History 222: History of Sport Exam 1

N4A

National Association of Amateur Athletes of America

William Cammeyer

A businessman who was a pioneer in the early days of Major League Baseball. He was the owner of the New York Mutuals franchise and even managed the team during the 1876 season. He also built the Union Grounds ballpark for the Mutuals. First one to charge for a game

"Nouveau Riche"

A person who is newly rich

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the right of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiation contacts and controlling their futures

Paper Chases

Also known as "hare and hound" races, Harvard held the race and it went far beyond the campus and there were many reports of "irritated property owners" and another race would not be staged for three years

Barn Ball

An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick.

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Bank Clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker baseball club and devised the game's first rules

Sabbatarian Laws

Banned recreation of any kind but also proscribed activities that were deemed acceptable during the rest of the week such as sexual intercourse, unnecessary traveling, and any type of frivolity

Muscular Christianity

Began in the 1850s and stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise, leader of the movement was Thomas Wentworth Higginson

Middle Class Victorianism

Belief that there was a commonality between the middle classes of the rapidly industrializing Western worlds. Linked to a common set of values: Evangelical Protestantism, hard work, and self-restraint Sports were frowned upon because they were seen as antithesis of hard work and self-restraint

Caledonian Clubs

Caledonia was the Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

4 Folkways

Chesapeake, New England, Backcountry, and Middle Colonies

Britain's Festive Culture

Citizens would engage in various games to coincide with large gatherings of people either in celebration of religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating everyday life. Most popular=May Day

"King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man

Playground Movement

Designed to keep children out of trouble, it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 503 in a little more than a decade

Folk Games

Development included exclusive association with a particular (annual) feast and the damage to life and property that it usually risked would have been more than bearable. They are based off of festivity and community.

Walking City

During the 1820-1870s, settled areas were no more than two miles fro the center of town, and the pedestrian was the "principle method of locomotion"

Separate Spheres

During the Victorian period, a rigid division of sexes. The male arena was known as the public sphere, which included business and politics. While women were the nurturers in the private sphere

Kolven

Dutch game which translates to Golf

National League

Eight teams made up the original leaguer and made sure none of the teams were involved were owned by players. Cities in the league would have to have a population of at least 75,000 and have the approval of existing clubs to join

New York Athletic Club

First all athletic club founded in 1860s

Primogeniture

First born sone inheriting the family fortune

James Gordon Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper

Cincinnati Red Stockings

First recognized all-salary team in baseball. IN their inaugural seasons of 1869, they won 57 games, lost 0, and tied one

Leonard Jerome

Flamboyant Wall Street Investor who rejuvenated horse racing after the Civil War. Created American Jockey Club and built the nation's finest race track, Jerome Park, while also creating the short-dash system instead of long. He discourage professional gamblers and did not allow alcohol to be sold

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a writer for the NY Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as the "Father Baseball"

Harry Wright

Former Cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best early players. He was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings

AG Spalding

Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go onto become a sporting goods magnate. He wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport.

Quakers

From the Delaware Valley (Middle colonies), were viewed as outcasts because of their pacifists beliefs. William Penn set up new colony that was tolerant to all religions, but very intolerant of sports

Toli

Game of stickball played by Europeans most closely resembling lacrosse Popular with American Southeast tribes including Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole

Sporting Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to participants went against their basic beliefs

Lawful recreation or sport

Games that were believe to foster drinking and gambling were expressly forbidden, games that refreshed the mind, body, and spirit were allowed Two requirements: could have no association with the British festive culture that the Puritans were rebelling against and it had to refresh participants so they could perform worldly duties

Positive Sports Ideology

Good, clean sports could serve as an alternative to those undesirable elements of the city and serve to promote moral, build character, enhance public health, and serve as substitute for the lost world of small-town America and its values

John Montgomery Ward

Hall of Fame pitcher and hitter who became even more famous when he created the Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players, the first ever sports labor union. He became increasingly troubled by the actions of the club owners, specifically the reserve clause

Oliver Cromwell

He wanted to bring back the power of the parliament, lessen the power of the king, and reform the Church of England. He was more tolerant on sports because he was an avid hunter and horseman

John Cox Stevens

He won enough money to buy both horses from the "Race of the Century" and served as the President of the New York Jockey Club for 22 years. He renovated his family estate in Hoboken to create Elysian Fields, also started the New York Yacht Club. Lastly, he created the "Great Race" which was a race against humans

