded suffrage, and rep government were the liberal reforms wanted. Once they overthrow, the lower class and middle class differ in opinions, lose steam. Because of the division, conservatives are able to regroup and take over once more, with the help of the military

Stalin's Five Year Plans Reasons for (3)

1 Militarize. Motivated by his never agains: Brest Litovsk Feels like Russia had been abused 2 Communize, get rid of the weakness of the NEP. Created capitalist loving peasants. Stalin wants to remake society around central control. Needs to remove land control from peasants, do not let them get used to it 3 Industrialization. Feels like Russia is very behind, need to industrialize fast

Positive Aspects of British Rule in India (5)

1 Modern education for the elite, exposed to western ideology 2 Centralized institutions, kind of already had this 3 Gender Equality, banned sati 4 Built infrastructure 5 Economic growth in terms of cash cropping

Reason's for Hitlers Success (6)

1 Nazi party Born from economic crisis, allows them to take control in a time of depression 2 Charismatic and successful appeal to the young 3 Benefits tremendously from the breakdown of the Weimar Regime, leaves a power vacuum 4 Disunity of the left. Communists and Socialists cannot put up a unified front 5 Restores German pride, self worth, international status 6 Charismatic politian

Reasons for Stalemate in Trench Warfare (3)

1 New Weapons give edge to defense. Machine gun, flame thrower, airplanes for surveillance, long range artillery, gas 2 Old strategies, old generals. Bombard and charge, these things proved deadly for troops. Cavalry has no need, millions of horses died 3 Inadequate mechanization. Didn't know how to use tech to move forward

Economic Weakness of the Great Depression

1 Overproduction, A glut of manufacturers and food, saturated markets 2 Interest rates are low, People take out loans to buy stocks 3 European recovery. Still in process, dependent on US loans, Americans were investing abroad to get higher rates 4 Tariffs. Do not want foreign goods to come in, tariffs go up, decreases trade, bad for everyone

Reasons for Bolshevik success during the Red Revolution (4)

1 Provisional government was not good at achieving stability, had given way to anarchy 2 Superior leadership 3 Deception, will win be any means 4 Successful appeal to the desires of soldiers and peasants (Peace land and bread)

Stalin's Communism vs Hitler and Mussolini's Fascism

1 Stalin is an international goal of brotherhood. Fascism's goal is within the country, remaking the national community 2 Stalin communism is about getting equality, that is end goal. Fascism all society collaborates to build the harmonious community, does not mean they are equal 3 Communists meddled with economy to increase equality, nationalized property. Fascism is not trying to achieve social inequality 4 Question of Race. Communists seek to have the loyalty to the state and ideal of communism transcend ethnicity and race. Fascism wants a homogenous community, everyone is the same 5 Both groups want to overthrow the existing society, formulate an enemy to create a perpetual need of war productivity

Original program of the Fascist Party (4)

1 Tax the rich 2 Confiscate church land 3 Wrokers control factories 4 Land reform These things all sound socialist, and there is already an Italian Socialist party, leads to Mussolini changing his tune

Keys to the New Imperialism (3)

1 Technology, quinine 2 Communications 3 Transportation

Bismarck's methods to achieving post-unification goals (5)

1 Three Emperor's League, treaty between Germany, AH, and Russia, similar to the Holy Alliance. Against radicalism in AH and Russia 2 Defensive Alliance with AH (1879). Russia pulls out of Three Emperor's League after Russia fights Ottomans 3 1882 Triple Alliance, Italy joins AH and Germany, this isolates France 4 1881-187 Alliance of the Three Emperors, Russia re-joins with AH and Germany after assassination of Alexander II 5 German Russian Reinsurance Treaty

Stalin Keys to Victory over Lenin

1 Uses his position in the party. Uses his power to rid of trotsky's people, Has the power of appointment as well and installs people who like him 2 More realistic idea of communism, wants to start in Russia while Trotsky wants to spread the revolution to other places in Europe. This does not fly so well with other Russians, makes them feel as if they are not worthy. Trotsky is also Jewish, people feel like he could not be trusted as much

Big Four

1 Vittorio Orlando 2 Georges Clemenceau 3 David lloyd George 4 Woodrow Wilson

Secondary Response to Western Imperialism (2)

1 Westernizers, want to embrace European technology and ideals, use these to strengthen and resist the Europeans. Ex: Iwakura Mission 2 Traditionalists, Want to retain national and ethnic traits, but recognize that the institutions and tech of the West should be copied. Ex: samurai in Japan

Napoleon's domestic policies (10)

1 modernizes the french banking system, helps Bourg 2 Expanded and consolidated french railway system, helps Bourgeoise 3 Make French merchant marine, builds nationalism and helps the bourgeoisie and workers 4 Established modern agriculture, Helps farmers, bourgeoise and working class 5 Free Trade with Britain, Bourgeoise and workers 6 Right to strike and organize, helps Working class 7 Education, helps the working class 8 Investment Banks, helps w class and bourg 9 Public Works like redoing Paris, everyone like this 10 Policies towards the poor, gains support to prevent socialism

Wilson's 14 Points (5 most important) OFANL

1 open diplomacy, no secret treaties 2 Freedom of the seas, GB hates this 3 Arms reduction 4 National self determination, balkans and colonies approve 5 League of Nations which creates collective security, US congress hates them because it takes away the power to declare war

Characteristics of Conservative Authoritarian governments post WWI (4)

1 preserving the status quo, interested regime survival 2 Rely on the nobles, army, create a centralized bureaucracy, police, Church 3 Subjects not citizens, want obedience, passivity 4 Limited power and objectives. Similar governments include those of Cromwell, Louis XIV, Napoleon Bonaparte, Catherine, Peter, Frederick the Great Elector, Frederick the great (The II), Fredrick William I

Why socialists became revisionist (6)

1) "ballots not bullets", vote changes opinions 2) tangible benefits, simple reforms that people could see the difference created 3) patriotic education 4) working class not homogenous 5) increased standard of living 6) legalization and growth of unions, lets steam out

Challenge of Industrialization for Continental Europe (3)

1. 1790-1815, the Napoleonic Wars and the French Revolution is devastating, and the Continental system prohibits trade with GB 2. Catching up to GB after 1815 is hard, GB can flood the market with cheap products 3. Advantages are that they did not need to reinvent the technology, and the putting out system helped them to transition

Significance of Versailles

1. A gilded cage, where Louis can keep an eye on the nobles 2. Impress foreign visitors with his grandeur 3. Distanced from the mobs of Paris, creating intrigue 4. Induced complete noble reliance on the king for favors

The Accomplishments of the National Assembly and the Bourgeoisie Stage of the Revolution (4)

1. Abolition of Feudalism (Aug 4, 1789) 2. Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen (Aug 1789) 3. Constitution of 1791 (September) 4. Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 1790)

Goals of Peter the Great

1. Access to the Baltic Sea for a "Window to the West" 2. Modernize Russia, basically by westernization

Four Stages of the Revolution

1. Aristocratic Revolution - 1787 Tax Proposal 2. Bourgeoisie Revolution - June 17, 1789 National Assembly 3. Radical Revolution - The Insurrection of August 10, 1792 4. Moderate Stage- Thermidorian Reaction 1795

Terms of Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Augsburg Agreement made permanent (and includes Calvinists) 2. Independent United Provinces (Dutch) recognized 3. Pope cannot participate in German affairs 4. Sovereignty of German princes recognized

Kaiser Wilhelm's "sword rattling" (3)

1. Big Navy program. Germany builds up and copies GB navy, threatening 2. Krueger Telegram. Kaiser congratulates the Boers after the Boer war, the enemy of GB 3. Morocco 1906. Germany attempts to take Morocco away from France, and GB sides with France on the issue

Consequences of the innovations of spinning thread (3)

1. Body linen, people are able to afford to wear cotton products 2. First factories, less people are needed, conditions are horrible and only the super poor will work 3. Child Labor comes into play, easier to use children

Reasons for 18th century population explosion (7) (BISIRCI)

1. Bubonic Plague, after this goes away, less diesease 2. Improved sewers and water supply 3. Swamp drainage, which led to less bugs and disease 4. Improved roads and canals Helped supply goods to places in famine 5. Reduced war destruction 6. Columbian Exchange, brings new food like potatoes and maze which provide more sustenance to the European Diet 7. Increased agricultural production, caused by innovations like crop rotation provide more food. All of these things lead to fewer deaths

Appeal of Pietism (3)

1. Called for a warm emotional religious experience 2. Enthusiasm, brought back the religious fervor 3. Reasserts the concept of a Priesthood of all Believers, makes everyone united

The Steam Engine Benefits (3)

1. Can be harvested year round 2. Portable 3. Can be used to power many things

Technological Developments

1. Cannon - 1350: Weaponry allows naval dominance 2. The Caravel: Allows less men to man ships, greater speed and can go upwind 3. The Magnetic Compass 4. The Astrolabe: helps determine latitude 5. The Nocturnal: time at night 6. Maps and Charts: Rediscovery of Ptolemy's Geography

Causes of European Expansion (God, Glory, Gold)

1. Crusading impulse and religious fervor 2. Economic/political opportunity: A drive for glory 3. Gold and Spices: Anything that provides economic benefit and is in demand in Europe (4. Renaissance curiosity: People wanted to know what was out there, understand geography/ethnography) (5. Government sponsorship: Governments played a role in promoting exploration) (6. Technological Developments) (7. Population pressure: Not actually a need for an overstacked population)

Policies of Cardinal Richelieu

1. Curb the power of the nobles 2. Establish state bureaucracy, with nobles of the robe as intendents 3. Restricted Huguenot rights (siege of LaRochelle) 4. Foreign policy - Raison d'etat 5. Taxation 6. Standardization of the French Language

Napoleons Tools for controlling France (3)

1. Deals with Church and Religion through the Concordat 1801 2. Created the Legal Codes to standardize and simplify laws 3. Creates the Imperial University system to improve education, influence the new generation

Significance of the French Revolution (2)

1. Death blow for absolutism in Europe, popular sovereignty replaces divine right 2. Classic example of the dangers of a revolution and how quickly it can get out of hand

Revolutions of 1848 Reasons for Failures (3)

1. Disconnect between middle and upper classes 2. Disagreement between ethnicities and nationalities 3. Military loyalty to conservative regimes

Reasons for the French Revolution (3)

1. Economic hardships, especially bad with poor harvests and the depression in 1789. Food prices go up, unemployment rise, and the winter is one of the coldest on record. People are hungry, cold, miserable 2. Political issues centered around the weak rule of Louis XVI, and the loss of the Seven Years War to Britain, the new center of Europe. System of the Three Estates is also broken, in need of reform 3. Ideological problems as well, Classical Liberalism leaves out poor, other races, and women. National pride is also low after Seven Years War. Enlightened Ideals spreading also makes the public sphere out of control of the monarchs

Post 1848 Changes in Europe (4)

1. Emergence of urban industrial society in continental Europe 2. Diplomatic stability gave way to war and rapid change 3. Realism replaced romanticism 4. The "triumph of nationalism"

Agents of Industrialization for Continental Europe GEEPC

1. English mechanics and tech, Cockerill brothers sneek tech out of England 2. Entrepreneurs, Harkort builds factories in Germany, starts production 3. Government Assistance, Tariffs on english products are imposed, and infrastructure is built up to facilitate trade 4. "Propagandists like Friedrich List, brings Railroad to Germany, unites it economically (Zollverein) 5. Corporate Banks

Standard Features of Absolutism

1. Establishing a state-run bureaucracy - Provides services in return for taxes 2. Standing army controlled by the national government 3. A national tax to generate revenue 4. Divine Right Monarchy 5. Controlling competing groups within its borders (i.e. Peasants, Nobility, Catholics, etc.)

Medical Practice in the 18th century (6)

1. Faith healers who believed that spirits caused disease and scapegoating (jews) 2. Apothecaries, used herbs and potions which weren't standardized, didn't always work 3. Physicians, tended to be university educated, very big on blood letting and leeches 4. Surgeons who had a lot of war experience, didn't know about germs (lots of infections) 5. Nurses, many of religious orders who were excluded from other medical practice 6. Midwives who were skilled at helping to give birth, later competed with surgeons with the introduction of forceps

Bismarck's attack on Socialism 1878 (2)

1. First move is his anti-socialist laws 1878, socialism is threatening because it is transnational. Sends socialists under ground, makes them mad 2 Give them some socialist reforms that they wanted,

Accomplishments and Policies of Ivan IV "the Terrible"

1. First to call himself Tsar (shortening of Caesar) in 1547 2. Greatly expands Russian territory 3. Subjugates the nobles (Boyars) 4. Subjugates the serfs

Revolutions of 1848 Successes

1. France gets a republic and universal suffrage 2. Prussia gets a constitution 3. Austria has a constitution and no more serfdom

Connections between American Revolution with the French Revolution (2)

1. French were involved with the American Revolution (Lafayette) 2. Involvement leads to higher French debt, helps to catalyze the French Revolution

Views by Country in the 30 Years War (1618-1648)

1. Germany - Ruled by 360 different princes and kings who do not want to be part of the HRE, mostly Protestant 2. HRE - United Europe united under the Habsburg crown and Catholicism (united Christendom) 3. France - Catholic but supports Protestants to divide the Habsburgs (Raison d'etat) 4. Spain - Ruled by Habsburgs, supports Habsburgs 5. Sweden/Denmark - Domination of the Baltic Sea for trade 6. England/United Provinces - Supports the Protestants

Reasons for Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt (3)

1. Get out of Paris 2. Emulate the rulers such as Alexander the Great 3. Cut off Britain from its territories

Reasons for Success of Spanish Conquistadors

1. Guns - Military dominance 2. Disease - Decimated Indian populations 3. Steel - Superior tools/means of killing 4. Horses - Faster transport/Frightened natives 5. Alliances with other Indians (6. Boldness of the Conquistadors)

Concert of Europe Intervention and Repression (9)

1. Holy Alliance Creation 1815 2. Spain, French intervene in the revolution 3. Kingdom of 2 Sicilies, Restore power to king 4. Karlsbad Decrees 5. Decembrist Revolt 1825, squelched liberal change 6. Latin America 1820s, 7. France and Belgium 1830, Belgium separated form Holland with a king 8. Greece 1821-30, helped with freedom 9. Serbia, helped with freedom

Examples of how the economy shapes the society (Communist Manifesto)

1. Hunter Gatherer- Hunters are the rulers, laws have to do with food distribution, religion is about the hunt 2. Agrarian Society- Land owners are the rulers, laws have to do with crop rotation, religion surrounds the seasons 3. Industrial Capitalist Society- Wealthy factory owners run the gov't, laws are designed to increase productivity, keep people working. Religion is about hard work. Eventually, this society will lead from socialism to communism

Significance of the Fronde

1. Impact on Louis: Young king must flee the palace with his mother, he will never trust nobles again, feels the need to control them 2. People wanted stability and accepted his rule 3. Realized he would have to work with the nobles to some degree

Significances of the Industrial Revolution (5) ICCNB

1. Increase standard of living 2. Change in the international balance of power 3. Changes in patterns of work and lifestyle 4. New and more fluid class system 5. Balanced Population Growth

Causes of the Glorious Revolution

1. James II arrests 7 Anglican bishops who would not read his Declaration of Indulgence, they are exonerated 2. James's wife gives birth to a Catholic heir (rock-a-by baby)

Books with the Involvement of King James I of England

1. King James Bible 2. Daemonology 3. True Lawe of Free Monarchy 4. Book of Sports

Bismarck's attack on Catholicism (2)

1. Kulturkampf, this does not work 2. Tariff hikes on grain, helps catholic german farmers and wins them over, distract them form their radical demands. Ex: Sickness Insurance Law of 1883

Causes of the Decline of Spain

1. Lack of a strong middle class, because of the reconquista 2. Agricultural Crisis/Population Decline, because of little ice age, heavy taxation 3. Intellectual isolation, a refusal to accept any new ideas coming from Protestants 4. Declining Trade/Mining Profits, with more self-sufficient colonies, Potosi mine running dry 5. Poor leadership of inbred Habsburgs (like Charles II the Sufferer), repudiation of debt 6. Wars 7. Sense of pessimism/fatalism captured by Miguel de Cervantes in Don Quixote

