American Politics

According to Logic Ch. 5, what is the "neutrality test"? A method used by defense lawyers to determine whether clients accused of crimes have been treated fairly in the justice system A method used by prisons to determine whether a particular punishment -- such as the death penalty -- violates the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment A method used by state legislators to determine whether laws that restrict political speech will be deemed unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment A method used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law favors religious groups over non-religious groups

A method used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law favors religious groups over non-religious groups

According to lecture, the Supreme Court in a 1919 case called Schenck v. U.S. established the "clear and present danger" standard. What does that refer to? A standard used to determine whether a restriction on a religious practice is constitutional A standard used to determine whether a president's authorization of military force exceeds his constitutional authority A standard used to determine whether political speech can be prohibited by the government None of the above

A standard used to determine whether political speech can be prohibited by the government

Interest groups often use "outsider tactics," according to Logic Ch. 13. What are those? Activities, such as demonstrations and the use of the media, designed to put pressure on elected officials. Activities that focus on forming coalitions with other interest groups in order to change the administrative rules made by bureaucratic agencies. Activities that encourage the public to support "outsider" candidates who don't have traditional political backgrounds. Activities that involve gaining direct access to lawmakers in order to provide them with information and to try to persuade them.

Activities, such as demonstrations and the use of the media, designed to put pressure on elected officials.

According to Logic Ch. 12, why have political parties become such an entrenched part of the U.S. political system? They help candidates mobilize voters. They help build organized alliances in Congress. They help voters know what politicians stand for. All of the above

All of the above

According to Logic Ch. 13, the number of interest groups in American politics has increased because: public officials have encouraged the creation of interest groups, in part to promote government programs from outside the government. interest groups have arisen in response to the creation of new government programs, such as Social Security. provisions in the tax code and other government policies have encouraged the creation of interest groups. All of the above

All of the above

According to Logic Ch. 4, the Dred Scott Case did which of the following? It ruled that the federal government could not prohibit slavery in the territories. It ruled that slaves were property. It galvanized the North against slavery and helped lead to the Civil War. All of the above

All of the above

According to lecture, party identification: has become a stronger influence on voting behavior in recent decades. is a psychological attachment to a political party. has an affective, or emotional, component. All of the above

All of the above

In what way is the electoral system for Congress different than in many parliamentary systems, such as those found in Europe? Members of Congress and the president are elected separately by the voters, whereas in many parliamentary systems, the legislative body chooses the chief executive. Members of Congress are elected from geographic areas, whereas in many parliamentary systems, candidates are elected in a national vote based on a list of candidates put forth by each political party. The electoral system leads political party leaders to be weaker in the U.S. Congress than they are in many parliamentary systems. All of the above

All of the above

The evolution of federalism in the United States, according to Kettl, has been the result of: political negotiations between the national government and state governments. court decisions that have tried to identify the boundaries of national and state power. increased policymaking activity by the federal government, especially since the mid-20th century. All of the above

All of the above

According to Logic Ch. 12, why does plurality voting tend to produce stable two-party systems? Because voters prefer calling themselves "independent" rather than Democrat or Republican. Because seats in the legislature are assigned in proportion to the number of votes a party receives. Because third parties are prohibited from raising money from voters. Because voters vote strategically for a major party to avoid wasting their vote.

Because voters vote strategically for a major party to avoid wasting their vote.

In Federalist No. 51, the phrase "ambition must be made to counteract ambition" refers to which of the following concepts? Direct democracy Prisoner's dilemma Institutional stagflation Checks and balances

Checks and balances

According to Logic Ch. 4, which of the following distinguishes civil liberties from civil rights? Civil rights are protections provided by the government, while civil liberties are protections from the government. Civil liberties are protections provided by the government, while civil rights are protections from the government. Civil rights have been guaranteed by national majorities while civil liberties have not. Civil liberties depend on an interpretation of the 14th Amendment, but civil rights do not.

Civil rights are protections provided by the government, while civil liberties are protections from the government.

