world civ - ch 11

how many people were early farming communities made up of?

15-20

how did kingdoms become an empire?

As a king conquered more territory, the kingdom grew into an empire

what were houses in Jenne-jeno like at first and how did they change?

At first, they built the houses from bent poles and woven mats. Later, they used mud blocks.

what was a key to the power of mali?

Control of trade

which three kingdoms arose in west africa between 500-1600 CE?

Ghana, Songhai, and Mali

1500 BCE

Hittites mastered ironworking

200 BCE

Jenne-jeno was built

what present day place did the nok live in?

Nigeria

what does west africa begin with in the north?

Sahara

what is in the south of the sahara?

Sahel

where did ironworking spread quickly throughout?

West Africa

jenne-jeno

an ancient WAfrican city built along the niger river

artifact

an item left by an earlier culture

1977

archeologists began excavating the ancient West African city of Jenne-jeno

what west africa bordered by to the west and south?

atlantic ocean

who were the most respected people in jenne-jeno?

blacksmiths

what were west african kings considered?

both the political and the religious leaders of their kingdoms

in what type of houses did people in Jenne-jeno live?

circular houses

what did family members work together to do?

clear the fields, plant seeds, and harvest crops

what type of vegetation zones does west africa include?

desert, semidesert, savanna, and forest

what did the discovery of Jenne-jeno do?

disproved the theory that cities did not exist in west africa until outsiders arrived and helped local people build them

what were earliest farming communities made up of?

extended families

matrilineal

family line traced through the mother

what changes did the ability to make tools out of iron bring?

farmers could clear land and grow crops more efficiently , then the greater abundance of food supported larger villages, where more people were free to work at other trades. villages continued to produced surplus food and hand-crafted goods. they could then trade their surpluses for goods they could not produce themselves.

what crafts did people in jenny-jeno work at?

farmers fishers, potters, metalsmiths, weavers, leatherworkers, bead makers, and ivory carvers

what was the location of Jenne-jeno ideal for?

farming, fishing, and trade

what did trade play a key role in?

growth of West African societies

what were advantages of becoming part of a kingdom?

kings provided protection for the conquered territory, armies made sure that trade routes were safe, armies kept out raiders and foreign armies, wars between small cities ended, Kings collected luxury goods from their subjects and distributed them fairly throughout the kingdom, and they also gave expensive presents to their governors

sahara

large, hot desert in NAfrica that covers about 3.5 million square miles

what does the niger river help with?

making nearby land fertile and also provide fish for eating

what did villages that controlled the trade routes become and what happened to their inhabitants?

market centers and the inhabitants grew very rich by charging fees for trading activity

what did farming communities produce?

most of the things it needed

what is west africa bordered by to the east?

mountains of the present-day country of Cameroon

tribute

payment made by one ruler or country to another for protection or as a sign of submission

Nok

people living in WAfrica in the 500s BCE who mastered ironworking

what was a result of different resources being found in different vegetation zones?

people living in different zones had to trade to get items they could not provide for themselves

who was tribute collected from and what was it a sign of?

people they conquered and it was a sign that the conquered people accepted the king's authority

smelting

process of melting ore to produce iron or other materials from it

what is the niger?

region's longest river that became a trading highway

how did the first kingdoms develop?

rulers of some trading cities became wealthy by collecting taxes from the goods that were bought and sold. With their wealth, they could afford to raise large armies who could conquer other trading areas nearby so that later the ruler could take over the trade of those areas and become even wealthier

4000 BCE

some people had settled to farm south of the Sahara

what did blacksmiths supposedly have?

supernatural (magical or godlike) powers

what new jobs did these villages draw many people to work at?

supervising trade, learning crafts, and helping to construct public buildings

by 500s BCE

the Nok were making iron tools

niger river

the longest river in Africa, kind of trading highway in olden times

what were disadvantages of becoming part of a kingdom?

the obligation to pay tribute and that men had to serve in the king's army

what did people of Jenne-jeno trade?

their surplus goods (such as catfish, fish oil, onions, and rice/for salt, iron ore, copper, and gold0

what was believed about west african kings?

they had special powers given to them by the gods

how did nods use smelting to make iron tools?

they used enormous amounts of charcoal to fuel their iron-smelting furnaces and the red-hot iron was then hammered and bent into useful shapes by skilled workers called blacksmiths

500-1600 CE

three kingdoms arose in West Africa

why did farming communities band together in villages?

to get needed help

what was the wall that surrounded Jenne-jeno used for?

to give the city more status and to make it easier to control the comings and goings of traders

what did some west african villages develop into?

towns and cities

what was a major factor in the rise of West African kingdoms?

trade

what did farming communities do with other farming communities?

traded and eventually joined together

since great kingdoms of west africa did not rely on local trade what did they rely on?

trans-Saharan trade

savanna

vegetation zone of tall grass and scattered trees, with a long rainy season

what happened as goods traveled across west africa?

villages located along rivers or other easily traveled routes became important trading sites

what was Jenne Jeno surrounded by?

wall 10 feet wide and 13 feet high

where was Jenne-jeno built?

where the Niger River meets the Bani River

what does geography explain and show?

why people settle where they do and how they live and explain patterns of trade

what type of things did villages unite for?

work together to control a flooding river, to mine for iron or gold, or for protection

sahel

zone of semi dessert, south of the sahara, where short grasses, small bushes, and a few trees grow