Decline of Absolutist Spain (8) LPPPADMW

1. Lack of strong middle class (muslims were expelled, also second sons get nothing) 2. Population Decline 3. Poor leadership (inbred Habsburgs) 4. Pessimism (Don Quixote) 5. Agricultural crisis (bad land for farming) 6. Decline in trade (Spanish colonies trade with other empires, Spain cannot enforce rule) 7. Mining resources reduced (running out) 8. Wars

Significances of Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Last war started for religious reasons 2. Delays German unification until 1871, HRE is divided 3. Map the same until the French Revolution in 1789 4. French size and prestige increases 5. Increased size of standing armies

Precipitating factors for the scramble for empire (3)

1. Leopold II invasion of the Congo 2. Pierre de Brazza 1880 3. Egypt 1882

Illegitimacy Explosion (3) (LPE)

1. Loosening social controls of villages 2. Population explosion/enclosure system, people moving into towns, less social control in crowded areas 3. Economic uncertainty, young people unable to afford marriage after pregnancy

Economic Penetration without Political Subjugation (2)

1. Manchu-ruled China 2. Japan

Keys To Napoleon Success in Europe (2)

1. Napoleon able to assess the needs and wants of each area, play to their needs. Ex: Austria concerned about Habsburgs 2. Huge Nationalistic army that was personally invested in fighting, an amazing force

The Importance of Colonies and the Atlantic Trade to Great Britain (6) (OCDPIN)

1. Outlet of Surplus population, including religious dissenters 2. Captive Markets, increase the wealth of Britain 3. Diversified Colonial Trade, creates new markets and economic opportunity 4. Puts pressure on the Cottage Industry 5. Important Source of Cheap raw materials 6. Naval Bases to protect the empire

Two Great English Questions

1. Parliament or the Crown superior? 2. What to do about religion and toleration?

Significance of Peace of Utrecht (1713)

1. Phillip of Anjou does in fact inherit the Spanish crown, with the condition that France and Spain can never consolidate power 2. France has to give up land in the new world, and gives Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Nova Scotia to England 3. Spain has to give up Gibraltar, the pathway into the Mediterranean, to England 4. Spain gives up the right to sell slaves into the new world (the asiento), giving England the right to sell slaves in Spanish colonies 5. Austria is given the Spanish Netherlands 6. Bourbon sitting on the throne of France and Spain 7. Leads to the decline of Spanish power

Keys to the Reign of Terror (3)

1. Planned Economy, wins over the sans-culotte and rations everything for war (Maximum Prices Edict) 2. Terror, The Law of Suspect, The Law of 22 Prairial II, things that made people afraid and compliant, creates a snitch state 3. Nationalism, people want the country to do well, have a personal stake, leads to a powerful war force and committed citizens (Levee en Masse)

Steps towards clean Cities (5)

1. Public Health Movement (Edwin Chadwick) 2. Bacterial Revolution (Pasteur, Koch, Lister) 3. Urban Planning (Napoleon III) 4. Public Transportation (trollies) 5. Public Safety (Police and street lamps)

Russian Economic Reforms of (1860s-1880s) (2)

1. RR construction, needed to move troops and goods around Russia, and a ton of new track is laid 2. Factories are created near cities, but the peasants do not know how to operate them. Foreign workers are brought in to teach Russians how to work the machinery. Steel production takes off, very important for the economy

Significance of the Railroad (4)

1. Radical increase in industrial growth 2. Many new jobs 3. Dramatic increase in agriculture, Food can be transported 4. Changes the worldview in GB, people can move around and see new places

Mercantilism/Colbert's Policies

1. Raises tariffs on imported goods, to artificially raise prices and sell more French goods 2. Encourages/subsidizes foreign expertise, to improve industry 3. Improve infrastructure 4. Colonies supply raw materials, purchases goods from the mother country, cannot tax the mother country, not supposed to trade with other countries

The Growing Divide between the educated elites and commoners (5) (REREL)

1. Reading, the elite start to read different books (Enlightened books), look down on those who do not (peasants) 2. Economic divide, Landless proletariat created due to enclosure, no just price 3. Religion, peasants feel like their leaders are ruining their religion, way of life 4. Enlightened public attack belief of peasants, such as Midwives, faith healers, and witches 5. Leisure activities, the elite look down from their Spa Towns on the gambling involved with bloodsports, seem savage. These things add to the growing divide between the rich and the poor, lead to revolution

Factors of the Growth of World Trade (7)

1. Role of GB. They lead industrialization, once it saturated GB demand, it sold goods abroad, repeal of Corn Laws make Free Trade their religion 2. Advances in transportation. RR, steamships, help to trade and facilitate trade 3. Refrigeration. Bring meat and fruits from all over the world, diversify the diets of Europeans 4. Canals, Suez Canal built in 1869, Panama built in 1914. Radically changes transportation, super efficient 5 Modern Seaports. Countries deepened harbors, larger ships can dock 6 Advances in communication, Trans oceanic cable transports information in less than a day 7 Foreign investment. Goes to the little Europes, helps them develop their economies

Origins of the Industrial Revolution (Britain) (8) SSANGCLI

1. Scientific Rev and Enlightenment that lead to a world view of progress, research, and innovation 2. Strong central bank and credit system, people got good loans which promoted business 3. Agricultural revolution, not everyone has to be a farmer 4. Natural Advantages, surrounded by ocean, rivers, a lot of coal and iron 5. Government was stable, no regime changes since 1650s 6. Colonial Empire, provided raw materials 7. Large and mobile workforce, Enclosure causes this 8. Increasing consumer demand, caused by disposable income

Four Bills During the Reign of Charles II of England

1. Secret Treaty of Dover 1670 - Charles receives 200,000 pounds per year from cousin Louis XIV in order to reintroduce Catholicism, help fight the Dutch 2. Declaration of Indulgence - Outlaws Catholic oppression, angers Parliament 3. Test Act of 1673 - One must be Anglican in order to hold positions of power in the English government 4. Exclusion Bill - Prohibits Catholic from inheriting the throne, Parliament dismissed before it passes

Political Reform of Alexander II after Crimean War (4)

1. Serfdom Emancipated in 1861, and gave villages a chance to collectively own land, which made it hard for them to climb out of poverty. 2. Zemstovs created, local government that was supposed to give peasants a voice, but it is dominated by Boyars, and does not work, has no power 3. Freedom before the law and the right to a lawyer is granted, but this is widely ignored 4. Censorship, education, attitudes towards Russian Jews improves slightly

The Peace Settlement of the Congress of Vienna (5)

1. Settlement with France, Louis XVIII is king, lenient in the first Treaty, less so after the Second Treaty of Paris 2. Defensive Measures vs France, encircled with strong powers 3. Land Compensation, Prussia gets the Rhine, Italy to Austria, Colonies to England, Poland to Russia 4. Germany, 38 states loosely united into the German Confederation, dominated by Austria and Prussia 5. Congress System of Europe

Reasons for the failed Austrian Revolution

1. Sophie and Franz Joseph, harsher than Ferdinand I 2. Middle class wants constitutional limits, separates them from the peasants 3. 1848, Austria takes advantage and gathers a peasant army to rebel in the cities, also take advantage of the different ethnic groups 4. Peasant army crushes a lot of revolts 5. Tsar Nicolas is called in to help suppress Hungarians

Science and Thought- Intellectual change (4)

1. The Triumph of Science 2. Fascination with Evolution 3. Birth of "social science" 4. Realism

Reasons for the Election of President Napoleon (3)

1. The name, associated with greatness 2. Land owners and the middle class want a strong lead to protect property, stability after Louis Philippe and the Bloody June Days 3. Articulates a positive program, wants to connect with the people through democracy

Napoleon's 3 Mistakes

1. Tries to control Spain and Portugal (Peninsular War) 2. Tries to impose the Continental System 3. March on Moscow

Common Obstacles of Absolutists and Constitutionalists

1. Uncertain/slow communication -This leads to a lack of information about area of control 2. Lack of information -Leads to a local government that has to provide stability 3. Local power structures/privileged groups -Clergy and nobles help control the peasants, so monarchy/government must keep them close: Bureaucracy is needed 4. Linguistic differences -Slightly different dialects make communication even harder

Failure of the Prussian Revolution

1. William IV will not accept a "crown from the gutter" 2. Austria recovers from their revolution, restores the German Confederation with Karlsbad-esque reforms

Goals of the Reign of Terror (3)

1. Win the war against the coalition 2. Crush the internal threat, provincial uprisings 3. Establish a republic of virtue

Gaps between 1st and 3rd world

1. wealth gap 2. Technology gap, including military might and centralized institutions

Petrarch develops humanism

1350

Cannon

1350 put on ships for the first time. Helped Portuguese to dominate trade and get their way

Medici family in power in Florence

1434-1737

Invention of moveable metal type

1440s

Sforza family in power in Milan

1447-1535

Wars of the roses in England

1455-1535

Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand

1469

Louis XI conquers Burgundy

1477

Establishment of the Inquisition in Spain

1478

Spain conquers Granada and practicing Jews expelled from Spain

1492

Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of Spain

1494

The Golden Age of Spain

1500s, between Portugal and the Dutch.

Michalangelo paints the sistine chapel

1508-1512

Machiavelli writes the prince

1513

95 theses is written

1517

Diet of worms

1521

Hapsburg-Valois wars

1521-1559

German peasants' war

1525

Turkish victory at Mohács, which allowed spread of protestantism in Hungary

1526

Henry VIII Annulment request

1527 Henry VIII requested an annulment with Catherine of Aragon after she produced Bloody Mary instead of a boy. Henry VIII saw this as a bad sign from god. Pope Clement VII declined because he was being held captive by Charles V, who was related to Catherine and Mary, her daughter. Lead to the Supremacy Act of 1534

Henry VIII ends authority of Pope in England

1530s

Angela Merici Establishes Ursulines

1535

John Calvin publishes Institute of Christian religion

1536

Papal approval of society of Jesus

1540

Scientific Revolution

1540-1700

Pope Paul III establishes the supreme sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition

1542

Council of Trent

1545-1563

Council of Trent

1545-1563, council of clergy created to reconcile with protestants and to reform the church. Created by Pope Paul III. Viewed as a victory for the conciliatory movement

Reign of Mary Tudor in England and brief restoration of Catholicism in England

1553-1558

Peace of Augsburg; official recognition of Lutheranism

1555

Reign of Elizabeth in England

1558-1603

Height of European witch hunt

1560-1660

Establishment of first formal artistic training academy

1563

Civil war in Netherlands

1568-1578

Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre

1572

Martin Frobisher (English)

1576-1578, made three voyages around the Canadian Bay

Union of Utretch

1581, northern provinces met and declared their independence from Spain. Not recognized by the Spanish until 1609, and the Union got help from Elizabeth

England defeats Spanish Armada

1588

Edict of Nantes

1598

Important English Empire Dates

1600 English East India Co. 1763 Treaty of Paris 1770 James Cook in Australia 1857 Direct Rule of Parliament in India

Growth in Agriculture, pioneered by the Dutch Republic and England

1600-1850

United Provinces

1609, United Provinces are officially recognized by Spain. Start of Netherland's trading empire

British Navigation Acts

1651-1663

Anglo-Dutch wars

1652-1674

Jean-Baptiste de la Salle founds Brothers of the Christian Schools

1684

Enlightenment

1690-1789

Height of Atlantic Slave Trade; expansion of rural industry in Europe

1700-1790

Growth of book publishing

1700-1800

British and French mercantilist wars of empire

1701-1763

Elementary School attendance mandatory in Prussia

1717

Rococo style in art and decoration

1720-1780

Growth of European population

1720-1789

Last outbreak of bubonic plague in Europe

1720-1789

War of Austrian Succession

1740-1748

Reign of the empress Maria Theresa of Austria

1740-1780

Reign of Frederick the Great of Prussian

1740-1786

Salons led by Parisian elites

1740-1789

Per Capita Levels of Industrialization (1750-1880)

1750, all countries are equal, but by 1800 England is the most developed. 1830-1880 the rest of the world tries to catch up, while India and China de-industrialize thanks to European pressures. USA, Germany, Britain emerge as leaders

John Wesley preaches revival in England

1750-1790

Illegitimacy Explosion

1750-1850

Philosophes publish Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts

1751-1772

Seven Years' War

1756-1763

Madame du Coudray publishes Manual on the Art of Childbirth

1757

Height of parliamentary enclosure in England

1760-1815

Jean-Jacques Rousseau advocates more attentive child care in Emile

1762

Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia

1762-1796

Louis XV orders Jesuits out of France

1763

Treaty of Paris; France cedes its possessions in India and North America

1763

James Cook claims the east coast of Australia for England

1770

Elementary school attendance mandatory in Austria

1774

Adam Smith publishes An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

1776

Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense

1776

Reign of Joseph II of Austria

1780-1790

Establishment of the Pale of Settlement

1791

Edward performs first smallpox vaccination

1796

17th Century (Age of Crisis)

17th Century was not a great time for Europe. There was widespread economic stagnation, religious wars, dynastic disputes, and The Little Ice Age which lead to many issues. In the long run, the 17th century saw more centralized governments with an increase in sovereignty. Ex: Under Louis XIV, France saw growth in army size, taxes, and beauracracy

British takeover of India complete

1805

British slave trade abolished

1807

German Devastation after the 30 Years' War

30YW left southern Germany in shambles, with most fields absolutely destroyed and a significant population loss. Because of the agricultural loss, their was a return to serfdom in Germany because peasants were too poor to rebuild. Also, the Peace of Westphalia eliminated hopes of the reunification of the HRE with the German States

The Working Classes Industrial Rev

4/5 of the population in Europe during the industrial revolution. Highly skilled (labor aristocracy) which included foreman and community leaders, semi killed which were skilled craftsmen, and unskilled who did brute work, sweated industries, and made things like clothes in factories. For this class, sports, drinking and musicals were very important. Status symbols mattered

95 Theses

95 arguments of Luther against the Catholic Church, which launched a religious revolution in Europe. He defended these theses at the Diet of Worms in 1521.Helped by the printing press, and one of his complaints was that the Church help too much land and wasted money

Catholic Crackdown of Marginal Practices

A lot of marginal, almost pagan practices in Catholicism that made no sense. Catholic church begins to apply reason, gets rid of these crazy things, do not want people to be superstitious. Peasants liked these funky practices, builds up resentment

Suffrage Movement

A militant movement for women's right to vote led by middle-class British women around 1900

Central Powers' Total War

AH, Germany, Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria (Sept. 1915), have trouble with the British blockade, look to conquered Belgium and and Balkan regions for labor and resources

Enabling Act 1933

Act under which all independent organizations abolished by Hitler. Leaves little opposition to Hitler and paves the way for the Policy of Coordination

Italian Middlemen

Acted as the point of entry of goods into Europe, and also controlled trade between Europe and the East. Because of this, this areas grew wealthy, and the Italian City States had no need for exploration. Trade dominated by Venice and Genoa.