Turner Societies

Immigrants from Germany that were very involved in gymnastics. Brought gymnastics to the US

Players' League

In 1850, Ward and the Brotherhood created their own league when owners began to discuss a salary cap. They took players from 7 of the 8 National League teams and set up rival teams in those same cities

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s

Victorian Counterculture

Made up of mainly working-class men who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up this group along with members of the upper class. They rebelled against the restraint of the Victorians in many ways including sports

Pageant of Misrule

Males got together and elected a "Lord of Misrule" the parents or village would have the final approval in who he would marry Married men, the monarch, older men, and the upper class would be mocked

"Race of the Century"

May 1823 at the Union Horse Race Course in Jamaica, the South Sir Henry and the North Eclipse would race. The growing rift between the North and the south played a key role in the popularity of this matchup

Baseball Fraternity

Most popular of the fraternities that began to emerge. The first was organized by Alexander Cartwright in 185 and would be called the Knickerbocker Club The Civil War helped the growth because soldiers were introduced to it during war and so it spread

Violent Games

Most popular was football, primarily known as a Shrove Tuesday tradition. The game was very violent and to be associated with football was not food for reputation

1st Great Awakening

Movement started by Johnathan Edwards for a call to get "back to the bible" and a closer relationship with God, not a good time for sports

Quarter Horses

Much smaller horse with large hindquarters that excelled at sprinting shorter distances of a quarter mile or less

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base

"Beer and Whiskey League"

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at the games

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the games was first called Four Old Cat and eventually town ball. Resembles the modern game of baseball and derived from towns fielding teams to play the game

Cap Anson

One of the earliest superstar baseball players. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits

Public School Athletic League

Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school

Rough and Tumble

Participants were from the lower class and there were no rules and the goal was to gouge out opponent's eyes

Strenuous Life

Phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed the absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late-19th century male. It was designed to toughen up the American male through vigorous exercise and sports

Tavern pastimes

Place that was centered around drinking and gambling. Popular games included board games, billiards, and dice games. Cockfights and horserace were organized near taverns as well as military training1

Elysian Fields

Portion of John Cox Steven's property in Hoboken, NJ, that was donated for the use of cricket and the NY Yacht Club

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

Puritans

Purified the Church of England of its Catholic tendencies and also purified the Sabbath, which mean that from sundown on Saturday to sundown Sunday every waking moment should be devoted to God and nothing else

Knickerbockers

Recognizes by many as the earliest organization of a baseball club. The club was reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ at the Elysian Fields in 1845

2nd Great Awakening

Religious Revival movement that lasted longer than the first

Southern Gentry

Slave holders were considered the highest of the social class. The only way to achieve upward mobility was to own more slaves.

Royal Sports

Sports that were played by the wealthy included: joust, tilt yard, tennis, and fox hunting

19th Century Changes

Steamboat, Train, Newspapers, Telegraph, all of these things made it possible to transfer and communicate across the country

Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America

Stepped in to oversee Track and Field events for American Colleges. One of the biggest controversies was that more athletes would compete in an even that had a higher-valued prize, so making the prizes equal would eliminate that problem

Sporting Fraternity

Subcultures created by the Counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood. Modeled after Britain.

College Crew

The country's best schools for rowing. The first rowing competition was held between Harvard and Yale on the Connecticut River

Enlightenment

The embrace of science and reasoning and a departure from religion and superstition Ben Franklin was the embodiment of Enlightenment

Republicanism

The idea that the new nation would be a republic giving the power to its citizenry, not hereditary monarchy

Needful Recreation

The sports and activities that were allowed included swimming, ice skating, gardening, and hunting and fishing as long as it put food on the table

YMCA

This was one place the Strenuous Life could be prated. Initially when it was founded in England in 18511, it focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th century it had become synonymous with exercise and sports

Rational Recreation

Victorians allowed citizens to play in activities that refreshed the mind and body, as long as they were limited to the private sphere so there was no rowdy action. These games included reading newspapers, books, musical instruments and exercise Temperance organizations were acceptable by both sexes

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning

"Book of Sports"

Written by James I, known as the Declaration of Sports. Argued against Puritan vision of the Sabbath and the allowance of sports on Sundays Maytime festivities allowed as long as there was no neglect of Divine Services Not allowed: blood sports, bull and bear hunting, football, bowling