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Magnetic reversals

reflect changes in the direction of the flow of molten iron in the Earth's outer core.

The geothermal gradient

is the rate of change in temperature with depth in the Earth.

Continental crust

is thicker than oceanic crust.

The eruption of Mt. Tambora, Indonesia, in 1815

produced "the year without a summer."

Large igneous provinces (LIPs)

represent special events in the Earth's history that may have been caused by superplume activity.

The extremely high heat of metamorphism

is necessary to form migmatite.

Sedimentary rocks can form

*by the precipitation of minerals from water solution. *by the cementing together of loose grains of preexisting rock. *from shell fragments or carbon-rich relicts of plants.

Lava is

associated with volcanic activity.

Which of the following characteristics would be helpful to a geologist who is attempting to visually identify the rock makeup of an outcrop?

the presence or absence of bedding or foliation the amount and type of weathering of the outcrop .the presence or absence of faults or folds

Metamorphic aureoles typically contain nonfoliated rock like hornfels because

they form adjacent to an intruding pluton, which provides heat for metamorphism.

Categorize processes related to transform boundaries. Sort the following processes those likely to be related to a transform boundary or those likely associated with other boundary types.

transform boundary:- earthquakes other boundary:- divergence convergence subduction

In which tectonic setting would you expect to find igneous activity?

volcanic arcs bordering ocean trenches

The tsunami event of December 26, 2004,

was first noticed as a withdrawal of the sea along the beach front.

The heliocentric model

was supported by Johannes Kepler's observation that planets follow an elliptical orbit.

Earthquakes are generated

when rock moves along faults.

Identify statements true of earthquakes.

- Most earthquakes are the consequence of plate tectonics - An estimated one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are small - Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries

Identify statements true of Pangaea.

-Rates of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean are compatible with what is known about the breakup of Pangaea. -The regional-scale folds visible in the Appalachian Mountains are remnants of Pangaea's formation -Pangaea was one of several supercontinents that have formed and broken up during Earth's history.

Radiometric dating of a magnetic anomaly stripe of rock that is 225 km away from the mid-ocean ridge axis gives an age of 9 million years. Assuming a constant rate, seafloor spreading in this area occurs at a rate of

.5 cm a year

Order the steps in the creation of mantle-plume related volcanism

1. A mantle plume, a regionally restricted column of hot rock, rises inside the asthenosphere. 2. At the base of the lithosphere the rock in the mantle plume partially melts. 3. Magma is intruded upward into the plate. 4. Magma erupts to form a volcano.

Order the events chronologically that occurred in the formation of our Solar System.

1. An accretionary disk formed 2.A protosun formed 3.Rings formed in the protoplanetary disk. 4.Planetesimals collected to form protoplanets

Doppler effect

An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving

Stratovolcanoes can create several volcanic hazards both during and after eruption events. Based on the animation, place the following volcanic hazards in chronological order based on when they would likely impact a town near the volcano after an eruption occurs.

1. a pyroclastic flow of lapilli and super heated gases2. a lahar formed from volcanic ash mixing with quickly melted snow and ice3.volcanic ash distributed by wind4. a landslide caused by the collapse of coherent lava and friable ash deposits

Imagine you and your colleague are astronauts who have landed on the moon of a planet in another galaxy. One of your many tasks is to determine the circumference of the moon. You remember learning about how Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth using shadows and geometry, and you decide to use this technique on the alien moon.You set two poles upright on the surface of the moon that are spaced 1,000 km apart. One person stands at each pole and, at precisely noon, you each measure the angle of the shadow made by the pole. At one pole the shadow makes a 22.5 degree shadow, and at the other pole there is no shadow because the star of this system is directly overhead. What is the circumference of this alien moon?

16,000 km

Plate tectonics theory was widely accepted by scientists in what decade?

1960s

The chain of Hawaiian islands can be used to calculate the rate of movement of the Pacific Plate over the last few million years. The island of Hawaii currently sits on the hot spot and is therefore 0 million years old. The island of Kauai used to sit on the hot spot; it is approximately 5.1 million years old and is now approximately 473 km away from the hot spot, to the northwest. Given these parameters, what is the average rate of motion of the Pacific Plate in cm per year? (Remember to convert your units properly!)

9 cm per year

Peridotite is

A coarse-grained ultramafic rock.

Which of the following statements about hardness is true? A. Diamond has a Mohs hardness of 10 because it is 10 times harder than talc (hardness of 1). B. A copper penny will scratch fluorite .C. Apatite is harder than orthoclase .D. Calcite will scratch gypsum.

A. Diamond has a Mohs hardness of 10 because it is 10 times harder than talc (hardness of 1). B. A copper penny will scratch fluorite .C. Apatite is harder than orthoclase .D. Calcite will scratch gypsum. D

Which of the following volcanic areas is part of the Ring of Fire?

Aleutians, Alaska

Name the person who proposed the hypothesis of continental drift.

