History 222: History of Sport Exam 1
N4A
National Association of Amateur Athletes of America
William Cammeyer
A businessman who was a pioneer in the early days of Major League Baseball. He was the owner of the New York Mutuals franchise and even managed the team during the 1876 season. He also built the Union Grounds ballpark for the Mutuals. First one to charge for a game
"Nouveau Riche"
A person who is newly rich
Reserve Clause
Allowed clubs to reserve the right of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiation contacts and controlling their futures
Paper Chases
Also known as "hare and hound" races, Harvard held the race and it went far beyond the campus and there were many reports of "irritated property owners" and another race would not be staged for three years
Barn Ball
An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick.
Alexander Joy Cartwright
Bank Clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker baseball club and devised the game's first rules
Sabbatarian Laws
Banned recreation of any kind but also proscribed activities that were deemed acceptable during the rest of the week such as sexual intercourse, unnecessary traveling, and any type of frivolity
Muscular Christianity
Began in the 1850s and stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise, leader of the movement was Thomas Wentworth Higginson
Middle Class Victorianism
Belief that there was a commonality between the middle classes of the rapidly industrializing Western worlds. Linked to a common set of values: Evangelical Protestantism, hard work, and self-restraint Sports were frowned upon because they were seen as antithesis of hard work and self-restraint
Caledonian Clubs
Caledonia was the Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country
4 Folkways
Chesapeake, New England, Backcountry, and Middle Colonies
Britain's Festive Culture
Citizens would engage in various games to coincide with large gatherings of people either in celebration of religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating everyday life. Most popular=May Day
"King" Kelly
Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887
Mills Commission
Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man
Playground Movement
Designed to keep children out of trouble, it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 503 in a little more than a decade
Folk Games
Development included exclusive association with a particular (annual) feast and the damage to life and property that it usually risked would have been more than bearable. They are based off of festivity and community.
Walking City
During the 1820-1870s, settled areas were no more than two miles fro the center of town, and the pedestrian was the "principle method of locomotion"
Separate Spheres
During the Victorian period, a rigid division of sexes. The male arena was known as the public sphere, which included business and politics. While women were the nurturers in the private sphere
Kolven
Dutch game which translates to Golf
National League
Eight teams made up the original leaguer and made sure none of the teams were involved were owned by players. Cities in the league would have to have a population of at least 75,000 and have the approval of existing clubs to join
New York Athletic Club
First all athletic club founded in 1860s
Primogeniture
First born sone inheriting the family fortune
James Gordon Bennett
First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper
Cincinnati Red Stockings
First recognized all-salary team in baseball. IN their inaugural seasons of 1869, they won 57 games, lost 0, and tied one
Leonard Jerome
Flamboyant Wall Street Investor who rejuvenated horse racing after the Civil War. Created American Jockey Club and built the nation's finest race track, Jerome Park, while also creating the short-dash system instead of long. He discourage professional gamblers and did not allow alcohol to be sold
Henry Chadwick
Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a writer for the NY Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as the "Father Baseball"
Harry Wright
Former Cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best early players. He was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings
AG Spalding
Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go onto become a sporting goods magnate. He wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport.