According to lecture, how are committees helpful for solving collective action problems in Congress? Committee memberships turn over frequently, allowing members the chance to serve on many different committees. Committees increase conformity costs. Committees reduce transaction costs. Committees create a tragedy of the commons because members won't spend time doing committee work.

Committees reduce transaction costs.

According to Steven Smith in Principles (6-1), how have changes in Congress affected its power relative to the president? The House has become stronger relative to the president, but the Senate has become weaker because of the filibuster. The "theory of the unitary executive" has helped Congress retain its power during national security crises. Congress has become stronger relative to the president because the majority parties in the House and Senate are now more powerful. Congress has delegated important power to the president.

Congress has delegated important power to the president.

Which of the following is an implication of divided government for presidential power? Divided government means that presidents must invoke the War Powers Act in order to pursue a military intervention. Divided government means that presidents must resolve disagreements among divided cabinet members. Divided government makes it harder for presidents to get their preferred legislation enacted than under unified government. Divided government strengthens presidential power by helping the president's agenda get through Congress.

Divided government makes it harder for presidents to get their preferred legislation enacted than under unified government.

According to lecture, which best describes the"principal-agent" problem with the bureaucracy? Bureaucrats are not accountable to elected officials in any way. The spoils system that is currently used means that bureaucrats primarily work to benefit the political party they support. Elected officials have a hard time monitoring what the bureaucracy is doing. Under civil service reform, Congress has no authority to engage in oversight.

Elected officials have a hard time monitoring what the bureaucracy is doing.

From where do local governments, such as city councils, receive their power, according to lecture? The elastic clause Directly from the U.S. Constitution From state governments and constitutions Local governments have no independent power, because the U.S. has a unitary system.

From state governments and constitutions

According to lecture, which of the following is NOT a lesson of the Civil Rights Movement? Civil rights movements often must use the system itself to effect political change. For a movement to be successful in the long term, political institutions ultimately must embrace its efforts. Governments are unresponsive to civil disobedience and protests unless the protesters threaten to use violence. All of the above are lessons.

Governments are unresponsive to civil disobedience and protests unless the protesters threaten to use violence.

In the New Yorker article ("The Color of Law"), Louis Menand writes that the Voting Rights Act "replaced intent with effect." What does he mean? Election campaigns by minority politicians were judged by voters in terms of their effect on public policies, not in terms of whether the politician intended to run for higher office. Protesters could only be arrested for civil disobedience if their actions had an effect on public opinion, not simply whether they intended to stir up social change. If a change in voting requirements diminished the voting power of minorities, then that change could be overturned, even if diminishing minority voting power hadn't been the intent of the change. Supreme Court decisions that had the effect of imposing new restrictions on state election laws could be overturned by state governors, even if the court's intent was to help the state.

If a change in voting requirements diminished the voting power of minorities, then that change could be overturned, even if diminishing minority voting power hadn't been the intent of the change.

Which of the following policy areas illustrates shared federalism? Imposing taxes Regulating the postal system Making treaties Coining money

Imposing taxes

According to Steven Smith in Principles (6-1), how has polarization affected the House and Senate differently? In the House, power is now shared between the majority and minority parties, but in the Senate the majority party is dominant. The House has become more popular with the public, but the Senate has become less popular. In the House, the legislative process has slowed down. In the Senate, it has sped up. In the House, the majority party has become more powerful, but in the Senate the majority party has struggled because the filibuster has become more common.

In the House, the majority party has become more powerful, but in the Senate the majority party has struggled because the filibuster has become more common.

According to your readings and lecture, why do collective action problems arise? Collective action always takes place, but fails at achieving its goals. Individuals seek to harm other people. The government creates rules and institutions. Individuals pursue their own interests.

Individuals pursue their own interests.

Which of the following best illustrates "fire alarm" oversight of the bureaucracy, according to Logic Ch. 8? Congress asks the General Accounting Office to review a new bureaucratic program and report on its efficacy. Interest groups object to a newly proposed federal rule, and members of Congress investigate. Congress investigates a sample of executive branch activities to see if they diverge from what Congress intended. The president appoints loyal supporters to senior positions in the bureaucracy.

Interest groups object to a newly proposed federal rule, and members of Congress investigate.

According to lecture, what does the phrase "single-minded seekers of re-election" refer to? It describes the behavior of interest groups and why they funnel donations to members of Congress who they want to see re-elected. It describes the way that members of Congress approach their jobs and helps explain why incumbents are re-elected at high rates. It describes the fact that members of Congress are typically absent from votes on the floor of the House or Senate, because constituents care more about their representatives' campaign activity than their legislative actions. It helps explain why presidents who are in their second term often focus on building their legacy since they need something to take the place of their usual focus on re-election.

It describes the way that members of Congress approach their jobs and helps explain why incumbents are re-elected at high rates.

How did the Budget and Accounting Act affect the president's power, according to Logic? It decreased the president's power by giving Congress the power to propose a budget for the executive branch. It expanded the president's power by giving the president the sole authority to decide how much money went to the executive branch. It expanded the president's power by allowing him to submit a single executive branch budget to Congress. It decreased the president's power by giving Congress veto power over the president's budget.

It expanded the president's power by allowing him to submit a single executive branch budget to Congress.

What is the significance of judicial review? It gives the Supreme Court the ability to review the decisions of lower courts. It gives presidents and Congress the ability to review the performance of federal judges. It gives the Supreme Court the ability to evaluate the constitutionality of federal laws. It gives the Senate the ability to review presidential appointees to the federal courts.

It gives the Supreme Court the ability to evaluate the constitutionality of federal laws.

The Constitution states that the president should "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." What is the significance of that statement? It is the basis for giving the president the constitutional power to declare war. It has allowed the president to pass legislation single-handedly when Congress refuses to act. It signals that the Founders intended the president to have powers largely unchecked by Congress. It has facilitated the growing power of the president.

It has facilitated the growing power of the president.

According to lecture, what is one benefit of "red tape"? It allows bureaucrats to use their professional judgment as to when certain rules really need to be followed. It helps bureaucracies become more efficient. It helps elected leaders control and monitor bureaucrats. It helps Americans have a more positive experience with bureaucracy.

It helps elected leaders control and monitor bureaucrats.

According to lecture, what was the significance of Shay's Rebellion? It highlighted the need for an independent Supreme Court that could resolve disputes between states like New Jersey and Virginia, the states most directly affected by Shay's Rebellion. It highlighted the fact that the federal government had grown too powerful under the Articles of Confederation, and led the Framers to write The Constitution. It highlighted the fact that the federal government needed more power if it was to unify the country and maintain order. It highlighted the fact that cultural and economic divisions between the states were preventing the United States from developing national unity.

It highlighted the fact that the federal government needed more power if it was to unify the country and maintain order.

What was the main accomplishment of civil service reform, according to Logic Ch. 8? It made merit a more important criterion for hiring bureaucrats. It helped solve the problems of "hidden action" and "hidden information." It made bureaucrats much more accountable to elected leaders. It enabled politicians to give government positions to their loyal supporters.

It made merit a more important criterion for hiring bureaucrats.

What is wrong with the "Green Lantern" view of the presidency, according to lecture? It suggests that the president is more powerful in foreign affairs than in domestic affairs. It suggests that the president should defer to the legislative authority of Congress. It suggests that the president has become too powerful. It suggests the president is more powerful than he really is.

It suggests the president is more powerful than he really is.

What was the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson? Jim Crow laws were constitutional as long as separate facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Jim Crow laws were a form of systematic segregation, and were therefore unconstitutional. Literacy tests were constitutional, because the 15th Amendment did not apply to state election laws. Segregation in any form is not allowed in the United States.

Jim Crow laws were constitutional as long as separate facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

At the Constitutional Convention, the "Great Compromise" resolved a dispute between which groups, according to Logic Ch. 2? Supporters and opponents of a strong presidency Large and small states Slave and non-slave states Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Large and small states

In Federalist No. 78, what is Alexander Hamilton's argument about life-time tenure for federal judges? Life-time tenure helps justices become true experts in the law. Life-time tenure creates political bias in the decisions of judges. Life-time tenure ensures that judges follow the will of the people. Life-time tenure insulates judges from pressure brought by the president and Congress.

