ANAPHY Urinary

oliguria

abnormally low urinary output if it is between 100 and 400 ml/ day

anuria

abnormally low urinary output if it is less than 100 ml/day

Micturition or voiding

act of emptying the bladder

osmoreceptors

an increase in plasma solute content of only 2 to 3 percent excites highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus

internal urethral sphincter

an involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed

peritubular capillary bed

arises from the efferent arteriole draining the glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

arises from the efferent arteriole that drains the glomerulus

renal artery

artery supplying each kidney

tubular reabsorption

begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule

detrusor muscle

bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle

cortical radiate arteries

branch off the arcuate arteries to supply the renal cortex

segmental arteries

branches of the renal artery at the hilum

interlobar arteries

branches of the segmental arteries

urethritis

can easily ascend the tract to cause bladder inflammation (cystitis) or even kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis, or pyelitis)

collecting ducts

collects fluid from several nephrons and conveys it to the renal pelvis

specific gravity

compares how much heavier urine is than distilled water

juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

complex of cells in nephron near the glomerulus & adjacent to distal tubule & afferent arteriole; secretes enzymes (renin) important in regulation of BP

renal corpuscle

consists of a glomerulus, which is a knot of capillaries, and a cup-shaped hollow structure that completely surrounds the glomerulus like a well-worn baseball glove encloses a ball

urine

contains nitrogenous wastes and unneeded or excess substances

pelvic splanchnic nerves

contracts bladder

glomerular capsule or Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped hollow structure that completely surrounds the glomerulus like a well-worn baseball glove encloses a ball

renal medulla

darker reddish brown area, inner portion of the kidney

adult polycystic kidney disease

degenerative condition that appears to run in families

thirst mechanism

driving force for water intake

acidosis

drop in arterial pH to below 7.35

collecting ducts

each of which receives urine from many nephrons, run downward through the medullary pyramids, giving the pyramids a striped appearance

acid-base balance

equilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body fluids

filtrate

essentially blood plasma without blood proteins

urinary retention

essentially the opposite of incontinence; the bladder is unable to expel its contained urine

tubular secretion

essentially tubular reabsorption in reverse

polyuria

excessive urination

renal columns

extensions of cortexlike tissue separating pyramids

calyces

extensions of the pelvis, form cup-shaped "drains" that enclose the tips of the pyramids

afferent arteriole

feeds glomerulus; arises from a cortical radiate artery

urgency

feeling the need to urinate immediately

extracellular fluid (ECF)

fluid outside body cells

external urethral sphincter

formed by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor

frequency

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

podocytes

highly modified octopus-like cells; have long branching extensions called foot processes that intertwine with one another and cling to the glomerulus

renin

hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

diabetes insipidus

huge amounts of very dilute urine (up to 25 liters/day) flush from the body day after day; can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

Addison's disease

hypoaldosteronism

glomerulonephritis

in which the glomerular filters become clogged with antigen-antibody complexes resulting from the strep infection

transcellular fluid

includes cerebrospinal and serous fluids, the humors of the eye and other

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

cortical radiate veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins to the renal vein

kidney flows through veins that trace the pathway of the arterial supply but in a reverse direction

renal calculi

kidney stones

thirst center

located in the hypothalamus

renal tubule

makes up the rest of the nephron, is about 3 cm (approximately 1.25 inches) long

renin-angiotensin mechanism

most important trigger for aldosterone release

cortical nephrons

most nephrons located almost entirely within the cortex

transitional epithelium

mucosa of detrusor muscle is a special type of epithelium

Glomerular filtration

nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

physiological acidosis

pH between 7.35 and 7.0

dysuria

painful urination

nitrogenous waste products

poorly reabsorbed, if at all

different regions of the tubule

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT); the nephron loop, or loop of Henle (hen′le); and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

efferent arteriole

receives the blood that has passed through the glomerulus

aldosterone

second hormone that helps to regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney

juxtamedullary nephrons

situated close to the cortex-medulla junction, and their nephron loops dip deep into the medulla

kidneys

small, dark red organs with a kidney-bean shape lie against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position (behind the parietal peritoneum) in the superior lumbar region

trigone

smooth triangular region of the bladder base outlined by these three openings

urinary bladder

smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily. It is located retroperitoneally in the pelvis just posterior to the pubic symphysis

nephrons

structural and functional units of the kidneys and are responsible for forming urine

fluid balance

taking in and eliminating equal amounts of fluid

incontinence

the inability to control the bladder or bowels, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine or feces

nocturia

the need to get up during the night to urinate, plagues almost two-thirds of this population

urinary system

the paired ureters and the single urinary bladder and urethra—provide temporary storage for urine or serve as transportation channels to carry it from the kidneys to the outside of the body

urethra

thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

renal pyramids or medullary pyramids

triangular regions with a striped appearance

ureters

two slender tubes each 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) long and 6 mm (¼ inch) in diameter

ureteral orifices

two ureter openings

intracellular fluid

two-thirds of body fluid; contained within the living cells

alkalosis

whenever the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45

arcuate arteries

which arch over the medullary pyramids

three protective layers of the kidney

• A transparent fibrous capsule encloses each kidney and gives it a glistening appearance. • A fatty mass, the perirenal fat capsule, surrounds each kidney and cushions it against blows. • The renal fascia, the most superficial layer made of dense fibrous connective tissue, anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures.

common nitrogenous wastes

•Urea (u-re′ah), formed by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy •Uric acid, released when nucleic acids are metabolized •Creatinine (kre-at′˘ı-nin), associated with creatine (kre′ah-tˉen) metabolism in muscle tissue

bicarbonate buffer system

a mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

urochrome

a pigment that results from the body's destruction of hemoglobin

structure of the nephron

(a) Wedge-shaped section of kidney tissue indicating the position of nephrons in the kidney (b) Detailed anatomy of a nephron and its associated blood supply. Part of the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole have been sectioned to reveal the location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (c) Diagrammatic view of the relationship of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule to the glomerular capillaries (d) Scanning electron micrograph of podocytes clinging to the glomerular capillaries

ptosis

- a fall - creates problems if the ureters, which drain urine from the kidneys, become kinked

kidney structure

- adult kidney is about 12 cm (5 inches) long, 6 cm (2.5 inches) wide, and 3 cm (1 inch) thick, or about the size of a large bar of soap - convex laterally and has a medial indentation called the renal hilum - several structures, including the ureters, the renal blood vessels, and nerves, enter or exit the kidney at the hilum - adrenal glands sit on top - three protective layers

hydronephrosis

- urine that can no longer pass through the ureters backs up and exerts pressure on the kidney tissue - can severely damage the kidney

renal pelvis

Lateral to the hilum is a flat, funnel-shaped tube

hypospadias

a condition found in male babies only

prostate

a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid