AMD 165 Facial Attractiveness QUIZ 11

Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

waist or abdominal circumference divided by the hip or gluteal circumference; method for assessing fat distribution

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, researchers have paid little attention to facial attractiveness research

False

Sexual Dimorphism

-Characteristics of physical features that distinguish men from women. -Evident after puberty Studies found individuals more attractive: -Women with more feminine features. -Men with more masculine features

In U.S. society, as well as in many other cultures, attractive people are assumed to be

-More sociable -More likable -More intelligent -More likely to succeed at a job -More likely to succeed at relationships

Why does the halo effect for attractiveness happen?

1. Beauty is a reward because it: • is aesthetically pleasing • is desirable to "possess" (attractive women, in particular, are seen as rewards or trophies for successful men) • reflects positively on associates or friends of an attractive person (research finds that if an attractive person is willing to hang out with someone, the halo effect rubs off a little on the partner or friend of the attractive person; especially in cases in which a man is romantically connected with a beautiful woman--he is seen as more powerful or effective if he can attract such a woman.) 2. Beauty lends power because it: • attracts attention • holds attention (though not always to what someone is saying) • opens doors of opportunity (attractive people get invited places so that others can have the rewarding or aesthetic experience of being around them) 3. Beauty is possibly a self-fulfilling prophecy: • For attractive people, positive reinforcement from others throughout society affects self concept and esteem positively over time. It is helpful to self confidence to get so much positive feedback and validation of self. • There is some evidence that attractive people actually tend to be: -More sociable and outgoing -More self confident

What aspects of facial appearance contribute to attractiveness?

1. Sexual Dimorphism 2. Symmetry 3. Averageness

Chemical Peel

A chemical peel is a chemical solution which is applied to skin to remove outer layers. Requires a sedative and anesthetic.

Facial Symmetry

Another line of research shows that symmetric faces are judged more attractive than less symmetric faces.

Cultural Influences on How We Think About the Body

Cheng (2000) studied 209 immigrant Chinese Americans living throughout the United States for their body satisfaction and perceptions of attractiveness. People who were: less acculturated emphasized: body functioning energy personality intelligence more acculturated emphasized: body parts weight as important indicators of attractiveness for men and women. In many Asian cultures, the spiritual and abstract qualities of personality and physical functioning are as or more important in assessing attractiveness as are appearance characteristics. In the U.S. emphasis on thinness for women and muscle development for men, as well as facial characteristics, are highly important standards for physical attractiveness. In the U.S. we emphasize surface qualities over internal qualities. As people acculturate to a new culture, they may adopt ways of thinking about attractiveness from the new culture.

Physical Attractiveness

Degree to which a person's physical features are considered aesthetically pleasing or beautiful.

Averageness

Faces with "average" features found to be more attractive

Abercrombie and Fitch's "looks policy" of hiring attractive people because they sell more products is an example of a socially just society.

False

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, children are not judged negatively if considered physically unattractive.

False

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, facial attractiveness does not influence how you are treated by others.

False

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, getting elected to office has no impact from how attractive you are.

False

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, having an attractive face has no impact on how much money you earn.

False

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, having tanned skin has no impact on perceptions of fashion-ability.

False

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, judgement of leadership abilities is not influenced by facial appearance.

False

Neotonous Features

Full lips, small noses, small ears, high cheekbones, and small chin/jaw are also called neotenous features (features associated with infants or neonates) George Eads from CSI has a square jaw, large. cheekbones, and brow ridges are all considered masculine sexually dimorphic features.

botulinum toxin type A

Injected into facial muscles associated with wrinkles (botox).

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, people form an impression based on facial appearance

Ion about. one-tenth of a second

Microdermabrasion

Mechanical exfoliation that involves shooting aluminum oxide or other crystals at the skin with a hand-held device that exfoliates dead cells. Uses an instrument that "sands" the skin. Thought to stimulate new skin growth

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, when women wear facial cosmetics, they are judged to be

More attractive than those who do not wear facial cosmetics

Attractive people are more successful

More successful at selling products, more successful at influencing people, and more successful at getting people to like them. For example, successful spokesman are more attractive and tend to be more credible and. more persuasive than less attractive spokesman.

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, people with symmetric faces are

Perceived tone more attractive than those with asymmetrical faces

Laser hair removal

Permanent hair removal treatment in which a laser beam is pulsed on the skin, impairing the hair growth.

Halo Effect

Physical attractiveness seems to have a "halo effect" that influences perceivers to assume that a network of positive qualities are held by an attractive person. a positive stereotype is applied in this case. Research indicates that this positive halo for attractiveness is pervasive throughout U.S. society.

Stigma

Physical. unattractiveness such as obesity, is defined as acts of stigma to elicit a stereotype of negative qualities. For example, research indicates that these people are more likely to be perceived as these things: -lazy -lacking in self-control -less intelligent and a host of other negative things. However, these qualities are not actually found to a greater extent in obese individuals.

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, tanned skin has severe negative health effects, yet people continue to tan due to

Positive impacts on. self esteem

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, researchers have found that physically attractive people

Receive more positive rewards than unattractive people

Which theory impacts attractiveness the most?

Rhodes (2006) completed a meta-analysis (about 200 studies) • All three theories impacted both males and females • Feminine sexually dimorphic traits strongest component of female attractiveness

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, characteristics of physical features that distinguish men from women refers to

Sexual Dimorphism

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, which of the following contributes to facial attractiveness?

Sexual Dimorphism

Symbolic Interaction Process and Body Satisfaction

The people in our lives influence how we feel about our bodies. One study found that among older married couples, spouses had a substantial impact on how each other felt about their own attractiveness.

According to the Lennon, Johnson, and Rudd (2017) "Faces" reading, attractive adults receive more awards than unattractive adults.

True

Advertising

ads, advertised products, and ads' messages are more favorable when more attractive models are used for the advertising.

Dermal Fillers

are used to fill lines, wrinkles, and other facial imperfections. Can be temporary or semi permanent as a function of the filler.

Sexual Dimorphism

characteristics of physical features that distinguish men from women, is evident in faces after puberty and includes full lips, small noses, small ears, high cheeks bones, and small chin/jaw. (feminine features) for women and square jaws, larger cheekbones and brow ridges (masculine features) for men.

Meta-analysis

in a meta-analysis, such as the one performed by Rhodes, a researcher amasses a large literature review and statistically is able to determine which results are consistent.

Lookism

prejudice or discrimination based on physical appearance and especially physical appearance believed to fall short of societal notions of beauty