10 Man executive committee

Acts as a monarch after the 1848 revolution in France, Louis Blanc is on it

1799 Combination Acts

Acts in Britain that outlaw unions and strikes, favors the wealthy capitalists over skilled artisans. Eventually repealed in 1824

The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

Toleration Act 1689

Affirmation of religious toleration passed by Parliament after Glorious Revolution

New Ideas about Race

Africans were viewed as barbarians, and barely human in order to justify the slave trade. Many thought that they were being saved by becoming a slave, and that it is their destiny. This is was a new level of racial inequality

Charles I (1625-1649)

After James I in England. He does not agree with Parliament's Petition of Right and so he dismisses them, rules without Parliament for 11 years. Gets money by reinstalling old tax, and is executed by Rump Parliament in 1649

1894 French Russian alliance

After Kaiser Wilhelm burns all bridges with Russia, France and Russia create this alliance because they have a mutual enemy. This would have been a nightmare to Bismarck

Stalin vs Trotsky Struggle for Power

After Lenin dies, there is no clear successor, and the two people who could take his place are Stalin and Trotsky. Trotsky is a brilliant orator while Stalin is not so much, but Stalin gains power in December of 1927

France after WWI

After WWI, France aligns with the little Entente (Countries of the old Austria Hungary). They also fortify their border with Germany, defend Alsace Lorraine. Their main concern is preventing another WWI

Population pressure

After black death, the population started to increase again, some need to expand and also more demand for goods. This is not entirely valid, not a major cause of exploration

Policy of Coordination

After independent organizations are gone, Nazi organizations take over. Hitler youth groups, women groups, and other groups are created, make German's feel unified

Austria Hungary 1871 - 1914

After the Austro-Prussian war, the empire is faced with massive ethnic uprisings, and a Dual Monarchy is created

Return to Surfdom

After the Black Death, Western Europe needed more labor, gave surfs power and helped them escape surfdom. Eastern Europe, nobles anticipated this need for labor, cracked down on surf movement and took away the right of refuge. As a result, surfdom was re-imposed in Eastern Europe

English Model

After the Glorious Revolution 1688 and the Bill of Rights 1689, a constitutional monarchy is created, where the parliament has sovereignty. The society includes rights for those who own property, and religious tolerance for all but catholics. Not quite a democracy, but an elite liberal society

Bloody June Days

After the National Workshops are abolished, desperate socialists revolt and try to take over. After three days, 10,000 were dead, and the National Guard led by Cavaignac helped squelch the rebellion. Many people deported to Algeria

Life Consulate 1802

After the end of the War of the Second Coalition (Treaty of Luneville 1801), Napoleon has made peace. Gets "elected" as consul for life

Holy Office

Agency created by Pope Paul III that had jurisdiction over catholics everywhere and combatted heresy. Created the Index of Prohibited Books

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler, Czechoslovakia is abandoned by League of Nations, the country is broken up

The Zollverein

Agreement between German states that prohibits trade barriers, economically unites the German Confederation. One of the reasons that the Southern German states are hesitant to join Germany, have no need to

Muhammad Ali (1798-1849)

Albanian born, appointed by the Ottomans to rule Egypt, establishes an almost independent Egypt, calls himself the Khedive. Builds Egypt into a trading hub with the West, grandson is Khedive Ismail

Decembrist Revolt 1825

Alexander I dies in Russia, and there is a fight over who should be tsar. Nicolas III is almost overthrown, but the Congress of Europe intervenes and prevents liberal reforms

1881 Assassination of Alexander II

Alexander II is killed by a Polish anarchist group called the People's Will. Alexander III replaces him

The Whites (Russian Rev)

All who oppose the Reds, barely unified and seen as puppets of the Allies

Popular Front 1936

Alliance of far left political groups like communism and socialism in France, gained traction during the Great Depression

Henrí IV

Also known as Henrí of Navarre, he fought and won the war of the three Henrís. He then converted to catholicism to regain stability, and created the Edict of Nantes

Non-Aggression Pact (Aug 1939)

Also known as the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact, alleviated German fear of two front war. Stalin gets part of Poland, the Baltic region, and Finland. Russia also treated badly by GB and USA and other western countries, aligns with Germany. Secret part of this agreement is Poland and other land is divided

Natural Philosophy

An early term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, how it functioned. Known as science today

Defenders of Industrialization

Andrew Ure and Edwin Chadwick, do not see a problem with industrialization

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Apprentice to Brahe, develops the Three Laws of Planetary Motion from the Rudolphine Tables. Also improves the telescope. His findings were important because it opened up many more questions about the universe, and lead to the discovery of gravity

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I who tries to impose uniformity of Anglican religion on Scotland, which leads to a revolt. Charles I needs money to fight, ends up calling Long Parliament

Archbishop Albert of Mainz

Archbishop who was granted authority to sell and promote indulgences,

Mongol Yoke

Area ruled by the Mongols, including Russia. All parts of this area had to pay tribute to the Mongol Empire

Durkheim (1858-1917)

Argues that their is a rootlessness in society, because there is no more tradition, results in suicide and poor quality of life

Water Frame 1765

Arkwright invents this, uses the power of running water to spin. Makes a coarser thread, still needs some spinners

Medieval Armies

Armies were part time, and only needed for war time. Army officers were not loyal to the king, but instead to their direct bosses

October Manifesto (October 1905)

As a result of a general strike, this decree is made. Grants full civil rights and promised a Duma with real power

The Third Balkan War 1914

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

Nationalism 1800-1870

Associated with a constitutional monarchy and liberal, republicanism. Focused on popular sovereignty, and advocated for by people like Mazzini and Cavour

Metternich's Dilemma during the Greek Revolution

At first, Metternich opposes the Greek revolution because its guiding though is nationalism, and they are trying to break away from an absolute empire. However, Romantics see Greece as the homeland of western civilization. Later, it becomes Islam vs Christianity and also the reports of massacres finally sways Metternich and Europe to help Greece

1914-1916 Unity and Nationalistic support for WWI

At first, everyone is super excited and energized for WWI, and propaganda does a good job at influencing opinion

5 Parts of the Habsburg State (Post 30YW)

At the end of 30YW, Habsburg state is as unified as it can be. German speaking provinces like Austria are centralized, Bohemia is under control after Ferdinand II, Spanish Netherlands now owned by HRE (Peace of Utrecht), German States are autonomous. Hungary, which is ruled by HRE but also by Magiars. Common identity formed

Coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire (Nov 1799)

At this point, the Directory is very weak, and is fighting with itself (Royalists and Democratic republicans). Abbé Seiyés, who wants to overthrow the Directory, teams up with Napoleon and they take over in Nov of 1799. Impose the Decennial Consulate, which greatly benefits Napoleon and not Seiyés

Spanish Armada defeat of 1558

Attack of the Armada on England after Elizabeth killed Mary QoS. The armada was badly beaten by the British Royal Navy, and this became a source of national pride for Britain

War of the 5th Coalition 1809

Austria and England vs France. Inspired by the Spanish revolt, Austria fights back, loses big time at the battle of Wagram. During this war, Napoleon takes away all land from the Pope, precursor to a united Italy. This makes many catholics mad

Troppau Doctrine

Austria and Russia say that they will invade any place with a legit government overthrown. Part of the Congress System of Europe, oppressing radical ideas and revolutions

The Austro Prussian War 1866

Austria is riled up and declares war in 1866 on Prussia. Prussia uses railroads to move troops and have very strong guns. Austria is not industrialized, the war takes seven weeks. Peace terms are lenient, make Austria not upset and also creates the Northern German Confederation which does not include Austria. Venetia goes to Italy, which makes them support Prussia

Austria's ultimatum after assassination

Austria's response to the assassination of Franz 1 End anti-AH propaganda in Serbia 2 Expel from office any who foment any AH rhetoric 3 Accept AH investigation in Serbia, which decreases Serbia's sovereignty These things have to be met to avoid war

1934 Hitler attempts to annex Austria

Austrian chancellor is assassinated by Nazis, and Hitler is invited to take power. Mussolini tells Germany not to invade, and Hitler backs down. Hitler realizes he needs to be friends with Mussolini, could be a powerful friend

Dual Monarchy (Austria Hungary)

Austro-Hungarian Empire is created, where the Austrian government controlled Austrians and the Hungarian government Hungarians, but the Austrian government still controlled foreign affairs

Fascism

Authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. Mussolini and Hitler both have this type of government. Individual freedoms and rights are destroyed, replaced by needs of state. Nothing is outside the state

Pope Leo X

Authorized the sale of indulgences to Albert of Mainz and Tetzel

Cossacks

Autonomous community within Russian empire that rebelled with Stenka Razin in 1670. Later, make a truce with Russians and becomes a major part of the military

English Mercantilism

Balance of mercantilism and capitalism: Capitalist at home, mercantilist abroad. Navigation Acts imposed by Cromwell are an example of the Mercantilist strategies, which targeted the Dutch Trading Empire

Threat of Nationalism

Balkans pre WWI was a mess, and everyone wanted their own state, fueled by nationalism, and became very dangerous

Bach

Baroque musician

Rubens

Baroque painter

Early enlightenment thinker who formulated the concept of a deterministic universe

Baruch Spinoza

Battle of Waterloo 1815

Battle between British led by the Duke of Wellington and Napoleon supporters. Napoleon loses, his reign is officially over

Battle of Trafalgar 1805

Battle during the War of the 3rd Coalition between France and Britain. France tries to take Gibraltar, Britain wrecks 22 of 23 French ships. Teaches France not to mess with British Navy and Horatio Nelson, leads to Napoleon creating the Continental System

Battle of Britain 1940

Battle where Hitler and Germany try to take GB by air force, bomb the cities in order to decrease morale. GB has better pilots and fends them off

South German States

Bavaria, Baden, Wurtemburg, H-D. These states are part of the Zollverein, see no need to join the North German Confederation. Bismarck wins them over with the Franco Prussian War

Otto von Bismarck

Became Prime Minster of Prussia under King William I, ultimate goal was German unification, does so through the Franco Prussian War and Austro Prussian War. He is extremely cunning and flexible in his strategy, disregards the Reichstag. "Iron and Blood" shows the power of industrialization in the military, and also "Many paths to unite Germany" and "two irons in the fire" show how he always had a plan B. Eventually forced to leave by Wilhelm II

Winston Churchill

Becomes PM of England in May of 1940.

Change in the design of homes

Before 18th century, homes of peasants had one room, not a lot of privacy. Homes started to have separate spaces, decorations, and multiple sets of cutlery and plates, made possible by the consumer revolution

Change in public hygiene

Before 18th century, people thought it was bad to bathe, and many dumped garbage in public places. New thought, shown in the Catechism of Health, favored bathing every day, and governments started to clean up the streets during the 18th century

Deism

Belief that god is a clockmaker, universe governed by the laws he made long ago

de Buffon

Believed that human evolved from the same species, looked the way they do because of climate

Conciliarists

Believed the church could best be reformed by councils representing the christian people

Edward Bernstein

Believes that Marx was wrong because the rich are giving up power step by step

William Blake

Believes that society corrupts the individual

Bill of Rights

Bill passed after the Glorious revolution that says that Parliament makes the laws, the monarch cannot interfere with Parliament, and no peacetime standing army

"A satisfied power"

Bismarck says this to put other countries at ease, Germany looks dominant after the Franco Prussian war. Bismarck then turns his attention to internal affairs

Kulturkampf 1873

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic church within Germany, resulting in the Declaration of Papal Infallibility. German nationalism is threatened by Catholicism, this tries to undermine that

The Reds (Russian Rev)

Bolshevik supporters, seen as the sovereign power in Russia, eventually defeat the whites using the Cheka

Public Sphere of the Enlightenment (6)

Book Market, Reading Revolution, Salons, Lending Libraries, Coffee Houses, Masonic Lodges. These things made up the public spaces and things that helped people come together and discuss ideas during the enlightenment. The knowledge wasn't only for the elite

What is the Third Estate?

Book by Abbé Seiyés, argues that the nobility was an overprivileged minority and that the real strength lay in the third estate

The Catechism of Health 1794

Book that provided basic information about child care, fresh air, and exercise

1984 (George Orwell)

Book written after WWI and WWII about a dystopia where the individual is no more, conveys a sense of doom for the future. Shows the downside of an ultra rational society

Napoleon

Born in Corsica, a new French Island in 1769, attended the Brienne Military Academy at 10, and then the Paris Military College. These early experiences left Napoleon isolated from his peers, and he built up resentment towards the nobility. Jailed in 1794, and took part in two Coup d'etats before becoming the Emperor of France in 1804. Great military strategist, eventually had huge losses against the Russians which lead to his undoing in Waterloo before being banished to St. Helena in the Atlantic. Married Josephine and then Marie Louise to produce an heir to the throne of France (he later died). He brought many reforms to Europe, and succeeded in uniting Europe under one leader. Also let the emigres return

Separation of church and state

Both catholics and protestants saw that a state church as important for maintaining order

Interests of the Bourgeoisie at the beginning of the French Revolution

Bourgeoisie interested in breaking the barrier between the and the nobles, support Classical Liberalism as a result. They try to accomplish their goals through the National Assembly 1789 and Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789

1842 Mines Act

Boys under 10 and women are not allowed to work in the mines, attempt to improve conditions for workers. People were mad because the family got split up each day, invention of public school.

British Plan in Africa

Britain wants to go from the Nile to the Cape of Good Hope. ???

China invasion story

Britain wants to trade with China more for their goods like tea and silk, but China limits trade to Canton. Britain also has a trade deficit, starts trading in Opium, which angers the Chinese. Lin Zexu confiscates the British Opium, leads to First Opium War, Britain wins. China rules itself but Britain and other countries force trade upon them

Florence Nightengale

British Nurse during the Crimean War who founded modern nursing

Neville Chamberlain

British PM who negotiates the Munich Agreements, claims a "Peace for out time"

British Parliament and Judaism

British Parliament assimilates jews, people become outraged, so they took it back

William Gladstone

British Prime minister before Lloyd George who wanted to pacify Ireland and grant them self rule. These bills were denies, but Home rule was finally granted in 1914

January-June 28, 1919 Blockade

British blockade during the Treaty of Versailles creation, starving the Germans

Battle of Dunkirk

British forces surrounded by Germans, stage an epic retreat to GB, and thousands of lives of troops are saved. WWII

Duke of Wellington

British general at Waterloo

Horatio Nelson

British general who was killed at Trafalgar, defeated Napoleon at the Battle of the Nile 1798

Government of Britain Pre 1789

British government was stable at this time, flexible, with limited rights and the country was agrarian

Khartoum 1885

British loss where the annoyance of European presence and exploitation of Egypt led to a Madhist Uprising, natives felt like the Europeans were betraying Islam

Edith Cavell

British nurse in Belgium who helped all soldiers. She helped Allies against the word of the German government, was executed as a result. Seen as a martyr by the Allies, especially GB

William Wordsworth

British romantic who lamented the destruction of rural life during the industrial revolution. Calls factories "satanic mills"

The Second Balkan War 1913

Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece, rising tensions after the First Balkan War. AH intervenes and forces Bulgaria to give up Albania. Balkan states become increasingly mad at the suppressive government of AH, and other places want independence

The Law of Suspect (September 1793)

Calls for the arrest of all enemies and all likely enemies of the state. Things become personal as result, creates a snitch state, part of the Reign of Terror

Institutes of Christian Religion 1536

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which emphasized human's weakness and became an important part of Protestantism

Calvinism Lutherism Differences (3)

Calvinism was predestination, separation of church vs state. Lutherism unity of church and state, and did not believe in predestination

Leopold II (1790-1792)

Came after Joseph II. His rule was spent undoing the reforms made by his brother

Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

Came into power after Charles VI, involved in both the War of Austrian succession, and initiated the Seven Years War. Reforms were similar to that of Frederick II. She reduced the power of the Catholic Church, created a centralized bureaucracy, reduced the authority of nobles, and created a standardized education system in HRE. Framed her policies as enlightened, but did things to benefit the state. Would have bee an enlightened monarch, but was too religious. Mother to Joseph II, Leopold II, Marie Antoinette

Protestant

Came to mean all non-catholic Western Christian groups

Henrí IV "le Grand" (1589-1610)

Came to power after the War of Three Henrís in France, and helped to establish absolutism in France. Henrí IV imposes Pollet tax on nobles (takes away power, builds revenue), Improves infrastructure (communication, trade), Edict of Nantes (religious stability). Henrí IV is followed by Louis XIII, his son

Technological Keys to Exploration (CCAMMN)

Cannon, Caravel, Astrolabe, maps and charts, magnetic compass, nocturnal. These technologies were improved by the Portuguese and where necessary for the successful navigation of the Atlantic and beyond

Tenochtitlán (Mexico City)

Capital city of Mexica Empire, and was considered, by Cortés to be just as sophisticated and maybe even larger than any European city.