Life-time tenure insulates judges from pressure brought by the president and Congress.

Of the following, which best explains why modern presidents choose to "go public"? Modern presidents "go public" in hopes that members of Congress will be directly persuaded by the president's rhetoric, thus changing their votes and supporting the policies the president wants. Modern presidents "go public" as a way to communicate directly with the American public in the hopes that voters will put pressure on lawmakers to support the president's policies. Modern presidents "go public" in an effort to use subliminal messaging to get everyone to agree with their policy initiative. Modern presidents "go public" as a way to get Congress to ignore the Supreme Court so that he can more easily get legislation passed.

Modern presidents "go public" as a way to communicate directly with the American public in the hopes that voters will put pressure on lawmakers to support the president's policies.`

According to Logic Ch. 6, which of the following is true? Because the incumbency advantage is so powerful in congressional elections, partisanship has virtually no influence in determining which candidate wins. Because party polarization has grown so much and partisanship has become so powerful in congressional elections, the incumbency advantage no longer plays a role in determining which candidate wins. Partisanship has become more important, and this has meant that political action committees (PACs) do not take part in congressional elections that involve incumbents. Partisanship has since the 1970s become more important in congressional elections, but incumbency still plays a role in determining which candidate wins.

Partisanship has since the 1970s become more important in congressional elections, but incumbency still plays a role in determining which candidate wins.

Why are political parties useful to voters? Party labels provide simple cues that help voters decide how to vote. Parties have taken over presidential nominations, saving voters the trouble of choosing a presidential nominee. Party organizations encourage voters to run as independent candidates for office. Parties provide voters with government jobs and other benefits.

Party labels provide simple cues that help voters decide how to vote.

Which of the following best characterizes Richard Neustadt's view of presidential power in Principles (7-1)? Presidents have the ability to dominate every other actor in the political system. The only way for presidents to achieve their goals is through the veto. Presidential power depends on presidents' ability to bargain with other political actors. Presidential power is a myth, and presidents are captives of Congress.

Presidential power depends on presidents' ability to bargain with other political actors.

Which of the following, according to Logic, best characterizes the powers of the president during America's first century? Presidents generally were seen as major player in American politics, expected to lead and direct policy making. Presidents were expected to constantly host international dinners where they worked to make America an important country for trade relations in North America. Presidents typically played a small role in governing and spent most of their time filling vacancies in the bureaucracy with political supporters. Presidents were limited in their ability to make appointments in Congress and were required under Article II of the Constitution to remain idle.

Presidents typically played a small role in governing and spent most of their time filling vacancies in the bureaucracy with political supporters.

In Anti-Federalist No. 3, what is Brutus' main concern about the proposed Constitution? Selected Answer: That Congress will not provide adequate representation That the president should not be given commander-in-chief authority That there are not sufficient checks in the Constitution to prevent unelected bureaucrats from becoming too powerful That the Supreme Court should be elected, not appointed

That Congress will not provide adequate representation

According to lecture, the New Deal in the 1930s encouraged the "nationalization" of federalism in the United States. Why? Unemployment was so high that several state legislatures suspended operations after the 1929 stock market crash, forcing the federal government to implement policies. The New Deal programs were so broad and expensive that they outstripped the resources of the states. Public opinion opposed states' rights in the 70 years following the Civil War. Because the Supreme Court declared the Great Depression a national emergency, the states were stripped of their power to create their own policies and programs.

The New Deal programs were so broad and expensive that they outstripped the resources of the states.

The Supreme Court's authority depends on delegation, according to Logic Chapter 9. How so? Supreme Court justices delegate decision-making to the clerks that work for them. The Supreme Court cannot act unless Congress agrees that a law may be unconstitutional. The Supreme Court can replace lower court judges who directly contradict Supreme Court rulings. The Supreme Court depends on lower courts to implement its decisions.

The Supreme Court depends on lower courts to implement its decisions.

Which of the following laws was the focus of the Supreme Court case Shelby v. Holder, according to the New Yorker article by Louis Menand ("The Color of Law")? The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Brown v. Board of Education The Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Thirteenth Amendment

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

In Federalist No. 78, why does Alexander Hamilton refer to the courts as the "least dangerous" branch? Because the states have the ability to overturn federal courts decisions, the judiciary will not be able to threaten state power. The courts have neither power of the purse nor power of the sword and will depend on other branches for enforcement. Since the courts have no agenda-setting power, they are unable to influence how other branches operate due to self-imposed constraints. The courts possess implementation power in the realm of policy diffusion, which limits their overall ability to be effective.

The courts have neither power of the purse nor power of the sword and will depend on other branches for enforcement.

What does it mean for the states to serve as "laboratories of democracy," according to lecture? State laws are best viewed as experimental, since they can always be overturned by citizen referendum or the federal government. Madison viewed states as experimental laboratories, in the hopes that states would eventually decide to turn over their power to the Supreme Court on most matters. The federal government sometimes adopts policy ideas that it believes have been successful within individual states. States typically take successful federal policies, revise them, and then refine them at the state level.

The federal government sometimes adopts policy ideas that it believes have been successful within individual states.

Which of the following is NOT an argument made by Justin Levitt (Principles 4-2) about state voting laws? People without valid forms of government-issued identification are often younger voters or seniors. The few documented cases of voter fraud could be prevented with voter identification laws. Restrictions on early voting especially affect churches. Voter registration drives are most beneficial for African-Americans and Hispanics.

The few documented cases of voter fraud could be prevented with voter identification laws.

A person does not pay their taxes, but still benefits from the system of public education. What concept does this illustrate? The free rider problem Delegation Transaction costs The tragedy of the commons

The free rider problem

According to lecture, why is it difficult for Congress to operative effectively when the two political parties are ideologically polarized? Correct The institutional design of Congress makes it easy for one party to thwart the efforts of the other party. Members of the two parties are unwilling to serve on the same committees together. Because there are too many moderate members of Congress, most proposed legislation does not reflect a coherent set of ideological beliefs. The institutional design of Congress makes it easy for one party to thwart the efforts of the other party. All of the above

The institutional design of Congress makes it easy for one party to thwart the efforts of the other party.

According to lecture, the Supreme Court ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) that Congress was within its constitutional rights to establish a Bank of the United States. Why? Because of the Tenth Amendment, states had given up their own authority to establish banks. Congress had the authority to establish a bank, but only in states that agreed not to tax it. Since Maryland had decided not to tax the bank, Congress could legally establish a branch in Baltimore. The necessary and proper clause gives Congress the authority to make laws that help it carry out its enumerated powers. All of the above

The necessary and proper clause gives Congress the authority to make laws that help it carry out its enumerated powers.

Political scientist Seth Masket contemplates what would happen if Donald Trump loses in a landslide and the party loses many seats in Congress. How does he think the Republican Party would respond? The party will change its name in an attempt to "re-brand" the Republican image. The party will modify its primary election rules in an effort to prevent someone like Trump being nominated again. The party will reduce its opposition to the Democratic Party in an effort to win over liberal voters. The party will ask Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson to join the 2020 Republican presidential ticket.

The party will change its name in an attempt to "re-brand" the Republican image.

According to the New York Times stories, why was the stand-off at the wildlife refuge in Oregon a conflict about federalism? The protestors took over the wildlife refuge so it could be returned to the federal government. The protestors believe the federal government has been giving away land too quickly. The governor of Oregon does not want the federal government to own the wildlife refuge. The protestors want federally owned land to be given to states and to local interests.

The protestors want federally owned land to be given to states and to local interests.

In his majority opinion in Roe v. Wade (1973), Justice Harry Blackmun argues that the Constitution affords a right to privacy. What is the basis for his argument? The right to privacy is implied by protections in the Constitution, such as the right to individual liberty and due process. Transcripts from the Constitutional Convention in 1787 revealed that the Framers intended for the Constitution to include a right to privacy. The same Texas law that banned abortion had also granted women privacy rights. Thus, the privacy rights took precedence. The right to privacy is explicitly stated in the Sixth Amendment in the Bill of Rights.

