world civ - ch 11
how many people were early farming communities made up of?
15-20
how did kingdoms become an empire?
As a king conquered more territory, the kingdom grew into an empire
what were houses in Jenne-jeno like at first and how did they change?
At first, they built the houses from bent poles and woven mats. Later, they used mud blocks.
what was a key to the power of mali?
Control of trade
which three kingdoms arose in west africa between 500-1600 CE?
Ghana, Songhai, and Mali
1500 BCE
Hittites mastered ironworking
200 BCE
Jenne-jeno was built
what present day place did the nok live in?
Nigeria
what does west africa begin with in the north?
Sahara
what is in the south of the sahara?
Sahel
where did ironworking spread quickly throughout?
West Africa
jenne-jeno
an ancient WAfrican city built along the niger river
artifact
an item left by an earlier culture
1977
archeologists began excavating the ancient West African city of Jenne-jeno
what west africa bordered by to the west and south?
atlantic ocean
who were the most respected people in jenne-jeno?
blacksmiths
what were west african kings considered?
both the political and the religious leaders of their kingdoms
in what type of houses did people in Jenne-jeno live?
circular houses
what did family members work together to do?
clear the fields, plant seeds, and harvest crops
what type of vegetation zones does west africa include?
desert, semidesert, savanna, and forest
what did the discovery of Jenne-jeno do?
disproved the theory that cities did not exist in west africa until outsiders arrived and helped local people build them
what were earliest farming communities made up of?
extended families
matrilineal
family line traced through the mother
what changes did the ability to make tools out of iron bring?
farmers could clear land and grow crops more efficiently , then the greater abundance of food supported larger villages, where more people were free to work at other trades. villages continued to produced surplus food and hand-crafted goods. they could then trade their surpluses for goods they could not produce themselves.
what crafts did people in jenny-jeno work at?
farmers fishers, potters, metalsmiths, weavers, leatherworkers, bead makers, and ivory carvers
what was the location of Jenne-jeno ideal for?
farming, fishing, and trade
what did trade play a key role in?
growth of West African societies
what were advantages of becoming part of a kingdom?
kings provided protection for the conquered territory, armies made sure that trade routes were safe, armies kept out raiders and foreign armies, wars between small cities ended, Kings collected luxury goods from their subjects and distributed them fairly throughout the kingdom, and they also gave expensive presents to their governors
sahara
large, hot desert in NAfrica that covers about 3.5 million square miles
what does the niger river help with?
making nearby land fertile and also provide fish for eating
what did villages that controlled the trade routes become and what happened to their inhabitants?
market centers and the inhabitants grew very rich by charging fees for trading activity
what did farming communities produce?
most of the things it needed
what is west africa bordered by to the east?
mountains of the present-day country of Cameroon
tribute
payment made by one ruler or country to another for protection or as a sign of submission
Nok
people living in WAfrica in the 500s BCE who mastered ironworking
what was a result of different resources being found in different vegetation zones?
people living in different zones had to trade to get items they could not provide for themselves
who was tribute collected from and what was it a sign of?
people they conquered and it was a sign that the conquered people accepted the king's authority
smelting
process of melting ore to produce iron or other materials from it
what is the niger?
region's longest river that became a trading highway
how did the first kingdoms develop?
rulers of some trading cities became wealthy by collecting taxes from the goods that were bought and sold. With their wealth, they could afford to raise large armies who could conquer other trading areas nearby so that later the ruler could take over the trade of those areas and become even wealthier
4000 BCE
some people had settled to farm south of the Sahara
what did blacksmiths supposedly have?
supernatural (magical or godlike) powers
what new jobs did these villages draw many people to work at?
supervising trade, learning crafts, and helping to construct public buildings
by 500s BCE
the Nok were making iron tools
niger river
the longest river in Africa, kind of trading highway in olden times
what were disadvantages of becoming part of a kingdom?
the obligation to pay tribute and that men had to serve in the king's army
what did people of Jenne-jeno trade?
their surplus goods (such as catfish, fish oil, onions, and rice/for salt, iron ore, copper, and gold0
what was believed about west african kings?
they had special powers given to them by the gods
how did nods use smelting to make iron tools?
they used enormous amounts of charcoal to fuel their iron-smelting furnaces and the red-hot iron was then hammered and bent into useful shapes by skilled workers called blacksmiths
500-1600 CE
three kingdoms arose in West Africa
why did farming communities band together in villages?
to get needed help
what was the wall that surrounded Jenne-jeno used for?
to give the city more status and to make it easier to control the comings and goings of traders
what did some west african villages develop into?
towns and cities
what was a major factor in the rise of West African kingdoms?
trade
what did farming communities do with other farming communities?
traded and eventually joined together
since great kingdoms of west africa did not rely on local trade what did they rely on?
trans-Saharan trade
savanna
vegetation zone of tall grass and scattered trees, with a long rainy season
what happened as goods traveled across west africa?
villages located along rivers or other easily traveled routes became important trading sites
what was Jenne Jeno surrounded by?
wall 10 feet wide and 13 feet high
where was Jenne-jeno built?
where the Niger River meets the Bani River
what does geography explain and show?
why people settle where they do and how they live and explain patterns of trade
what type of things did villages unite for?
work together to control a flooding river, to mine for iron or gold, or for protection
sahel
zone of semi dessert, south of the sahara, where short grasses, small bushes, and a few trees grow