Dreyfus Affair 1898

Case in the French military where Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military official, was falsely convicted and accused of treason The Catholic Church supported the anti-semitism, and when it became clear that he was innocent, the French government severed all ties with the Church

Pale of Settlement 1791

Catherine the Great sets aside land for the Jews, requires most of them to live there. Intolerance, hurts Russia because jews were valuable to the economy

Guise Family

Catholic French family, head of all Catholic nobles. Henrí of Guise was part of this family, as well as Margaret de Valois

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who believed that only a strong monarchy could save France

Johann Eck

Catholic supporter who argues with Luther in 1519 at Liepzig

Jansenism

Catholic version of Pietism lead by Jansen. Outlawed by the pope. Accepted predestination

Defenestration of Prague

Catholics sent by Ferdinand II try to take over Bohemia, and are pushed out of a window (and somehow survive). This was the braking point, and started the first phase (Bohemian Phase) of the war

Plombieres 1858

Cavour strikes the deal with Napoleon III, says that if Austria attacks P&S, France will help. France agrees that L&V should go to P&S, but France wants Savoy and Niece. Cavour does this deal to help get L&V from Austria

Boer War (SA War) 1899-1902

Cecil Rhodes provokes the Boers to fight in order to gain their mineral-rich territory. Result is that Britain gets the mines but Boers get to rule SA without British interference

England total war

Centralization of economic authority in GB under Lloyd George, included things like the Ministry of Munitions

Wrote: On Crimes and Punishment

Cesare Beccaria

Max Weber (1864-1920)

Challenges the ideal of marx, thinks that capitalism is the result of the protestant work ethic

Rene de Maupeou 1768

Chancellor of France under Louis XV who creates a mock parliament that is loyal to the king. Loses power after Louis XV death

The Agricultural Revolution

Change in agricultural methods during the 18th century that made agriculture more productive

Abdication of Charles V 1556

Charles V turns over land to son Philip II after he fails to unite HRE under common religion in 1555 at the Peace of Augsberg

Pragmatic Sanction 1713

Charles VI dies without a boy in 1740, asks all other empires to respect his daughter as the next ruler in 1713. This come after War of Spanish succession, and the establishment of a balance of power. After he dies (1740), other empires do not respect the Pragmatic Sanction

English Civil War (1642-1649)

Charles forms his own army of royalist "Cavaliers" and Parliament creates the new model army, or "Roundheads". Roundheads win in 1648, and execute Charles I in 1649

Algeria 1830

Charles invades this place after the July Ordinances to try and increase popularity. Invading this place leads to a long war

Cardinal Richelieu (1628-42)

Chief minister to Louis XIII who wants to increase absolutism in France, and make French culture dominant in Europe. Richelieu reduced the power of nobles by destroying nobles of the sword in France, and established intendants to rule French provinces. Also established state bureaucracy, restricted Huguenot rights under the Edict of Nantes, and supported French literature by creating the French Academy which further increases french prestige, as well as increase taxes

Cardinal Mazarin

Chief minster after Richelieu, who continued the centralizing policies. Unfortunately, his struggle to raise revenue

"A vicious cycle"

Child dies, parent decides not to become to invested in their kids in the future to avoid pain, child gets neglected, leads to more death

Religion during the Industrial Revolution

Church attendance down at this time, but it was a time of religious revival

Simony

Church positions being bought and sold

New Sense of Class Consciousness

Class consciousness became based on economic class, middle and working class. This has not left our society

Social Order during 17th Century

Clergy, nobility, commoners. 90% were commoners, but most of the money were with the 1&2 estates

The Little Ice Age

Climatic event that caused a drop in temperatures across Europe. This lead to bad harvests, higher prices in food, famine, and disease. Contributed to the "Age of Crisis"

Blood Sports

Cockfighting, boxing, bull baiting. Bloody ways that europeans spent their free time in the 18th century

De Insulis Inventis 1493

Columbus' letter to Ferdinand and Isabella after his first voyage. He noted that the natives were easy to take over, and had plenty of valuable resources

German Confederation 1815

Combination of 38 german states loosely tied together after the Congress of Vienna

Classical Liberalism

Combination of liberty and equality. No longer so radical during the 19th century, embraced by the Bourgeoise. Emphasizes the free market

Nationalism

Combination of patriotism, triggered by the french revolution and common struggles, and the determination to govern oneself (nation states). Provokes romanticism and imagined communities. Nationalism is seen as a threat to multi-ethnic communities, like Austria. Dangerous in Europe

Louis Philippe

Comes into power after the 1830 July Revolution, known as the citizen king. France becomes dissatisfied with Louis and the "Bourgeoisie monarchy," was overthrown. People are upset because of poor harvests, want basic needs. Napoleon III follows

Hebert Spencer (1802-1903)

Comes up with social darwinism, survival of only those fit to live. Weak people and nations do not survive, only the tough survive

Edwin Chadwick

Commissioner in Britain, in charge of the New Poor Law 1834. Does research about living conditions in London in a scientific matter, leads to the sanitary idea and 1836 Public Health Law

"Council of Blood"

Committee formed by Duke of Alva that murdered hundreds of dutch men.

Third estate

Commoners who did not own their land, made up 90% of population

Middle Class Marriage and Courtship post 1850

Companionate marriages become prominent for this class

Encyclopedia

Compilation of over 17,000 essay, edited by Diderot and Alembert. Published by Catherine the Great. Represents the ideals of the enlightenment because it is a synthesis of knowledge for the public to educate themselves with

Legal Orders of Old France (3 Estate System)

Composed of the 1st Estate, 2nd, and 3rd. 1st Estate makes up the clergy and king (1%), own 20% of land and wealth. Exempt from all taxes. Second Estate (Nobility) makes up 2% of population, holds 30% of land. Hold ancient rights and privileges, high positions in society. Third Estate (everyone else) are the lowest, left out of government and on the brink of existence. This group is greatly oppressed, and you can see how the 3rd Estate has so much resentment towards the other estates

Friedrick Engel

Conditions of the Working Class 1844, studies the conditions of work in northern England. Feels capitalists have exploited the working class, dear friend of Marx

Berlin Conference on Africa (1884-85)

Conference hosted by Bismarck in Germany, establishes how you can claim a territory in Africa. Determine that actively occupying land and having a strong presence to have the territory proves you possess an area, also you have to at least try to stop slavery. Recognized as the Congo Free State as Leopold's territory. Bismarck does this to show Germany's might and also to rebuild relations with France through Jules Ferry

Spain motivation for 30 Years War

Connected to HRE because both Empires were Habsburg. Spain wanted to back HRE and restore Catholicism

New Ideologies of the Dual Revolution (4)

Conservatism, Nationalism, Classical Liberalism, and Socialism. Have to do with who has power and what the responsibilities of the state are.

Alexander III

Conservative successor to Alexander II, who thought his brother was too liberal, clamps down on Russia. Followed by Nicolas II

North German Confederation

Consists of Prussia and 22 other states, Bismarck is Chancellor, and it is a constitutional monarchy. The citizens are united and nationalistic, but it lacks the Southern German States. Created after the Austro Prussian War

Constituent Assembly January 1918

Constituent assembly that created the constitution, when the election came around the Bolsheviks won 23%. Lenin waves the election and creates a one party state

1870 Constitution

Constitution in 1870 that renounces Napoleon III and declares the Third Republic

Constitution of 1791 (September)

Constitution made by the National Assembly that restructures the government. The King's power is all but gone after the Flight to Varennes, and the newly created Legislative Assembly now controls taxation and judicial authority. Male taxpayers are granted the right to vote

Fundamental Laws (May 1906)

Constitution of Russia granted by Tsar Nicolas II

The Kingdom of Italy (September 1860)

Constitutional Monarchy created uniting the kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia and the territory unified by Garibaldi. Missing Pieces include Rome and Venetia, and they do not get these until 1870. Challenges include language barriers and poverty

Dutch Republic

Constitutional Republic whose Golden Age came during the 1600s due to the monopoly on spice trade, promoted by early forms of capitalism. Recognized by Spain in 1609, recognized by Europe in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. Weak union of strong provinces

Italian Government in Chaos 1921

Constitutional monarchy is the current government in Italy at the time, and parliament can do almost nothing. The majority party holds 35 of 535 seats. Huge power vacuum, and Mussolini steps forward to take control

Reasons for Cortés Success

Cortés was abel to team up with subject kingdoms to attack Montezuma, and also Montezuma hesitated to attack. Cortés also has superior weaponry and horses, which probably scared the shit out of the Mexicas

Emelian Pugachev

Cossack soldier who sparked a major serf rebellion under the reign of Catherine the Great. His rebellion ceased Catherine's attempts to create domestic reforms

9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794)

Coup d'etat during one of Robespierre's speeches run by a group of government officials. Robespierre is killed and the revolution swings the other way. Reign of Terror abolished, this phase is led by the Bourgeoisie. Economic regulations abolished, local power groups abolished (sans-culotte), and everyone partied (parallel to the restoration in England)

German Confederation

Created at the Congress of Vienna 1815, loosely unites the German States, dominated by Germany and Austria

Supremacy Act of 1534

Created by Henry VIII, removing the Church of England from papal authority because he wanted an annulment. Men in parliament who opposed him were killed, including Thomas More. This Act put Charles VIII as the head of the English/Anglican Church, and turned over papal lands to himself

National Workshops 1848

Created by Louis Blanc, organizations created to give more people jobs. Only worked in the short term, providing a lot of manual labor jobs to Frenchmen. Rural poor do not like this because it directs money to pairs instead of the countryside. Abolished later that year, causing the Bloody June Days

Karlsbad Decrees 1819

Created by Metternich, required German states to squelch ideas and liberal organizations. For example, teacher who were caught teaching liberal ideas were not allowed to teach in the Conferederation

The Confederation of the Rhine 1806

Created by Napoleon, combination of a lot of smaller states. This ends the HRE, and does not make Prussia happy because it threatens their power. Draws Prussia into the War of the 4th Coalition. This also lays the cornerstone for German unification

The Propagandist Decree (November 19, 1792)

Created by National Convention, France will aid anyone in Europe who feels oppressed by monarchy, Do so by abolishing the monarchy and feudalism. Do not see that some people do not want French help. France uses this to expand their natural boundaries like Louis XIV wanted.

Thomas Savery 1698

Creates a rudimentary steam engine, but it is not portable and needs to be right next to a mine

Thomas Newcomen 1705

Creates a steam powered pump that removes water from the mines, coal powered

Ignatius Loyola

Creator of the Jesuits

Rationalism

Critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted just because, it had to make sense and have evidence (reason)

Two Great Problems of Urban Living

Crowding and unhealthy living conditions were the problems with Urban living. Result of Ignorance to germs, lack of transport (people lived close to work), and the government was slow to make proper reforms

Germany after WWI

Crushed by the treaty of Versailles, and eventually fall under control of Hitler

The Lorenz Curve

Curve that shows inequality in society. For the 19th century, Britain and other European countries were increasingly unequal

1937 Standard of Living Stalin's Soviet Union

Daily life in Stalin's empire was hard, and housing was a particular challenge. Their was censorship and the constant fear of the secret police who killed thousands. Still, many people believed in communism and felt optimistic about their country

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

Danish astronomer who agreed with Copernicus, and created the Rudolphine Tables. He was unable to make anything of his collection of data because he lacked the mathematics, but his work was picked up by Kepler after Brahe's death

Mary Tudor/Bloody Mary

Daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. Ruled England after Edward VI, and was Catholic. She executed hundreds of Protestants, and married Philip II.

Queen Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who kills Mary QoS and fights Philip II. Creates the Elizabethan settlement to restore peace to England

Central figure of Scottish Enlightenment

David Hume

Concordat 1801

Deal made with the pope to win over the catholics of France. Napoleon gets freedom of religion in France, keep church land, appoint bishops in France. Pope makes Napoleon pay clergy salaries, gets recognized as the head of the church, and gets the return of the Gregorian Calendar. Except for what the Pope gets, these things retain revolutionary ideals. This legitimizes the government in the eyes of the Pope, and satisfies the catholics, finally uniting France

Leipzig Debate 1519

Debate between Eck and Luther in 1519 concerning the 95 theses at Leipzig. Luther refused to take back what he said, saying that clergy can make mistakes just like laypeople

Declaration of Frankfurt (Dec 1813)

Declaration made by the 6th Coalition that they were at war with Napoleon, not France

3rd French Republic

Declared after the Battle of Sedan, denounces Napoleon III

Cartesian Dualism

Deductive reasoning, all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

Political Reform 1904-5 of Nicolas II

Defeat at the hands of the Japanese make Russia angry at leadership, shows that they did no modernize effectively, embarrassing for Nicolas II

Frederick elector of Palatinate

Defeated by Ferdinand II of HRE at the Battle of White Mountain. Created the Protestant Union

Charivari (Skimmington in Britain)

Degrading public rituals used by villages to monitor personal behavior like premarital sex, and maintain moral standards

Romantic art

Delacroix does some paintings during this era of the greek revolution

Exclusion Bill

Denies succession of the throne to a Catholic

The Editors of the Encyclopedia

Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond a'Alembert

Great Northern War (1700-21)

Denmark, Poland, Russia vs Sweden over Baltic Sea ports. Sweden starts strong (Gustavus army) and defeats enemy forces at the Battle of Narva in 1701. Peter the Great then goes and creates a new army, and beats the Swedes at the Battle of Poltova in 1709. The war ends with the Treaty of Niestad

Lasalle 1682

Descended the Mississippi in 1682, opening the way for French occupation of Louisiana

Anabaptists

Did not believe in being baptized at birth but only when you are older and when it is your choice. Anabaptists took over Munster in the 1530s, which was soon stopped and the leaders were killed. Anna Jansz was an Anabaptist

Giuseppe Mazzini

Did not like the Austrian control of northern Italy, leads a revolt in 1848. Realizes that revolution needs to be the work of the people, led by nationalism and patriotism. Metternich hates his ideas, arrests him

Death of Indians

Died because they had little resistance to European diseases like smallpox, could not defend themselves (inferior weaponry), and were overworked and underfed under the Encomienda system

Imperial Diet 1530

Diet called by Charles V that called for all the German princes in the hope to unite them under Catholicism once more

Diet of Worms 1521

Diet summoned by Charles V where Luther is summoned to take back his ideas, but luther resists. This diet makes Luther and his ideas more well known, and Lutherism spreads. As a result, Luther is thrown out of HRE, but is taken in by Frederick III of Saxony

Identity of British Colonies

Different from most colonies because the majority of the population was European. Many British colonists were families, repopulated, and were religious dissenters in search of a better life

"Sanitary idea"

Disease and death are caused by a dirty environment, so the government should clean up city environments. Idea proposed by Chadwick

Indulgences

Document issued by Catholic Church that forgiveness people of their sins and gets them less time in purgatory. Pope Leo X authorized Indulgences to help finance building plans in Rome, and Archbishop Albert of Mainz and Tetzel ran the sale of indulgences

Confession of Augsburg

Document that german princes use to justify their standing up to Charles V

Tetzel

Dominican Friar who ran the sale of indulgences

Flying Shuttle 1733

Doubles the speed of the weaver, puts pressure on the spinners

Martinet

Drill master of his era who was recruited by Luovois to train the French army

The Triumph of Science

Due to the improvements in many fields, science becomes the ultimate authority over secular knowledge. Result is that people believe in science, and also nature appears to be determined by rigid laws

The Committee of Public Safety

Dumouriez, the general at the Battle of Valmy, reveals he supports the monarchy. This treason justifies the creation of this committee who search for enemies of the revolution, arrest them, and kill many of them. Led by Robespierre and the Mountain

Enlightenment influence on government and politics

During the Enlightenment, rulers adopted some enlightened policies and mindsets, but did nothing that diminished their absolute authority

Differences in expectations of middle and working class women

During the Industrial Revolution, middle class women were supposed to not seduce her husband, and was trained not to evoke his desires. Lower class women, on the other hand, could be sexy, and middle class men often used them. Middle class women were also supposed to have an education, some talents. Middle class is purity

Renaissance curiosity

During the renaissance, the desire to know more about the world spread across Europe, manifested by map making. Exploration would offer more knowledge to hungry european scholars

Separate Spheres

During the revolution, the idea of separate spheres stayed prevalent in society. Men were viewed as the breadwinner, and were expected marry a submissive wife. Women were expected, at least in the middle class, to run the household economy, rear the children. Women get the worse end of this division of sexes

The Family 1600-1750

During this time in Western Europe, the only the nuclear family lived together. Marriage is later because people waited until they got their inheritance ("Money is the sinew of love"). Premarital sex is a big no no, and their are many traditions including Charivari to discourage it. The social and economy stability of a village depended on people following the rules and traditions, so villagers were in each other's business. Increased shaming and hardship were most likely caused by economic hardship.