The right to privacy is implied by protections in the Constitution, such as the right to individual liberty and due process.

Which of the following best describes the differences between the operation of the House and Senate, according to Logic Ch. 6? In the House, the committee system is a central part of House's organization. In the Senate, where leadership is less formal, the committee system is not used. The rules of the Senate make it easier for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. In the House, it is more difficult for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. In the Senate, the committee system is a central part of Senate's organization. In the House, where leadership is less formal, the committee system is not used. The rules of the House make it easier for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. In the Senate, it is more difficult for the majority party to control the legislative agenda.

The rules of the House make it easier for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. In the Senate, it is more difficult for the majority party to control the legislative agenda.

In her interview with journalist Ezra Klein, political scientist Frances Lee provides an explanation for gridlock in Washington. What is it? Gridlock has arisen because of the incumbency advantage in Congress. The two parties are less likely to compromise because they always believe they have a good chance of taking power after the next election. Party leaders have lost the "spirit of compromise" that characterized the World War II generation because of their service in the war. Presidents have been unwilling to lead and force Congress to pass important legislation.

The two parties are less likely to compromise because they always believe they have a good chance of taking power after the next election.

Which best characterizes the application of the First Amendment protection for freedom of speech, according to Logic Ch. 5? There is a high level of protection for political speech, but the government can limit speech in some cases, such as when it advocates illegal activity or is obscene. Neither the federal government nor state governments can place any limits on citizens' speech. Freedom of speech rights for individual Americans cannot be extended to corporations. Political speech is widely protected, but it can always be outlawed when it involves hateful speech against another group.

There is a high level of protection for political speech, but the government can limit speech in some cases, such as when it advocates illegal activity or is obscene.

Which best characterizes the direct consequence of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education? There was no immediate change in the desegregation of schools. Local school districts no longer had to use busing to integrate schools. There was an increase in the percentage of blacks registered to vote. Previously segregated schools quickly moved to integrate black students.

There was no immediate change in the desegregation of schools.

According to Carp and Manning (Principles 9-4), which of the following best characterizes the judges that President Obama has appointed to the federal courts? They have been easily confirmed in the Senate. They are liberal but similar to the judges appointed by other Democratic presidents. They have much less experience with the law. They are extreme partisans with unusually liberal agendas.

They are liberal but similar to the judges appointed by other Democratic presidents.

According to Logic Ch. 3, why does the federal government sometimes offer grants to states? To encourage them to develop or implement policies that the federal government supports To strengthen the principle of separation of powers To reduce the federal government's budget deficit All of the above

To encourage them to develop or implement policies that the federal government supports

According to Logic Ch. 12, people who call themselves Republicans are now more likely to identify as conservatives (as opposed to moderates or liberals) than they were a few decades ago. True False

True

What is the process of "incorporation," according to Logic Ch. 5? Using the Fourteenth Amendment to revise the laws governing the creation of corporations Using the Fourteenth Amendment to overturn the decision issued in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Using the Fourteenth Amendment to make the necessary and proper clause apply to the 10th Amendment Using the Fourteenth Amendment to make the Bill of Rights binding on state governments

Using the Fourteenth Amendment to make the Bill of Rights binding on state governments

In her interview with journalist Ezra Klein, political scientist Frances Lee argues that when presidents "go public" with policy proposals, this can be harm their efforts to get those proposals enacted. Why? When a president is associated with a proposal, his own party is more likely to support it. When a president is associated with a proposal, the Supreme Court is more likely to strike it down. When a president is associated with a proposal, the opposition party has more incentive to oppose it. When a president is associated with a proposal, moderate voters will oppose it.

When a president is associated with a proposal, the opposition party has more incentive to oppose it.

The ideology of the Supreme Court shifts over time. What best explains these shifts? Federal appeals courts issue new rulings that the Supreme Court must obey. The Supreme Court relies on its own previous decisions to decide new cases. Whenever there is an opening on the Supreme Court, presidents tend to appoint justices who share their ideological views. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court often persuades the other justices to follow his lead.