Alfred Wegener

Sort the following rock examples into their appropriate rock group based on texture.

Amorphous a rock with no crystal or grain structure Clastic a rock derived from weathered sediments a rock formed by lithification Crystalline a rock with identifiable mineral crystals a rock formed by the slow cooling of magma a rock formed by the precipitation of water

Which of the following statements is true? A. The atomic mass defines the elemental identity of an atom .B. The atomic number of an element is approximately equal to the number of protons in an atom of that element. C. Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic mass. D. Helium is the smallest atom and has an atomic number of 1.

B. The atomic number of an element is approximately equal to the number of protons in an atom of that element.

Based on your observations of the lava eruption at the West Mata volcano, which statement is most likely to be true of the igneous rock being formed?

Basaltic rock is being formed that has small mineral crystals due to the fast cooling that occurs in water.

Which of the following statements about metamorphic rocks and their characteristic environments is true?

Blueschists are found in the subduction zones.

Identify the true statement.Choose one: A. Surface waves are the first to show up on a seismogram recording of a quake. B. S-waves are compressional body waves; P-waves are shear body waves. C. R- and L-waves are surface seismic waves. D. Shallow-focus quakes do less damage than deep-focus quakes.

C. R- and L-waves are surface seismic waves.

Sort the following characteristics by the type of volcano they are associated with.

Cinder Cone Volcano flank eruptions Strombolian eruption Shield Volcano pillow basalt fire fountain Stratovolcano felsic lava lahars pyroclastic flow

Order the steps of continental volcanic arc formation.

Convergence begins 1. a subduction trench forms where the subducting plate bends downward into the mantle 2. an accretionary prism begins to form 3. Magma, created by flux melting of the mantle, rides through the continental lithosphere. 4. Lava erupts onto the surface, forming volcanoes.

Identify the true statement. A. Gypsum and galena are evaporite minerals. B. Flint, jasper, agate, and petrified wood are all varieties of the siliceous rock travertine. C. Chert has only a biochemical origin. D. Chemical sedimentary rocks are crystalline in texture.

D. Chemical sedimentary rocks are crystalline in texture

Identify the true statement.

Earthquake magnitude is based on ground motion recorded by a seismograph; intensity is based on the amount of damage produced.

Igneous rocks

Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. Ex: granite (magma) and obsidian (lava)

Why was Ceres re-classified as a dwarf planet?

Its shape was discovered to be spherical rather than angular.

Who is considered the "father of geology"?

James Hutton

Identify the following substances as mineral, mineral simulant, or non-mineral.

Mineral: gypsum - corundum - aragonite - graphite Mineral Simulant: hematine - cubic zirconia Non-Mineral: menthol - sugar - DNA - glass

Match the following plate boundary characteristics to the corresponding fault type.

Normal Fault associated with divergent plate boundaries Reverse Fault associated with convergent plate boundaries Strike-Slip Fault associated with transform boundaries

Which of the following statements is true? A. Pieces of broken rock produced by physical weathering are collectively called clasts or detritus. B. An immature clastic rock has well-sorted, resistant grains. C. A well-sorted clastic rock is made up of different-sized particles D. Conglomerates consist of a single grain size.

Pieces of broken rock produced by physical weathering are collectively called clasts or detritus.

Based on the Volcanic Eruptions topic of the Tsunami Initiation and Arrival Animation, select ways in which volcanic eruptions can cause tsunamis.

Plausible Associated earthquake activity Volcanic structure collapse Water displacement by pyroclastic flows Unlikely Seawater expands as lava causes boiling

Sort likely consequences of shear stress versus uniform pressure on rocks.

Shear Stress- elongation of grains foliation Uniform Pressure- rounding of grains development of large, equant grains

Which statement is true about the formation of the Moon?

The Moon formed from debris created when Earth suffered a catastrophic protoplanet collision.

Identify statements true of the lithosphere and asthenosphere.

The asthenosphere underlies the lithosphere and The asthenosphere is relatively soft compared to the rigid lithosphere.

Obsidian is a volcanic glass that forms when lava cools very quickly and consists of a solid mass of glass through and through. Why is obsidian not classified as a mineral?

The atoms or molecules in obsidian do not have a crystalline structure.

What would be the significance of finding a precipitated mineral on another planet?

The planet may have or have had liquid water on it.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all rocks?

They are a collection of minerals or a body of glass.

Identify the true statement.

To keep the Earth's surface area constant, the amount of seafloor spreading must equal the amount of subduction.

Choose statements true of transgression and regression. Sort the statements as being true of either transgression or regression.

Transgression- Coastline migrates inland Position of beach moves inland Involves a relative rise in sea level Regression- Involves a relative fall in sea level

Identify the statement that is true about tsunami events.

Tsunamis may be generated by underwater earthquakes, eruptions of island volcanoes, or submarine landslides.

Physicists have shown that the 92 naturally occurring elements in the universe form during the life cycle of stars. During what stellar process are the very large elements (those heavier than iron) created?

a supernova explosion

The heavier elements on the Earth (those with atomic numbers greater than 5)

are formed by stellar nucleosynthesis during the life cycles of existing stars.