Homosexuality (Mollies)

During this time, people became more concerned about same-sex relations. This is because the calvinist revolution lead to the invasion of private lives and the increase in moral police. Britain wanted more control on society, and started to crack down on this

Government in Britain 1789-1820s

During this time, the British government and the elite were paranoid, with all the turmoil in Europe, and cracked down on liberal reforms. Tory Party created the 1815 Corn Laws, Six Acts, and the Battle of St. Peterloo was at this time

Vermuyden

Dutch Engineer who drains the marshy lowlands to create more farmland. Does the same in Britain, important to the improvement of farming

Dutch Economic decline post 1713

Dutch decline was caused by British competition (strong navy), and many wars including the War of Spanish Succession

Duty of Government according to Adam Smith (3)

Duty of government is to protect from foreign invasion, maintain order with police, and sponsor public works and institutions to facilitate trade (roads)

Tudor Family

Dynastic Family in England including Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, and Bloody Mary

Habsburg Family

Dynastic family that ruled HRE. Charles V was a Habsburg, and integrated with other families such as Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Great German Peasant Revolt of 1525

Early c16 peasants became furious at officials for labor taxes, etc. and used Lutherism to back up their cause. At first luther supported them, but as soon as they revolted he sided with the rulers. This was because the rulers determine religion, and Luther needed to win them over. 75,000 peasants killed during revolt, and Luther switching sides crushed the peasants

Rose Bertin

Early fashion designer, worked for Marie Antionette

Montesquieu

Early philosophe who wrote Persian Letters in 1721 and Spirit of the Laws in 1748. Believed in power checking power, influenced by French king

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Eccentric Englishman who created Calculus and writes Principia Mathematica, revealing the law of universal gravitation. His theories are put into mathematical equations as opposed to philosophically. Makes it easy for people to test and make predictions about the movement of things. Makes Math Credible

Mercantilism

Economic philosophy used by Colbert under Louis XIV that sought to increase exports and decrease imports in order to increase wealth, believed that wealth was a zero sum game. Captive markets, such as colonies, are important to mercantilist countries because they increase exports and decrease imports

Capitalism (Economic Liberalism)

Economic system based on freedom, in which individuals pursue their self interest regulated only by competition and supply and demand. Individual is the center, not the government. Advocated for by Smith, "Father of Capitalism"

Keynesian Economics

Economic thought created by Keynes that argues that the job of the government in a time of crisis is the increasing intervention of the government, which funds public works and anything to help get things going. During good periods of economic growth, the government should back off, let the private sector take control, but also increase taxes in good times so that they can save for the bad times. This goes against the thought of the Treaty of Versailles

Diderot (1751-1765)

Editor of the Encyclopedia along with Alembert. Put in jail under Louis XV for questioning God's creation. Hates conquest, shows this in his book Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage

Growth of Education during the 18th century

Education grows during this time. Protestant countries stress literacy and education in order to read the bible, and education systems started in Scotland. Catholic groups like the Jesuits set up schools, and Maria Theresa requires education during her reign. De la Salle's network of catholic schools Religion had such a large part in education because they used education as a way to influence and win over new followers

Imperial University System

Education system established by Napoleon, uses nationalism and French language to influence youth, prevent a repeat of Vendée Revolts. Joseph II did this too in Austria

Egypt exploitation story 18th-19th century

Egypt was ruled by the Ottoman Turks, weakened by Napoleon and Britain. Muhammad Ali declares himself Khedive, gains autonomy from Ottomans, and builds Egypt into a prosperous state. His grandson, Khedive Ismail creates a huge debt. Europe pays off the debt and takes over Egypt, leading to a revolt in 1882, and Egypt becomes a puppet state

1882 Egyptians riot

Egyptians are fed up with European rule, revolt, and leads to Europeans easing up a little

Election of Constituents Assembly (April 1848)

Election in France, the peasants vote very conservative because they do not want all money to go to Paris. Result is a moderate republican government who hate socialists and support capitalism and free trade. This leads to an attack on the Assembly in May

7 Electors

Election of the emperor of HRE, Charles V elected 1519

Scientific Revolution Women

Elizabeth of Bohemia, Sibylla (scientific illustrator)

Results in the rise of Science (2) (EC)

Emergence of new social class-international scientific community, which is closely tied to governments (patronage) which directed research at times. Critical attitude towards established authority. Scientific community critical of current authority, especially of that of the church

Democratic Republicanism (2)

Emerges during the early 19th century 1 Means that there is no monarch, more radical 2 Male suffrage, every male can vote

Ferdinand II

Emperor of HRE during the 30YW, wanted to reunite the provinces as well as restore Catholicis. Creates the Edict of Restitution during the Danish Phase of the 30YW

Prussia

Empire established by Frederick William, and ruled by the Hohenzollern. Referred to as Sparta of the North because of its famed military might

1807 French Empire at its Height

Empire: Belgium, Holland, North Germany, North Italy, Spain, Prussia, Austria. Allied with Russia. Falls in 1814

Empress Tzu Hsi

Empress who from 1860-1894 tried to modernize and impose reform, but they were not enough. Evidence is the Sino Japanese War. Fall of Manchu Dynasty 1913

Nursing

Encouraged by Enlightened people such as Rousseau and Joseph II. Natural birth control and helped to build up immunity to diseases

Peace of Augsburg 1555

Ended the German prince revolt, and allowed regions to determine their own religion.

First Treaty of Paris (Napoleon) May 1814

Ended the war of the 6th Coalition, Napoleon banished to the island Elba. Pretty lenient treaty, not too harsh on France, and French empire is restored to natural boundaries

Peace of Tilsit (July 1807)

Ends the War of the 4th Coalition. Russia agrees to the Continental System in return for aid against the Ottomans, and Prussia loses money and territory, forced to agree to the Continental System

1833 Factory Acts

Ends the abuse of poor workers in England. Sets minimum health and hygiene requirements, and prohibits children under 9 from working, and only for a certain amount of hours. Attempted to create a system of factory inspectors

England after WWI

England after WWI is critical of the Versailles Treaty and starts to be lenient (appeasement)

Urbanization of England

England's urban population increased by 17% every 50 years from 1801 to 1951. Mirrored in many other countries across Europe

War of the 3rd Coalition 1805

England, Russia, Austria vs France. Prussia does not join because France is giving them a good deal. Britain declares war in 1803, but fighting does not start until 1805. France destroys Austrian forces at the Battle of Ulm, but the French navy is devastated at the Battle of Trafalgar vs Britain. Battle of Austerlitz decides the war, France overpowers Russian and Austrian forces (Peace of Pressburg)

Anglican Church

English Church created by Henry VIII. King is the head of the church, and the priesthood is based on merit. Between Catholicism and Protestantism

Jamestown 1607

English colony in modern day Virginia, which was able to produce tobacco for a growing European market

Plymouth 1620

English colony settled by radical protestants hoping to escape religious persecution.

Young

English innovator during the Agricultural revolution who advocated for the enclosure system

James II (1685-88)

English king after Charles II, disregards Parliament and creates the Declaration of Indulgences. This, along with his marriage to a catholic and a catholic son lead to Glorious Revolution

Townsend

English lord who develops crop rotation, which spreads throughout Britain and Europe. Big part of the agricultural revolution, leads to more food produced

John Locke

English philosopher who believed that if a government does not respect the natural rights of its subjects, it become tyranny and the people have a right to revolt (Two Treatises of Civil Government)

William Harvey (1578-1657)

English physician who discovers the circulatory system

Roanoke 1585

English settlement in modern day North Carolina, which seemed to disappear after three years

Joseph Lister

English surgeon who realized that things in the operating room should be sterilized

Puritans

English version of calvinists, wanted to get rid of "popish practices"

John Cabot (English)

English who discovered Newfoundland in 1497 and later New England, but no settlements were established

How Enlightened were Enlightened Monarchs

Enlightened Monarchs used the enlightenment to popularize their reforms, and were focused on progress and other enlightenment focuses. However, they did nothing that would undermine their authority: They were enlightened when it suited them

Frederick II of Prussia (the Great)

Enlightened ruler of Prussia who was involved in the War of Austrian Succession as well as the Seven Years War. He had many enlightened reforms, including Religious and philosophical freedom (except for jews), freedom of press and speech. This promotes the flow of knowledge through society, prevents the buildup of resentment towards the monarchy and also makes the country more productive. Officials of Prussia become known for their honesty and hard work, Frederick believed that everything should service the state (cameralism). Improves bureaucracy as well

Race and Enlightenment

Enlightened thinkers such as Hume and Kant turn their attention to the question of race, which is a growing issue with the greater exposure to different peoples. General consensus is that there are different species of man, with whites naturally superior

Ursuline order of Nuns

Established in 1535 by Angela Merici, order of nuns that focused solely on the education of women. This order spread to the New World

Frederick I "Ostentatious"

Establishes himself as the first king of Prussian Empire, also creates Sanssouci, the Prussian equivalent of Versailles.

Triangle Trade

Europe gives guns and textiles to Africa, Africa gives slaves to Americas, Americas gives products like cotton and tobacco to Europe

Intellectual Crisis

Europe thought they knew what the world was, but recent science undermines their beliefs. This leads to confusion, but also curiosity and more discoveries

Zionism

Europe will always be anti-simetic, jews need their own country. Founded by Theodore Herzl

New World Slave Trade

Europeans found that africans were better slave because they were resistant to European disease, and also because they were used to working hard. As a result, millions of slave were sent to the Americas to work, and became almost majorities in some places. Europeans also set up sugar plantations to be worked by these slaves in the americas

The Revival of Christianity post WWI

Europeans return to Christianity after WWI, believing in God helps many find meaning and purpose in a difficult era

Cycle of famine and disease

Every couple of years, there was famine and disease, pushing peasants to the brink of death. Inefficient farming methods, such as the open field system, contributed to this

Patriotic enthusiasm for WWI

Everyone is excited to go to war and sure that their country will win. Even the socialists support it in the beginning

The Directory

Executive branch of the 1795 constitution made up by 5 people

Jacques Cartier (French)

Explored the St. Lawrence region of Canada in 1534 looking for a passage to Asia

Henry Stanley

Explorer under Leopold II in the Congo, finds Dr. Livingston

Mercantilism

Exports over Imports to help increase total money. Used by Colbert to fund wars of Louis XIV

The Dual Threat (Summer of 1793)

External and Internal threats facing the Mountain-led government. External: Invasions from Prussia, Spain, Netherlands, Austria, HRE, all gaining positioning to attack France Internal: As of June, Paris is the only area still held by the National Convention, result of Vendée Revolts

The Black Hand

Extreme group who wants to create a greater Serbia with Bosnia and other balkan states. Franz wants these places to be independent, leads to his assassination

Popular Revolts

Extremely common during this time, and usually about the cost of bread. These died off during the 18th century because municipal governments were standardized and also local officials had military support when need form government

Cash and Carry FDR

FDR argues that trading with the allies will help the economy. Congress approves, US starts to side with the allies even though they have a non-aggression pact

FDRs New Deal

FDR goal is to support the economy, tries to do this by deficit spending in order to generate demand (Keynesian economics). This did ease the crisis, changed the relationship between the individual and government, but real changes in unemployment only came during WWII

Schlieffen Plan

Failed German WWI plan calling for a quick attack through Belgium to defeat France before turning to Russia, think that Russia will be slow to mobilize. Tries to make WWI two one front wars instead of one two front war. Also, keep some troops on the German French border to distract the French

Changes in Family life post 1850

Family life at this time stabilizes, illegitimacy decreases. Infant mortality goes down, so people care more about each kid, have less kids. Middle Class begins to marry more for love (companionate marriage)

Things that checked Medieval populations (3)

Famine, War, Disease

Mendelssohn

Famous jew who was at the center of the Haskalah, and thought that jews should keep their identity but should focus on assimilating to culture more

William Shakespeare

Famous playwrite who dealt with the issues of his time and human problems. One play, the Tempest, highlights issues of racial relations. His works reflect the ideas of cultural relativism

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy during WWII. Before WWI, worked for a socialist newspaper but was pro-war so he was kicked out. Creates the Italian Combat Squad in 1919, gains power in Italy in 1926 and creates the first Fascist state. Controlled the media and glorified war, and is almost worshipped in Italy

Rocket 1829

Fastest train for a bit, 24mph

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Father of empiricism who was a propagandist for the scientific method. Influenced the Royal Society (1660).

Vesalius (1516-1564)

Father of modern anatomy who started to dissect the human body, leads to the discovery of the circulatory system by Harvey. Writes On the Structure of the Human Body in 1543

Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789

Fearing an attack on the city from the mass of troops at Versailles, hundreds of Parisians storm Bastille, a royal prison in order to obtain weapons. As a result, Louis XVI restores Necker and also dismisses the troops. Lafayette restores order to France. This event ends the divine right of monarchs

Second International (1889-1914)

Federation of national socialist parties that debated issues in Europe.

Robert Koch

Figures out the life cycle of bacteria, and helps to develop anti-toxins. Founder of Immunology

Act of Secularization 1803

Final act of HRE, contributes to forming large states from small ones, provokes Austria because it is no longer super dominant. Prussia benefits. Leads to the War of the 3rd Coalition

French/International Phase (1635-48)

Final phase of the 30YW which saw more French involvement, finally leading to peace in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia

Colbert (1618-1683)

Financial minister of Louis XIV, and used mercantilist policies to fund Louis XIV and his wars. Colbert imports skilled workers to create new industries, and supports existing industries like the textile industry. Colbert also improves infrastructure to improve trade, and promoted colonization of Canada for more resources. Colbert wanted to make France more self-sufficient. Unfortunately, could not keep up with cost of wars, but he did create a prosperous commercial class

Seating Quarrel and Deadlock

First Estate refuses to conduct business until ordered to by the king, Second Estate wants the existing structure, and the Third Estate wants everyone to sit together and have each person get one vote, not one per estate. As a result, the Third Estate portion became the National Assembly, sweating the Oath of the Tennis Court three days later

Battle of Sedan

First battle of the Franco Prussian War, Napoleon III is captured, devastating French defeat

Battle of the Somme (July-Oct 1916)

First battle with tanks, failed British strategy leads to mass casualties, and made Britain realize the need for total war. Lord Horatio Kitchener lead the charge

Battle of Tannenberg

First huge German victory in 1914, lead by Hindenburg and Ludendorff

James I

First of Four Stewart kings, comes after Elizabeth I. He believes his power stems from the divine, and he lacks the public touch that Elizabeth I had. Public does not like him. Feels threatened by Puritans and religious dissenters, tries to standardize religion through King James Bible

Portugal Commercial Empire

First of the large commercial empires, which controlled the sea route to India and its goods including spices, textiles, slaves, sugar, ivory, horses, and gold

Quebec 1608

First permanent French settlement

Ferdinand Magellen (Spanish)

First person to circumnavigate the globe, and did so under the Spanish Crown (Charles V) from 1519-1522. He died in the Philippines, and only 18 members of his original crew made it back after three years. This made everyone realize that the world was larger than previously thought

Stage I of Italian Unification

First phase of Cavour's plan, War with Austria. Cavour gets Austria to attack first by doing military drills at the border, and Italy wins at the Battle of Magenta. Napoleon III helps S&P, but he quickly leaves, fearing that French RC will criticize him for helping an enemy of the pope. Ends with Treaty of Villafranca

Bohemian Phase (1618-25)

First phase of the 30YW which was started by the Defenestration of Prague. This phase was focused on the civil war in Bohemia, and saw Protestant defeat in battles such as at the Battle of White Mountain