Whenever there is an opening on the Supreme Court, presidents tend to appoint justices who share their ideological views.

What does "fiscal federalism" refer to, according to Kettl? Whether Democrats and Republicans in Congress can agree on a budget. Whether the national, state, or local government pays for programs Whether the national, state, or local government implements and administers programs Whether the Supreme Court supports the expansion of federal government power

Whether the national, state, or local government pays for programs

According to lecture, political parties: seek to influence the government in many ways, but not by winning office. were something that Thomas Jefferson tried to keep out of politics throughout his entire career. are useful to legislators because it allows them to count on support from fellow party members. provide little organizational help to candidates, because candidates can rely primarily on Super PACs for support.

are useful to legislators because it allows them to count on support from fellow party members.

As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965: both voter registration and election to office increased dramatically for African Americans. neither voter registration nor election to office increased dramatically for African Americans. voter registration increased dramatically for African Americans, but election to office remained a functional impossibility. voter registration of African Americans did not substantially increase, but African Americans were elected to office in unprecedented numbers.

both voter registration and election to office increased dramatically for African Americans.

In Texas v. Johnson (1989), the Supreme Court ruled that: burning the American flag was a form of political expression protected by the Constitution, but only because it happened outside an arena where a political convention was taking place. burning the American flag is a form of political expression protected by the Constitution, but that burning the Texas flag is not protected by the Constitution because that is a state issue. burning the American flag was a form of political expression protected by the Constitution. burning the American flag is not a form of political expression protected by the Constitution, because it may endanger people in the nearby area.

burning the American flag was a form of political expression protected by the Constitution.

According to lecture, two ways that the Framers sought in the Constitution to limit the federal government's power were: checks and balances; reserving significant power for the states. reserving significant power for the states; giving the bureaucracy power to overturn presidential executive orders. separation of powers; having Senators directly elected by voters rather than state legislatures. checks and balances; reserving significant power for the Virginia Plan.

checks and balances; reserving significant power for the states.

According to Logic Ch. 8, one of the main problems that elected officials have in controlling the bureaucracy is that: elected officials have no way to change the organization or authority of bureaucratic agencies. elected officials often have difficulty observing what bureaucrats are doing and often have less information than bureaucrats do. bureaucrats never try to design and manage their programs in ways that enhance their political support in Congress. bureaucrats frequently become politicians themselves and then campaign to defeat the elected officials who sought to curb their authority.

elected officials often have difficulty observing what bureaucrats are doing and often have less information than bureaucrats do.

According to lecture, after the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment: former slaves in the South achieved full equality, since the states no longer had a way to make rules that denied blacks the same rights of white citizens. the Southern states were allowed to temporarily secede from the U.S. in protest of the amendment's passage. both Northern and Southern states were forced to revamp their voting laws to reflect changes in the rules that governed the Electoral College. former slaves in the South had their rights taken away by a series of laws that effectively denied blacks the same rights as white citizens.

former slaves in the South had their rights taken away by a series of laws that effectively denied blacks the same rights as white citizens.

The Supreme Court receives thousands of requests to hear cases every year. It has one rule to determine which ones the Court will hear. That rule is: four of the nine justices must favor hearing the case. the justices follow a unanimous consent agreement in deciding whether to hear a case. a majority of the nine justices must favor hearing the case. at least one of the nine justices must favor hearing the case.

four of the nine justices must favor hearing the case.

Last year, the Supreme Court ruled that a Muslim prisoner in Arkansas could keep a half-inch beard. According to lecture, that ruling was based on the ________ clause of the First Amendment. freedom of expression neutrality test establishment free exercise

free exercise

According to lecture, the growth and expansion of the federal government: has strengthened the presidency, since that has given presidents more opportunities to direct the actions of federal agencies. has strengthened the presidency, since states have no way to fight back against federal agency actions that are ordered by the president. has weakened the presidency, since the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 gave Congress sole authority over the federal budget. has weakened the presidency, because the president has little control over most federal workers, few of whom are elected.

has strengthened the presidency, since that has given presidents more opportunities to direct the actions of federal agencies.