Diamonds

are found in carrot-shaped structures called kimberlites.

According to the mantle plume model, hot-spot plumes

are thought to originate at the core-mantle boundary.

Ceres is the largest celestial body between Mars and Jupiter. It has a diameter of about 590 miles and is made up of ice and rock. Prior to being classified as a dwarf planet, Ceres was previously considered a(n)

asteroid

Choose the list that accurately shows rock composition increasing in silica and decreasing in iron and magnesium.

basalt, peridotite, granite

A black, fine-grained tabular intrusion that cuts across two layers of horizontal sedimentary rock must logically be a

basaltic dike.

Seismometers

can "feel" (or record) large earthquakes that happen on the opposite side of the world.

What type of foliation does slate, a common material used for roof shingles, exhibit?

cleavage

Contrast continental collision and volcanic island arc formation. Sort properties of each.

continental collision - involves continental crust Volcanic island arc formation -involves volcanism -involves oceanic crust -involves subduction

An igneous rock that has a medium-gray, fine-grained groundmass with large crystals of plagioclase

crystallized at depth from intermediate-composition magma, then rose to the surface and became a lava flow.

Ripple marks, dunes, and cross bedding are useful indicators of

current direction.

Which of the following is a general term used to describe all the physical, chemical, and biological processes that make a sedimentary rock from sediments?

diagenesis

Decide which type of plate boundary the following items would most likely be associated with.

divergent boundary- crustal thinning convergent boundary-andesitic volcanism, crustal thickening transform boundary- shear stress

Bowen's reaction series

enables a geologist to predict what minerals will be found in a given igneous rock.

Choose the most likely product of partially melting a rock of intermediate composition.

felsic magma

identify the list that shows the rocks in increasing degrees of metamorphism (i.e., from lower to higher grade).

flattened-clast conglomerate, gneiss with mica, gneiss with no mica, migmatite

The texture produced when minerals within a metamorphic rock are layered parallel to each other, as shown here, is called

foliation.

The age of oceanic crust

has been determined by radiometric dating.

Crystals

have an orderly internal arrangement of atoms arranged in a lattice pattern.

Lahars, composed of ash, debris, and water,

have often resulted in damage and death to humans and their property.

Stars

have unlimited amounts of fuel and therefore exist indefinitely.

When magma or melt solidifies it forms __ rocks. If a pre-existing rock is exposed to extreme heat or pressure its physical properties can change, forming a(n) ___ rock. Rocks derived from the weathered grains of other pre-existing rocks through lithification are ___ rocks.

igneous metamorphic sedimentary

Cite factors that can result in metamorphism.

increased temperature increased pressure hydrothermal fluids

Studies of interplanetary space have indicated that

interplanetary space is much denser than interstellar space.

Scientific cosmology

investigates the overall structure and history of the Universe.

Which of the following groups of elements make up most of the mass of the whole Earth?

iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesium

A moving, glowing cloud of hot gases and volcanic pieces

is called a pyroclastic flow or nuée ardente.

A metamorphic rock

may have preferred mineral orientation caused by differential stress.

Which of these volcanic products cover 70% of the Earth's surface?

mid-ocean ridge volcanoes

A clastic sedimentary rock with clay and silt-sized grains that does not break in thin sheets is called

mudstone

The two most common gases of the Earth's atmosphere, and their percentages, are

nitrogen (N2), 78%; and oxygen (O2), 21%.

Place the events in the order they occur between the mid-ocean ridge and deep-ocean trench.

oceanic crust created sediment accumulates on oceanic crust oceanic crust scraped off plate to form accretionary wedge oceanic crust recycled into mantle

The Earth's magnetic field is generated in the

outer core

Magnetic anomalies are

places where the magnetic field strength is either greater or less than the expected strength.

According to current plate tectonics theory,

plates are composed of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.

Which of the following sedimentary structures indicates that the sediments were deposited in a moving fluid?

ripple marks

Which of the following fits the definition of a mineral?

salt, because it's crystalline

A petrographic microscope

sends transmitted polarized light through a thin section of rock

Earthquakes in California are

shallow and occur in the upper 15 to 20 km of crust, even though the San Andreas fault cuts through the crust to deeper depths.

What is the most logical past environment to have produced a deposit consisting of very little sand and mud, but instead lots of broken-up carbonate shells of marine organisms?

shallow-water carbonate area

The silica-oxygen tetrahedra is the building block of which chemical class of minerals?

silicates

As sediment is transported downstream, away from its point of origin, the particles become

smaller.

Which of the following lines of evidence for continental drift/plate tectonics was found after Wegener published his theory?

the existence of mid-ocean ridges, where seafloor spreading starts

The genetic scheme for classifying rocks is based on

the origin of formation.

Which of the following would be an important observation that could help you identify a metamorphic rock?

the presence of garnet