Stage I: Aristocratic Revolution (1787-1789)

First stage of the French Revolution, characterized by the dismissal of Louis XVI tax plan, and leads to the calling of the Estates General

German Unification Stage I

First step in the unification of Germany, and includes the Schleswig Holstein Affair, The Austro Prussian War 1866, and the creation of the North German Confederation. Bismarck is central to this stage

Amerigo Vespucci (Spanish)

First to realize that the land that Columbus found was not Asia, but a different continent, and published his findings in Mundus Novus, or New World in 1503

Catherine of Aragon

First wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Bloody Mary instead of a boy. Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella and related to Charles V

Joséphine de Beauharnais

First wife of Napoleon who cheated on him while he was in Egypt. Napoleon loved her and forgave her, but later divorced her because she would not produce an heir (Married Marie Louise)

Galileo (1564-1642)

Florentine who challenged the old thought about motion. Developed the experimental method, law of inertia, as well helps to develop the telescope. He proves heliocentrism and makes it irrefutable. Funded by Pope Urban VIII, writes Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the World 1632. The book makes fun of the Church's view, and Urban forces Galileo to recant. Galileo was very christian, did not think of what he was doing as going against the Church

Peasant Village leisure and rec

Focused around an oral culture. Stories and songs were a big part of entertainment, as well as taverns

Frederick William I "Soldier's King"

Followed in footsteps by establishing absolutism by eliminating all competing forms of government. FW I built a good bureaucracy, taxed everyone without consent (not just Junkers), Increased the army size from 30K to 80K (fourth largest), and also creates a productive economy by renting out his army. Transforms Prussia into a force to be reckoned with

Post WWI European World View

Following WWI, Europe was in a state of disorientation, pessimism, and anxiety. The rise of dictators, the Great Depression, and new philosophies made things worse

Constitutionalism

Form of government in which a country is ruled by a group of people who's power is limited by law. In this form of gov't, the power also stems from the people, balance of power between government and the people. This is not a democracy

Socialism

Form of government that advocates a more communal and equal community (equal economic opportunity). Abolishes private property, and has a government run economy because competition leads to selfishness. Centers in France in the 1830s and 40s, starts with Rousseau's criticism of unequal distribution. Maximum prices edict and a planned economy are examples

Debt Peonage

Form of serfdom in the colonies that allows a rancher to keep slaves as long as they sometimes gave them food, shelter, and money

Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)

Former slave who inspires the Abolition Movement in England. Christian

Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius Loyola, helped to strengthen catholicism in Europe by improving people's spiritual condition. Soldiers of Jesus, and were loyal to the pope

Dutch East India Company

Founded in 1602 to steal the spice trade from the Portuguese

Angela Mereci

Founder of the Ursuline order of nuns, which focused on the education of women

Viceroyalties ruled by Viceroys

Four units of Spanish possessions, each ruled by a viceroy: New Spain, New Grenada, Peru, and La Plata

The Battle of the Marne (Sept 6-9, 1914)

France and GB were able to halt Germany advancing into France, leads to heavy trench warfare and casualties

The French 3rd Republic 1871 - 1914

France at this time recovered from the brutal defeat during the Franco-Prussian War, including having to deal with the Paris Commune

1923 Ruhr Crisis

France invades the Rhineland and forces German workers to work and pay off the debt assigned to Germany at the Treaty of Versailles. Invaded in the first place because Germany said that they could not pay the debt, and default on their loans. Germans see this as an invasion of sovereignty, and stop working, making France look like a bully. Finally, Stresemann and Poincare agree to restructure German debt. Many Germans mad at Stresemann for paying concessions to the French

French state after H-V war

France lost the H-V war, and was in need of money. To raise money, they sold offices and also signed the Concordat of Bologna

Marquis de Louvois (Tellier)

France secretary of war. He increased the size of the standing army from 2K to 240K by forcing people to join. He also standardized equipment, and brought in famous drill master Martinet to discipline the army

Spain Crisis/Peninsular Wars 1807-1813

France tries to take over Portugal because they are trading with Britain, and the Continental System isn't working as a result. French army sets up camp in Spain, Spain doesn't like this. Spanish monarchy in disarray, Napoleon takes over Spain, easier to deal with. This triggers a nationalistic response, and creates the Peninsular War (1808-1813), France has to retreat. This triggers revolts across the French Empire

War of the First Coalition (April 1792)

France vs Austria and HRE. France declares war in fear that Louis XVI will get help, to spread the revolution, and to increase power. France gets lucky because Austria is distracted by the Three Partitions of Poland. Britain and Prussia join to help the Coalition, but it soon collapses and France remains in the hands of revolutionaries. Battle of Valmy led by Dumouriez, France wins

French Plan in Africa

France wants to move east to west in Africa, challenged by the British

FR motivation for 30 Years War

France, although they were a Catholic state, supported German States in the war because they wanted to weaken the Habsburg Dynasty. This was especially important for France, because it shared almost all of its borders with Habsburgs

Advocated for inductive reasoning

Francis Bacon

Concordat of Bologna 1516

Francis I of France and Rome signed this, making France an official catholic nation and also giving France the right to appoint clergy. This allows them to cut costs, and allows them to dip into their salaries

North American Enlightenment

Franklin, Jefferson. Both Deists

Frederick II and Jews

Frederick II would not meet with Mendelssohn because he was Jewish, and discriminates against jews. Says only a certain amount of Jews in Berlin, have to be registered

Fredrick William I gets rid of Junkers

Frederick William I gives Junkers high ranking military positions, which means that they are focused on the army and ranks instead of powers struggle. Similar model of dealing with nobles that Louis XIV had.

Necker (French Economic Minister)

French Economic Minister after Turgot. Fired, and then re-hired by Louis XVI in 1788 before calling the Estates General, then fired again because he was too sympathetic to the masses.

Turgot (French Economic Minister)

French Economic Minister under Louis XVI, replaced by Necker. He was a Physiocrat, and wanted to abolish guilds, tax all land owners, abolish corveé and not support the US in their revolution.

Pierre de Brazza 1880

French Explorer who is commissioned by France to create a French territory, creates Brazzaville on the Congo river. Result of Leopold II seizing territory

General Joffre

French General who came up with plan 17

Robespierre

French Revolutionary who used his position as the head of the Committee of Public Safety to effectively rule France. Part of the Reign of Terror, eventually executed

Plan 17

French WWI plan created by General Joffre to recapture Alsace Lorraine

May 1917 Mutiny

French army mutinies during WWI under Clemenceau, he is replaced with Petain who regains control

Louis Pasteur

French chemist who discovers germ theory while studying fermentation

Paris as the center of the Enlightenment

French is the international language. Laws are not too harsh against speaking your mind as in Russia, not non-existent like in England. Becomes almost sexy, promotes enlightened culture

Elan

French military style in WWI

La Marseillaise

French national anthem, song of the revolution. Anthem of freedom

Jules Ferry

French official who helped Bismarck run the Berlin Conference on Africa, effort to rebuild German French relations

Assignats

French paper money issued by the National Assembly

Bossouet

French philosopher who believed that the king is the absolute authority, not restricted

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

French philosopher who invented Analytical geography and Cartesian Dualism, which he named after himself. Had a mechanistic view of the universe. "I think, therefore I am"

Georges Clemenceau

French rep. in the Treaty of Versailles, very hard on the Germans

Montreal 1642

French settlement founded in 1642

Louis Blanc

French utopian socialist who wrote Organization of Work (1839). Wanted a strong government that could guarantee the right to work to all citizens, and protect those unable to work. Supported by the Chartist movement

Huguenot Church

French version of calvinism

Michel de Montaigne

Frenchman who founded essays in 1580, which reflected skepticism and cultural relativism. His essay "Of Cannibals" rejects the idea that european culture is superior

European Population growth and standard of living from 1350-1700

From 1350-1500, those who survived the Black Death see a better standard of living. Less labor, peasants are able to negotiate towards wage labor, and there are also more resources for each person. 1500, population increases, so standard of living goes down. 1600, population and standard of living stay constant, but 1700 explosion that is still going on

Stages of the Reformation

From 1517-55, Protestantism was on the move. (95 theses, Diet of Worms, Confession of Augsburg, Peace of Augsberg, Act of Supremacy..). From 1545-, Catholicism on the Defense. (Pope Paul III, Holy Office, Council of Trent, Ursuline order, Jesuits).

Hope in European Affairs post WWI (1924-1929

From 1924-1929 there was a period of hope in Europe, and it looked like Europe would fully recover from WWI. These things paves the way for unity: 1 Dawes Plan 2 Locarno Agreements 3 1926 Germany joins the League of Nations 4 Kellogg Briand Pact 5 Young Plan Ended with the Great Depression

Race between production and population GB (1780-1850)

GNP increases by 400%, and population goes from 9 million to 21 million. More people means more demand for food, jobs, goods

Used telescope to prove Copernicus's theory. Formulated the laws of physics like inertia.

Galileo

Lafayette

General for France in the american revolution, favors a constitutional monarchy in France. Restores order after the Storming of the Bastille and also the Women's March on Versailles

Hindenburg and Ludendorff

German Generals who sort of take over control of Germany during WWI, control the army

German States motivation for 30 Years War

German States wanted to retain the sovereignty gained through the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, including Protestantism

Sinking of the Lusitania (May 1915)

German U-boats sink the Lusitania going from the US to GB, killing over 100 US citizens. Helps sway US opinion towards war, Germany stops unrestricted submarine warfare as a result

Auxiliary Service Law (1917)

German WWI law that required all males between 17-60 only at jobs that helped the war effort

Fritz Harkort

German mechanical genius who brings tech and factories to Germany, helps them catch up to GB

Helmuth von Moltke

German military official under Bismarck during the Franco and Austro Prussian war who used new army tactics, including using trains to move soldiers and supplies

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher after WWI who challenges, faith, progress, and reason. Believes that Christianity is a facade, rationality stifles men's inner drive and creativity, and that modern morality has lead to the decline of the west. Also believes that human existence is meaningless

Charles V vs German Prince revolt

German princes formed a military alliance after the Imperial Diet, and Charles started to fight them in 1546. The pope switched sides (Charles V to German princes) so that HRE would not have too much power. Ended in the peace of Augsberg

German rulers and Lutherism

German rulers saw Lutherism as a way to become more wealthy (did not hold land)

Mutiny at Keel (Nov 4, 1918)

German sailors refuse to fight when they know they have lost, leads to a mutiny, sparks an uprising and Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates

September 1 1939

Germany Invades Poland, effectively starting WWII

The German Empire 1871 - 1914

Germany focuses on internal issues, and their policy changes as Bismarck is forced to step down from his position as chancellor

Germany Invades Belgium (August 1914)

Germany invades Belgium in August 1914, gets bogged up in war, not an easy defeat as anticipated. Part of the failure of the Schlieffen plan. Britain declares war the next day on Germany

Europe Balance of Power post-Franco Prussian War

Germany is now the most powerful in Continental Europe, the power of France is reduced. Comes after the Franco Prussian War

Zimmerman Telegram (March 1917)

Germany proposes an alliance with Mexico if US does not stay neutral, allowing Mexico to capture the southern states of the US. This is intercepted by England and sent to the US, one of the last straws for the US

Germany's gamble January 1917

Germany revisits unrestricted submarine warfare because they are starving, and this leads to US entry into the war

Germany's Dilemma

Going into WWI, Germany could be facing a two front war (Russia and France). Comes up with the Schlieffen Plan

Three Gs

Gold, God, Glory. Center of exploration for European Empires

German philosopher and mathematician known for optimistic view of the universe

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Weimar Republic

Government put into place by socialists after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm, work within the existing government framework, not as radical as Russian government

Other Reforms of the National Assembly

Government standardizes things because each region has its own confusing laws. Also, takes church property, giving government the money it needs and also diminishes the church's authority

Government sponsorship

Governments such as Portugal and Spain became eager to expand their empires, and to find alternative routes of trade. Because of this, they were willing to sponsor expeditions

Khedive Ismail 1863

Grandson of Muhammad Ali, european educated, felt that Egypt was part of Europe. Builds the Suez Canal, and spends too much money on public works, too idealistic, making Egypt in debt. Downfall of Egypt

Napoleon III

Grandson of Napoleon I, comes to power in the vacuum left by Louis Philippe. Creates the Second French Republic, and leads the Coup d'etat of 1851 and 1852. Hugely important and loses power after the Franco Prussian War of 1870.

Labor Party

Great Depression makes the Labor Party more popular, Revisionist socialism, work within the system, not change it all together (Loyal opposition). Lead by Ramsay MacDonald

Congress System of Europe

Great Powers of Europe agree to meet periodically to avoid a major war, work out problems and differences. Established at the Congress of Vienna

Townspeople Diet

Great variety of food because they could afford it. Not a lot of problems, started to include exotic goods that became cheaper with the Colonies (sugar, chocolate, tea). Best of the three diets

Things needed for Sovereignty (4) GIIG

Greater revenue. Improved bureaucracy helps to keep tabs on the people (know who and where to tax). Improved military helps to assert authority. Greater ability to force obedience centralizes power, stable state, get rid of nobles. Constitutional and absolute monarchies had different ways of getting these things, but rulers liked to use Chief Ministers to help them run the government

Cahiers

Grievances submitted to the government from the Estates General, usually advocating enlightened concepts like liberty and equality

Genevan Consistory

Group of common people and pastors in Geneva in charge of investigating and disciplining those who did not follow proper christian conduct. This group killed Michael Servetus

Philosophes

Group of french intellectuals who applied the scientific method to the social and political world. Used reason, wanted progress, had things they wanted to understand/change. Philosophes include Montesquieu, Arouet, Chatelet, Diderot, Rosseau, Hume, Smith, and Kant

Assembly of Notables 1787

Group of notable french people called together by Louis XVI to support and increase support for his Tax Proposal 1787. They say no because they want more power, Louis dismisses them

Luddites

Group of people who are against technology, destroyed machines being built, led by "King Ludd"

Guilds

Groups of artisans/merchants who have the exclusive right to sell their product in the region/city. This helped to control quality, but this monopoly made prices high and discouraged creativity as well as limit overall production. Guilds also held the exclusive right to train apprentices and hire works

Red Shirts

Guerrilla army of Guiseppe Garibaldi who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the peasants

1813 Repeal of 1563 Guild law

Guild law in GB is repealed, gets rid of guilds and promoted competition. Skilled laborers do not like this

Main points of Treaty of Versailles (GARRGLe)

Guilt clause dis-Armenent Reparations Rhineland German territories, including Rhineland League of Nations, mandates

Henrí of Guise

Guise noble who killed Gaspard de Coligny, and fought in the war of the three Henrís. He was a pawn of the Spanish

Reasons for Spanish Victory

Guns, Germs, and Steel. The germs wreaked havoc, and even killed Atahualpa's father, and the superior weaponry gave them a clear advantage. Also, the Spanish once again were underestimated

HRE motivation for 30 Years War

HRE wanted to restore Germany to pre-reformation, German States a subordinate part of HRE, also eliminate protestantism in the German States

Grand Alliance

HRE, Dutch, English, Austrians, Prussians all combine forces to prevent the Spanish and French crowns from combining during the War of Spanish succession

Seven Years War (1756-1764)

HRE, France, Russia against Prussia and Britain. HRE and others target Prussia, and Prussia is able to come out of the war with all of its territory. Does so because Peter III of Russia withdraws when he comes to power, and Britain comes to Prussia's aid to balance the power.