According to lecture, presidents' efforts to "go public" usually: lead Congress to adopt their policies. have a hard time changing public opinion. lead to the increased use of executive orders. have become less common during the era of the modern presidency.

have a hard time changing public opinion.

According to lecture, in a single-member district, simple-plurality (SMSP) electoral system, losing parties: typically seek to change the electoral system through a constitutional amendment. have an incentive to band together to defeat a more popular party. gain seats in a legislative body as long as they receive at least 5% of the popular vote. will not compromise their ideological principles, even if doing so would mean winning more votes.

have an incentive to band together to defeat a more popular party.

According to Sarah Binder in Principles (6-2), bicameralism -- having two chambers in Congress -- influences legislative activity by: making Congress speedier and more efficient. increasing the likelihood of gridlock. protecting legislation from being overturned by the Supreme Court. ensuring that the president cannot meddle with legislation.

increasing the likelihood of gridlock.

According to political scientist Seth Masket, the resilience of political parties: is a new phenomenon in American politics, beginning only after World War II. is a way of protecting Americans from tyranny of the majority. is largely a result of the United States' "first-past-the-post" electoral system. is threatened by the rise of independent voters.

is largely a result of the United States' "first-past-the-post" electoral system.

According to lecture, "gerrymandering": is the process by which the House and Senate form joint committees. has been declared unconstitutional in all of its forms by the Supreme Court. is the redrawing of congressional district lines for political gain. All of the above

is the redrawing of congressional district lines for political gain.

According to lecture, the Supreme Court in 2003 declared that: laws banning sodomy were constitutional, since states had a compelling interest in promoting traditional values. it would not decide sodomy cases until the cases involving gay marriage had been decided. gay rights was not an issue that the Court was willing to consider. laws banning sodomy were unconstitutional, since they violated the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.

laws banning sodomy were unconstitutional, since they violated the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.

According to lecture, granting lifetime appointments to federal judges: equally promotes both judicial accountability and judicial independence. promotes judicial accountability by creating a system in which judges are regularly forced to defend and explain their rulings to the public. promotes judicial independence by protecting judges from pressure from political actors. All of the above

promotes judicial independence by protecting judges from pressure from political actors.

In the Radiolab podcast "Eye in the Sky," the controversial technology being debated was originally developed to investigate: the Islamic State in Syria. roadside bombs in Iraq. the killing of police by drug cartels in Mexico. the torture of prisoners in Abu Ghraib.

roadside bombs in Iraq.

According to lecture, proportional representation (PR) systems: are used in just four countries around the world. tend to produce more parties than SMSP systems. encourage candidates to distance themselves ideologically from their party. reduce citizen satisfaction with democracy.

tend to produce more parties than SMSP systems.

According to lecture, when the Bill of Rights was first adopted, it was intended to limit the power of: local town governments. the federal government. the King of England. state governments.

the federal government.

According to Logic Ch. 3, "nationalization" refers to: the process by which the federal government has accumulated authority over policymaking at the expense of the individual state governments. the process by which the Articles of Confederation was revised to create a stronger national government. the tendency of the federal government to use military force when state governments refuse to implement federal policies. the strategy of James Madison and other writers of the Constitution to take their arguments in support of its ratification to citizens across the nation.

the process by which the federal government has accumulated authority over policymaking at the expense of the individual state governments.

The concept of "moral incentives" helps explain: why religious organizations have been shown to be more influential in politics than business-related interest groups. why interest groups like AAA provide tangible benefits, such as roadside assistance and free maps, to their members. why some people participate in interest group efforts even though their individual contribution will not make much difference. All of the above

why some people participate in interest group efforts even though their individual contribution will not make much difference.

In Roe v. Wade (1973), the U.S. Supreme court ruled that: Selected Answer: women have a constitutional right to abortion, and states may not regulate access to abortion. women have a constitutional right to abortion, but states may regulate access to abortion. women have a constitutional right to abortion, but because the case specifically involved a Texas law, the Court's decision applied only to residents of Texas. None of the above

women have a constitutional right to abortion, but states may regulate access to abortion.