Spain's Wars

Habsburg Valois wars, Dutch revolt, 30 years war, War between Philip II and Elizabeth I, War of Spanish Succession. War exhausts spanish resources

Common identity of the Habsburg States

Habsburg states developed a sense of common identity, fueled by the german language and Catholicism

The Challenge Studying the Common People of the 17 and 18th Century

Hard to study people because there are a lack of records. Historians have focused on the parish records for marriage, death, and birth information

Spinning Jenny 1765

Hargreaves makes this, allows spinners to spin multiple threads at once. This angers the spinners because ti decreases the value of each spinner

Sovereignty

Having a monopoly over the use of force. This means that a country is not undermined by competing institutions (other courts or police). This also means that the country's authority is not limited by a foreign power. During the 17th century, countries adopted either absolutism or constitutionalism to protect their sovereignty

The Colonial Enlightenment

Heavily influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment, main two people were Franklin and Jefferson. The Enlightenment thrived in the Colonies

Archduke Francis (Franz) Ferdinand

Heir to the AH throne who believed in trialism, assassinated in the Third Balkan War by the Black Hand. Serb nationalists feel threatened by him

Magnetic Compass

Helped navigators determine their direction and position at sea

Dissolution of the Monastaries under Henry VIII

Henry VIII dissolved the english monastaries, enriching his wealth as well as the wealth of the elite

"Chicken in every pot on Sunday"

Henrí IV concerned about the needs of peasants, wants to help them

War of the three Henrís

Henrí of Navarre vs Henrí of Guise vs Henrí of Valois (1584-89). Henrí of Valois is killed, and the 1989, Politique decide Henrí of Navarre should be king. This is because he has the support of the people, Henrí of Valois is dead, and Henrí of Guise is a pawn of the spanish.

Dutch Commercial Prosperity Reasons (7)

High standard of living, religious toleration (skilled muslims and jews), Bank of Amsterdam (started stock market), fishing, ship building, protestant ideals (all work is good work), Dutch East India Company (monopoly of spice trade)

Boyars

Highest ranking members of the Russian nobility, fought over who was Tsar during the Time of Troubles

Beer Hall Putsch 1923

Hitler and Ludendorff of the Nazi party try to seize power from the Weimar Republic. Fails miserably and Hitler flees and is later arrested, and rights Mein Kampf in jail

Godesburg Ultimatum

Hitler declares that he will attack if the minorities of Czechoslovakia do not go back to their own country. Leads to the Munich Agreement

Popularity of Hitler

Hitler improves the economy with the demand of war products, and unemployment all but vanishes. The taking away of property and money from Jews also benefits the "pure" jews. He also created equal opportunities for ethnic Germans, tore down regional identities

Rhineland 1936

Hitler marches German troops into the demilitarized Rhineland

Night of the Long Knives 1934

Hitler orders SS officials to assassinate SA members (leaders of the military), seizing control of the military

Sudentenland Crisis

Hitler says that Germans in the Czech area (Sundentenland) are being oppressed, and he wants to annex the territory. Negotiates with Chamberlain, and each time he ups the anti. Eventually declares he wants all the ethnic groups to be granted autonomy for reasons of self-determination. Munich Agreement ends the crisis and Czechoslovakia is broken up

The Anschluss 1938

Hitler uses legal means to annex Austria. Mock vote and many want to be part of Germany

Leopold Hohenzollern

Hohenzollern that is part of the Spanish Throne Question in the 1870s. Bismarck wants him to be the next king in order to provoke France

Pluralism

Holding of multiple church positions, which lead to absenteeism

Home Rule for Ireland (Sept 1914)

Home rule for Ireland helps relations between Britain and Ireland. Northern Ireland stays part of Britain, they are protestant

The reality of modern war

Huge demands on the home front for materials and labor. Reduction in civil liberties and also more price controls. Puts a lot of pressure on citizens

The Crystal Palace

Huge palace built to host the world fair in Britain in 1851. Showcases things from around the world, and would not have been possible to build without the industrial revolution. At this time, Britain's economy was booming, on top of the world

Navarre Family

Huguenot family in France, enemies with Guise. Gaspard de Coligny is a Navarre, and was head of the Huguenot military. Henrí IV was a Navarre

"A mighty fortress is our god"

Hymn created by Luther that promotes Lutherism

Crop Rotation

Idea of rotating crops through different fields to replenish nutrients to the fields. Pioneered by Townsend

Wrote: What is Enlightenment? and On different Races of Man

Immanuel Kant

John Locke

Important British philosopher who writes Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. Says that all ideas are derived from experience. Also wrote Two Treatises of Government. Enlightened thinker

John Maynard Keynes

Important economist during WWI who argued that the Treaty of Versailles was a bad move, and the thing that Europe needed was a strong Germany.

Emile Zola

Important realist writer

July Ordinances

Imposed by Charles X of France, dissolves the chamber of deputies, censors the press, takes away Bourgeoise vote, takes away the Charter of 1814. These cause the July Revolution of 1830

Navigation Acts 1652

Imposed by Cromwell, say that trade to British colonies must be carried out on British ships. Mercantilism, does not want to lose trade to the Dutch

Russia in the 1850s

In 1850, 90% of Russia population was serfs, and Tsar Nicolas ruled. Poor, no interest in developing, and only one railroad

Crimean War 1853-1855

In 1853, Tsar Nicolas seizes control of Ottoman territory (Armenia) for the purpose of a warm water port, and also because they seem themselves as the protector of orthodox christianity. Britain comes to the aid of the Ottomans in order to protect their naval dominance, and Napoleon III decides to aid Britain to improve relations with them. First war photography

Reluctant Factory workers Industrial Rev

In factories, conditions were horrible and there was no control over pace. One person did not make something from start to finish, so there was a lost sense of achievement. People worked because they couldn't support families any other way

Bolshevik Coup attempt (July 1917)

In petrograd, Lenin and the Bolsheviks start a riot. Army stands by the local government, this is why the Coup fails. Lenin flees to Finland, Trotsky is jailed, provisional government and the army prevails

Role of Great Britain in the slave trade

In the 1700s, was a major part of the slave trade. Later, people started to think the slave trade was not christian, also inspired by Olaudah Equiano, who led the Abolition Movement. In 1807, slave trade was abolished in England

Hitler's Rise to Power

In the 1920s, Hitler and the Nazis are not as appealing because things are looking good for Germany. The Depression changes this, and people start to look to the Nazi Party. In 1933, elected Chancellor under Hindenburg, and takes control after his death in 1934. In 1933, Hitler blames a fire on the socialists, pursuading Hindenburg and the people to sacrifice some human rights. Enabling Act 1933 reduces opposition, as does the Night of the Long Knives

Pre WWI European World View

In the years leading up to WWI, there was a ton of optimism, reason, progress, logical universe based on Newtons Physics, human rights. Also nationalism, faith in governments (expansion of franchise and liberal reform)

German Unification Stage II

In this stage, Bismarck focuses on getting the four German states. Does so via Franco Prussian War

Goals of Portuguese Expansion

Included military glory, conversion of muslims, gold, slaves, and spices. Basically the three Gs

Peter's Reforms

Increases military power, beard tax to undermine orthodox christian authority, westernizes Russia (changes game), St. Petersburg is capital (changes game), distracts Boyars, and centralizes authority

Major Medieval Trade Networks (6)

Indian Ocean, China, India, Africa, Ottoman&Persian Empires, and the Italian middle man. No one dominated, and Europe was a small part of trade

Negative Aspects of British Rule in India

Indians were subjugated, no legal equality as well as a loss of sovereignty. Cash crop economy caused famines, upwards of 25 million died. Also, Extraction of Indian wealth without repayment

Empiricism

Inductive reasoning, fathered by Bacon, acquiring information through experiments and observations. Opposite is Cartesian Dualism

Was the industrial revolution a good thing?

Industrial revolution had its pros and cons, and it has shaped our society into what it is today

Child Rearing Ind. Rev

Infant care became increasingly important, and books came out about how to raise children. As mortality dropped and the economy boomed, family sizes dropped. Over concern

Rasputin

Influential friend of Alexandra and Nicolas II who is murdered by the aristocracy in the December Assassination 1916

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Influential political thinker who wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. Grew up in the German Confederation, father converted from Judaism to Christianity to help him gain access to better education. Thrown out of Germany for criticizing the Tsar, relies on the aid of Friedrich Engel in England

Initial Response to Western Imperialism

Initial response is resistance, but European force always prevailed

Boxer Rebellion 1900-1903

Initially supported by the government, this movement was anti-foreigners. This was a traditionalist response, thousands killed

July Revolution of 1830

Inspired by the July Ordinances, the Bourgeoise and working class unite to overthrow Charles X, but they have different goals. Louis Philippe is elected. Result of this revolt are many revolutions across the continent, most immediately in Belgium and Poland

Abandonment of Children during the 18th century

Instead of killing their kids (Infanticide), many dropped off their unwanted kids to churches and Foundling Hospitals. 1/3 babies in Paris were abandoned

The Enlightenment

Intellectual and cultural movement inspired by the Scientific Revolution in the late 17th-18th century. Focused on reason (rationalism), use of the scientific method, and progress. Eventually leads to the Dual Revolution. During this time, ideas spread, and important people pioneered philosophies concerning economics as well the government

Jethro Tull

Invents a plow that uses horses instead of oxen, selective breeding of animals, and also invented the seed drill. Important part of the improvements in agriculture

Ireland 1871 - 1914

Ireland at this time is concerned with home rule, and with the help of William Gladstone, they finally get it

Easter Rebellion (April 1916)

Ireland tries to revolt against Britain during the war, and they are crushed. Britain does not want a two front war, have zero tolerance. Adds to poor Irish-British relations

Principe Mathematica. Introduced the law of universal gravitation. Which synthesized previous findings of motions and matter.

Isaac Newton

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henrí IV in 1598, which grants Huguenots liberty in France (religious toleration).

Brunswick Manifesto (July 1792)

Issued by Prussian Prince, message that Prussia will destroy Paris if the king is harmed. Same as the Declaration of Pillnitz, same response from France: war

Army Order #1

Issued by the Petrograd Soviet, stripped army officers of their authority and placed power in the ands of elected committees of common soldiers

Vittorio Orlando

Italian rep. in the Treaty of Versailles

Italy in 1850

Italy at the time is a "geographic expression," split up into many kingdoms including Sardinia and Piedmont, Papal States, Kingdom of Two Sicilies, and Lombardy & Venitia (Austrian). Northern and Southern Italy were culturally different, and there were disagreements around unification, especially with Austria holding Italian territory

Time of Troubles (1598-1613)

Ivan IV dies with no clear heir, so Boyars fight about who will be the next Tsar. Cossacks and peasants also rebel during this time, which brought the nobles together. They elected Michael Romanov to be the next Tsar

Pearl Harbor (Dec 7 1941)

Japan bombs Pearl Harbor because of the oil embargo placed on them by the US. This draws the US into WWII

Sino Japanese War 1894-1895

Japan crushes China in this war. Reveals the weakness of the Qing empire in China

Japanese Invasion story

Japan had been isolated, and all the sudden Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the US showed up with military power and forced them to trade. Japan overthrew their government, created a shogunate, and modeled their country after European countries in order to become powerful. Defeat Russia in Russo-Japanese War to prove their might

1933 League of Nations

Japan, Italy, and Germany all withdraw from the League of Nations because they will not let Germany re-arm

Russo-Japanese War 1904-5

Japanese occupy a Russian port in China, leads to war. Japan demolishes Russia, shows that Russia is weak and this is a national embarrassment for Russia

Wrote the Social contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Haskalah

Jewish Enlightenment, led by Mendelssohn

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Jewish philosopher, felt the restraints of society. Believes that human behavior is the result of the fragile balance between our id (primal feelings), superego (what you know is right), and ego (part that mediates id and super ego). Comes up with the talking cure where people just talk about their lives and their dreams. Worked mostly with women, his ideas took off in the World

Night of the Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) 1938

Jewish stores and communities are destroyed and a few Jews are killed, beginning of the end of Jewish relations in Germany

European Jews & Anti-Semitism

Jews had long been the source of blame for mistakes, including the fall of WWI and the black death. Steps have been made, including the emancipation of Jews in 1840.

Used Brahe's data to prove Copernicus's theory mathematically. United mathematics and natural philosophy for the first time.

Johannes Kepler

Essay Concerning Human Understanding also The Two Treatises of government

John Locke

Joseph II and Jews

Joseph II gave religious toleration to jews in HRE, and promoted integration

National Assembly 1789

June 17, Third Estate portion of the Estates General broke off and this was formed, believed in popular sovereignty. 1/3 of the other estates joined them, and they swore the Oath of the Tennis Court three days later

Oath of the Tennis Court 1789

June 20, Oath taken by National Assembly swearing that they would not disband until there was a new constitution. Had a constitutional monarchy in mind

Crusading Impulse and religious fervor

Just before the start of exploration, christianity had been established on the Iberian Peninsula, and the feeling to spread christianity still lingered. The Ottomans and Persians were too strong to defeat, so finding new places was the only way to spread christianity

"Religion is the Opiate of the masses"

Karl Marx Quote

Russian military coup (Sept 1917)

Kerensky arms the Bolsheviks to fight against the threatening Russian army, leads to the Red Revolution

Intolerance (examples)

Killing of Anabaptists in Munster is an example of this.

War of Spanish Succession

King Charles I of Spain dies without an heir, and it was agreed between France and HRE that the empire would be divided (1698 Agreement). Charles II left the empire to Philip of Anjou (1700), the grandson of Louis XIV. France are ok with this, but HRE is not because it would combine Spain and France. Grand Alliance is formed in 1701, and the war is ended in 1713 with the Peace of Utrecht

Books associated with James I (4)

King James bible, book of sports, demonology, true law of free monarchy

Charles X (1824-1830)

King after Louis XVIII, wanted to re-establish the old order in France , a true reactionary. Imposes the July Ordinances, and takes over Algeria to try and gain support. Overthrown in the July Revolution of 1830

Henry VIII

King of England that created the Anglican Church under the Act of Supremacy, Married Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour. Father of Elizabeth I and Bloody Mary

Francis I

King of France during H-V wars, formed the Concordat of Bologna

Louis XIV "Sun king" (1643-1715)

King of France for a very long time and increased absolutism. Well educated, and studied the art of state building and government. Rules slyly, and sets up France in a way to show his power (Palace of Versailles), and saw everyone as his subjects (absolutism). Toward nobles, Louis made them dependent on him, and preoccupied trying to win his favor that they forgot about power struggles (snitch state). Everyone trying to be in his favor. Also revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685

King Charles XII

King of Sweden during Great Northern War

Kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia

Kingdom in Italy under Victor Emmanuel and Count Cavour, is the unifier in Italian unification from 1850-60

Increasing hierarchy and regulation

Kings and monarchs start to control churches more and more. This made peasants upset, because they felt it was an invasion of their privacy, churches were the center of peasant life

Omdurman 1898

Kitchener goes against Sudanese forces in the Race to Fashoda. Kitchener wins by a ton, seems like an execution, shows Europe's superiority

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Known as "the sword" of Italian unification, leader of the Red Shirts. Attacked the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and united southern Italy

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

Known as the "Brain" of Italian unification, originally wants to unite Northern Italy. Important government official under Victor Emmanuel, the king of Piedmont Sardinia. To unite Italy, he tries to show that Piedmont and Sardinia is a constitutional monarchy and increases the army, which scares France and Austria. He sides with France (Plombieres 1858)

Sans-culotte

Laboring poor of Paris, so called because of their battered attire. Word came to refer to the militant radicals during the Revolution

Tory party

Land aristocracy and old nobles made up this party, most influential from 1789-1820s. Passed the Corn Laws and Six Acts

Battle of Leipzig (Oct 1813)

Largest Battle pre-WWI, during the War of the 6th Coalition. Napoleon loses, forced back within his natural boundaries

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

Largest party in Germany and is socialist, but is not very radical or motivated because the German government is cooperative and there is not much need for reform

German Spring Offensive (Mar 1918)

Last ditch offensive by Germany (Ludendorff and Hindenburg), stopped 35 miles from Paris. Stopped by US entrance in April

Louis Philippe "Citizen King"

Last king of France, came into power after the July Revolution of 1830. Increases suffrage to 70,000 more, but ignores the working class. Also ends censorship, and tried to work for the people. Overthrown in 1848

Edict of Restitution

Law created by Ferdinand II which restored all properties lost to Catholicism to were given to Catholic nobles. Also, only Catholics and Lutherans were allowed to practice their faiths. This shows HRE trying to centralize authority through Catholicism

Law of Inertia

Law formulated by Galileo that states that motion is the natural state of an object. Objects in motion stay in motion

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 1790)

Law passed by National Assembly that says that the government elects the priests, and that priests must swear loyalty to the state, diminishes the power of the pope. This angers the clergy and the peasants, because it makes the church a branch of government. Catalyst the counter-revolutions to come

Russian Economic Reforms of (1890s-1914) (2)

Lead by Sergei Witte under Alexander III and later Nicolas II, puts Russia on the gold standard, builds more RR including the Trans-Siberian RR, encourages foreigner to come in an invest in Russia

John Wesley (1703-1791)

Leader of Methodism, who preached in open fields that everyone can be saved, spreading a message of hope and joy across England

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of Parliament during the Interregnum. Cromwell rules militarily, disbands parliament, and bans all fun and games (puritan beliefs). Rules like a tyrant, and is not well liked as a result. Lead an army of forces against Ireland because of their catholicism, resulting in the Massacre at Drogheda in 1649. Established the Navigation acts. After his death, England went back to a Monarchy

King William I (1861)

Leader of Prussia during German Unification. Three military reforms: Mandatory service, creation of 39 regiments, increased military spending. Calls up Otto von Bismarck to help unite Germany

Karl Lueger

Leader of the Christian Socialist Party, anti-simetic leader that influenced a young Hitler in Germany

Walter Rathenau

Leader of the KRA in Germany during WWI

Alexander Kerensky and his mistakes (4)

Leader of the liberal provisional government created as a result of the Feb/March Revolution. Four flaws: 1 Empties out the political jail, socialists set free who do not agree with him 2 Plans for another offensive in WWI, continues war 3 Does no redistribute land to the poor 4 Does no make food more affordable (Bread)

Stenka Razin

Leads Cossack Rebellion of 1670 and establishes the Cossack republic, and dies as a result.

Europe After 30 Years' War

Leads to significant military building across Europe, modeled after Gustavus Adolphus' army in Sweden. Standing armies were created with training manuals, and standardized equipment and uniforms. Increased taxes helped to pay for this

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Learned about inoculation as a cure for smallpox in the Ottoman Empire, and brought the knowledge to Europe

Prussia during German unification

Led by King William I and his assisstant, Otto von Bismarck.

Estates General (July 1788)

Legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of three estates. Called into session by Louis XVI for the first time since 1614. The members of this assembly were voted on by tax paying men, and each estate got a vote, even though the third estate vastly outnumbered the other two. This group contributed to the government by submitting Cahiers

New Economic Policy 1921

Lenin realizes that Soviet Union is in trouble economically, If security is threatened, people will revolt. Union is still new after the Revolution. This plan creates small scale capitalism, limited economic freedom (sell crops). Also allows for private traders and manufacturers are able to sell a little of what they make. Result is the economy stabilizes, was a success, Russia makes a full recovery in 1926

Leon Trotsky

Lenin supporter who brilliantly executed Bolshevik seizure of power in Petrograd

Bolsheviks

Lenin's radical revolutionary arm of the Russian party of Marxist socialism, which successfully installed a socialist regime in Russia under Lenin

Leopold II invasion of the Congo 1876

Leopold II invades Congo and creates the Congo Free State ruled by himself. Henry Stanley goes to claim the territory, also finds Dr. Livingston. Leopold II exploits the colony for rubber, which is in high demand, pays for them using guns

The King's letters (November 20, 1792)

Letters from Louis XVI To Austria, telling the country to gather troops and emigres for an attack. These were discovered, and Louis was tried and executed for treason in January 1973. Girondins wanted to spare him but the Mountain wanted to kill him, and this issue divided the Jacobins in the National Convention

Charter of 1814

Liberal Constitutional Monarchy created in France under this, created from the Congress of Vienna. Kept many of Napoleon's reforms, creates a Chamber of Deputies (aristocrats, professionals) and Peers (hereditary). Only a small percent of the population can vote, and Louis XVIII is king

David Lloyd George

Liberal Prime minister of Britain, also is jewish. Proposes 1906 People's Budget

Blitzkrieg

Lightning warfare used by the Germans to take over Poland and France

Maginot Line

Line on the French border held by french troops, Germany just goes around it, complete failure

The Triple Entente

Linking of the Russian, British, and French empires in 1907, before WWI. This was not what Bismarck wanted, but Bismarck no longer was in power

Index of Prohibited Books

List of books created by the Holy Office that were off limits to catholics, including the works of Erasmus and other humanists

Literacy during the 18th century

Literacy increases at this time, more so for boys. Literacy is highest in places where the Catholic and Protestant churches compete for followers. Scotland goes from 20% literate to 80% literate. Also, the increase in demand for books leads to a greater supply and cheaper prices. People read Stories, religion, and How To books.

Power Loom 1785

Loom created by Edmund Cartwright that helps weavers keep up with spinners

Louis XIV Wars

Louis XIV focused on securing his borders natural borders (Rhine and Pyrenees) and also protect France from Germany. Louis created a professional, standardized army. His policies led to 5 wars: War with Spain (Treaty of Pyrenees) 1659, Spanish Netherlands 1667, Holland & HRE fight 1678, Takeover of Strasbourg 1681, 1684 France gets Lorraine, War of Spanish succession. 6 wars

Desacralization of the Monarchy under Louis XV

Louis XV had an affair with Madame de Pompadour and Madame du Barry, who were so below him class-wise it was a disgrace to France. Bringing the street into the Palace

Franco-American Alliance

Louis XVI decides to back the US in their revolution in order to weaken the British. This uses a lot of money that could have gone towards feeding people, infuriates France

Louis XVI Financial Crisis and Solutions (3)

Louis XVI faces bankruptcy because of wars, cannot print money (no central bank), and the tax system is so complicated he cannot rise taxes with centralized authority. Three options: 1. Declare partial bankruptcy 2. Print Money, but he can't do this without a central bank 3. National Tax Reform. He does this, knowing it will lead to a major revolt

Louis XVI response to National Assembly Creation

Louis XVI is weak, does not crack down on the National Assembly. He dismisses Necker, who the people liked. For them, this is the last straw. Louis also assembles 18,000 troops at Versailles and Paris thinks they are going to be attacked and Storm the Bastille

Flight to Varennes (June 20, 1791)

Louis XVI tries to flee France in disguise with family, he is captured and brought back to Paris. Result is that France loses faith in a monarchy, no longer want it as part of their governmnet

Pressures that changed the economic base of Europe (4) (LPNE)

Low Agricultural output, population growth, Need to supplement farm income, the expansion of world trade

German retreat (May 1918)

Ludendorff and Hindenburg are on the retreat, convince Kaiser Wilhelm to create a constitution, share the blame

"I cannot and will not recant"

Luther defending the 95 theses at the Diet of Worms

1521 Excommunication

Luther is excommunicated at this time

Appeal of Lutherism

Lutherism attracted Rulers because it granted them more soveirgnety and land/money. Elite liked it because it opened up land to be bought, and "all professions matter", so they are on the same level as the clergy. Humanists and educated people like it because it brings reform they wanted, clergy is educated

Quinine

Malaria resistant plant, helped Europeans invade Africa

Count Alfred von Schlieffen

Man who came up with the Schlieffen Plan, said "keep the right wing strong"

Asian migration to US

Many asians go to the US to make money and send it home to families. Work on railroads, faced with intolerance, called "coolies"

Merchant's problems with Cottage industry

Many problems for merchants of the cottage industry. The workers could not be trusted to work a lot of time, and it was hard to enforce hours. Everyone was dispersed, traveling was hard and quality also varied from family to family. Labor also decreased during planting and harvesting seasons. Flying shuttle loom also makes a production gap

Peasant's problems with Cottage industry

Many problems of the cottage industry for the peasants. Wages were low and workers were easily disposed of. Women and children also got paid less for their work, and the industry also infringed on their freedom at home. Some merchants bought or manipulated local governments, and punished those who did not work enough

Sex Division of Labor Industrial Rev

Many women became domestic servants, paid next to nothing and at high risk for sexual abuse. Many women stayed home to take care of children, manage the house, avoid rape, emergence of separate spheres

Wet Nursing

Many women took their babies to another woman to be nursed, became the cultural norm in France. Children were neglected, didn't get the needed immunity, cause higher infant mortality rates

Prostitution

Many working women turned to this when they didn't have enough money. Disease also made this very dangerous

Protestant Reformation

Marks beginning of modern Europe, and ends religious unity, which leads to a century of brutal wars. Also the creation of NCDS (Nationalism, Capitalism, Democracy, and Science)

Companionate marriage

Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class values, became increasingly dominant in the late 19th century

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

Marriage between Margaret of Valois and Henrí of Navarre to stop the feud. Henrí of Guise kills Gaspard de Coligny during the wedding, and Huguenot vs Catholic fighting breaks out across the country

Problem's with Marx's Model of Perfect Capitalism

Marx does not take supply and demand into account, and also does not reliaze that things sold at a perfect price yield a profit of $0. Also rules out the capitalists cooperating with the workers

Marx's Prediction about Social Inequality

Marx predicted that increased inequality would lead to the unification of two distinct classes, and they would revolt against one another. He does not think capitalism will last, but he does not realize that there are way more than two classes

Marx's Model of Perfect Capitalism (6)

Marx's basic assumption of a perfect capitalism: 1. No monopolies 2. Goods sell at a perfect price (labor taken to create) 3. Worker controls only his labor 4. Capitalist much accumulate wealth 5. Workers will be paid a subsistence wage 6. Economic base is factories, gov't controlled by factory owners

Das Kapital 1867

Marx's second book, analyzes capitalism and predicts its future, taking a scientific approach. Believes that the pressure builds on the working class until they cannot take it, and revolt. Some of his assumptions are false, and he forgets some key factors

Dialectal Materialism

Marxist theory that political and historical events result from the conflict of social forces and are interpretable as a series of contradictions and their solutions. Influenced by Hegel

The Great Migration

Mass exodus of people out of Europe because of population growth, religious prosecution, and looking for jobs and opportunity. 60 million leave, many to the US and little Europes

Drogheda 1649

Massacre of Catholics by English forces

Bloody Sunday Massacre (January 1905)

Massacre of Peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, triggers the revolution of 1905 that ended absolute Tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy

Interests of the Masses at the beginning of the French Revolution

Masses of France are interested in the basics: bread, jobs, basic rights, equality, abolish feudalism and feudal rights. Try to accomplish this through the Storming of the Bastille and also the Great Fear

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Massive union that includes all types of workers, started by Robert Owen. Fails because the goals of different workers are too different. Lasted about two years

1878 Berlin Congress

Mediated by Bismarck, he works out the tensions between Russia and AH. This comes after Russia wins Bulgaria from the Ottomans, but Russia wins no territory. Creates Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria

Swaddling

Medieval Practice in which a baby was wrapped up super tight to suppress the evil within. Dangerous for the baby's health

Contributing factors to the Scientific Revolution (MRRIN)

Medieval Universities gradually shifted away from theology, shift to medicine and law. Recover of Classical learning, muslim texts such as Ptolemy's Geography reintroduced to Europe. Renaissance, got people interested in the temporal and also created the desire to know how things worked which provided more funding for research (patronage). New Technology, such as the microscope, telescope, and sextant helped with experiments and figuring things out. Impact of Empire, as empires conquer new lands they learn new things. Also, competition between empires at this time promoted inventions that aided in conquest and navigation, such as the sextant.

Open field system

Medieval agricultural system that was unorganized and exhausted fields, so that they had to lay fallow every couple of years. Led to low agricultural output by our standards

Biarritz meeting 1865

Meeting between Napoleon III and Bismarck. Napoleon says he will be neutral in the Austro Prussian War, and Bismarck he would stand by if France took Luxembourg. Later used to egg Napoleon into the Franco Prussian war

Colluquy of Marburg

Meeting between Zwingli and Luther about the Eucharist, calvin argues its a symbol while Luther says its the real thing.

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and GB). Wants to establish a piece settlement after the reign of Napoleon. Wanted to prevent another war, prevent French aggression but not lay all the blame on France. Focused on maintaining a balance of power in Europe, as well as suppressing radical ideas in Europe (Monarchies worked together)

Adam Smith

Member of the Scottish Enlightenment, known as the father of Capitalism. He resented mercantilism and guilds, and advocated free trade. A man of the Enlightenment, he wanted to find out the laws of economics and outlined his finding in his book Wealth of Nations 1776. He argues that if the government stopped controlling the economy, it would take off

Black shirts

Members of the Fascist party, considered as thugs. Majority of these people are army veterans, unemployed, looking for a fight, attack socialist party platforms, gaining support from RC and conservatives

Pre-Freud Psychology

Men were supposed to be manly and make the money, Women are submissive. Double standard, expected women to be angelic and nurturing but not interested in sex. Expectations were dependent on class

Gender differences in clothing

Men's fashion favors tamer clothing with an emphasis on the quality of the materials, while women's fashion is still colorful

Elizabethan Settlement

Middle course taken by Elizabeth between RC and Calvinists. Made herself the head of religious authority, and said that everyone had to come to Anglican Church, but could believe in other things in private.

New Model for European Expansion

Military force and political domination to get the invaded areas to cooperate, used in Egypt and China

Shogun

Military government in Japan that was overthrown shortly after Commodore Matthew C. Perry visited Japan, lost power

3 Ms

Military, missionaries, merchants. Three things that helped Europeans keep Control

New Harmony 1826

Model Community in America started by Robert Owen, failed after 2 years, lost a lot of money

New Lanark

Model community in England created by Robert Owen, which was a factory that provided homes, streets, and shops, self-sustaining. Created an environment that made people want to work. Allowed employees to buy high quality goods being made for low prices. Everyone had a little land, schools for kids, limited work days

Presbyterian Church

Modeled after calvinism, protestant church in Scotland. John Knox dominated the reform movement, which lead to the creation of the Presbyterian church.

Stage II: Bourgeoisie Revolution - June 17, 1789 National Assembly

Moderate phase of the revolution that starts with the creation of the National Assembly. Dominated by the Bourgeoisie

St. Petersburg

Modern city created by Peter the Great after the Northern War to show Russia's westernization. Shows obsession with palace building to show a countries might and splendor (absolutism). Window to the west because it brought in western ideas to Russia

French Government before the Revolution

Monarch, Council of state, 32 intendancies, 13 Parliaments (Paris Parliament most important), 138 Diocese.

Absolute Monarchy

Monarchical form of gov't in which an individual ruler has absolute authority. Empires with an absolute monarchy during the 17th century include HRE, Spain, and France. Power in many of these monarchies was believed to come from the divine, rather from the people.

Constitutional Monarchy

Monarchy as head of state, but electorate has sovereign power

Wrote the Persian Letters and the Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu

Spirit of the Laws 1748

Montesquieu, argues for a separation of power (Parliament and king) so that power checks power

Towns and Cities leisure and rec

More ways to spend free time than villages. Public gardens, fairs, theatres, carnival

Major Philosopher of the Haskalah

Moses Mendelssohn

Stage III: Radical Revolution - The Insurrection of August 10, 1792

Most Radical Phase of the Revolution featuring the reign of the Mountain and Robespierre (Reign of Terror). Starts with the Insurrection of August 10

Female employment during WWI

Most men were at war, women filled the vacant positions, lead to loosening social restrictions. Women become a lot closer to equal

The Energy Problem GB pre 18th century

Most of the forests were cut down, and needed to import from other countries. Use coal as an alternative, and burn it to create steam, and work pumps

Rural World

Most of the population live in rural villages for all of their lives, and most people lived on the edge of subsistence. Every action revolved around the household economy, trying to get by. With rising food prices and bad harvests during the 17th century, explains why there were peasant uprisings centered around food prices

Identity of Spanish Colonies

Most of these Colonists were men, lead to a lot of interbreeding and a new hierarchy. Creoles were pure europeans born in the colonies while mestizos were a mix of native and european.

Baroque Art

Mostly Catholic art that rejects calvinism, and is meant to invoke religious awe and inspiration

Catherine de' Medici

Mother of three weak sons of Henry II, was able to influence her sons

"Peace, land, and bread"

Motto of Lenin, appeals to the wants and needs of Russians, helps the Reds prevail