Quakers
From the Delaware Valley (Middle colonies), were viewed as outcasts because of their pacifists beliefs. William Penn set up new colony that was tolerant to all religions, but very intolerant of sports
Toli
Game of stickball played by Europeans most closely resembling lacrosse Popular with American Southeast tribes including Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole
Sporting Spectacles
Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to participants went against their basic beliefs
Lawful recreation or sport
Games that were believe to foster drinking and gambling were expressly forbidden, games that refreshed the mind, body, and spirit were allowed Two requirements: could have no association with the British festive culture that the Puritans were rebelling against and it had to refresh participants so they could perform worldly duties
Positive Sports Ideology
Good, clean sports could serve as an alternative to those undesirable elements of the city and serve to promote moral, build character, enhance public health, and serve as substitute for the lost world of small-town America and its values
John Montgomery Ward
Hall of Fame pitcher and hitter who became even more famous when he created the Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players, the first ever sports labor union. He became increasingly troubled by the actions of the club owners, specifically the reserve clause
Oliver Cromwell
He wanted to bring back the power of the parliament, lessen the power of the king, and reform the Church of England. He was more tolerant on sports because he was an avid hunter and horseman
John Cox Stevens
He won enough money to buy both horses from the "Race of the Century" and served as the President of the New York Jockey Club for 22 years. He renovated his family estate in Hoboken to create Elysian Fields, also started the New York Yacht Club. Lastly, he created the "Great Race" which was a race against humans
Turner Societies
Immigrants from Germany that were very involved in gymnastics. Brought gymnastics to the US
Players' League
In 1850, Ward and the Brotherhood created their own league when owners began to discuss a salary cap. They took players from 7 of the 8 National League teams and set up rival teams in those same cities
Moses Fleetwood Walker
Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s
Victorian Counterculture
Made up of mainly working-class men who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up this group along with members of the upper class. They rebelled against the restraint of the Victorians in many ways including sports
Pageant of Misrule
Males got together and elected a "Lord of Misrule" the parents or village would have the final approval in who he would marry Married men, the monarch, older men, and the upper class would be mocked
"Race of the Century"
May 1823 at the Union Horse Race Course in Jamaica, the South Sir Henry and the North Eclipse would race. The growing rift between the North and the south played a key role in the popularity of this matchup
Baseball Fraternity
Most popular of the fraternities that began to emerge. The first was organized by Alexander Cartwright in 185 and would be called the Knickerbocker Club The Civil War helped the growth because soldiers were introduced to it during war and so it spread
Violent Games
Most popular was football, primarily known as a Shrove Tuesday tradition. The game was very violent and to be associated with football was not food for reputation
1st Great Awakening
Movement started by Johnathan Edwards for a call to get "back to the bible" and a closer relationship with God, not a good time for sports
Quarter Horses
Much smaller horse with large hindquarters that excelled at sprinting shorter distances of a quarter mile or less
One Old Cat
Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base
"Beer and Whiskey League"
Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at the games
Town Ball
Once three more bases were added the games was first called Four Old Cat and eventually town ball. Resembles the modern game of baseball and derived from towns fielding teams to play the game
Cap Anson
One of the earliest superstar baseball players. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits
Public School Athletic League
Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school
Rough and Tumble
Participants were from the lower class and there were no rules and the goal was to gouge out opponent's eyes
Strenuous Life
Phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed the absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late-19th century male. It was designed to toughen up the American male through vigorous exercise and sports
Tavern pastimes
Place that was centered around drinking and gambling. Popular games included board games, billiards, and dice games. Cockfights and horserace were organized near taverns as well as military training1
Elysian Fields
Portion of John Cox Steven's property in Hoboken, NJ, that was donated for the use of cricket and the NY Yacht Club
William Hulbert
President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876
Puritans
Purified the Church of England of its Catholic tendencies and also purified the Sabbath, which mean that from sundown on Saturday to sundown Sunday every waking moment should be devoted to God and nothing else
Knickerbockers
Recognizes by many as the earliest organization of a baseball club. The club was reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ at the Elysian Fields in 1845
2nd Great Awakening
Religious Revival movement that lasted longer than the first
Southern Gentry
Slave holders were considered the highest of the social class. The only way to achieve upward mobility was to own more slaves.
Royal Sports
Sports that were played by the wealthy included: joust, tilt yard, tennis, and fox hunting
19th Century Changes
Steamboat, Train, Newspapers, Telegraph, all of these things made it possible to transfer and communicate across the country
Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America
Stepped in to oversee Track and Field events for American Colleges. One of the biggest controversies was that more athletes would compete in an even that had a higher-valued prize, so making the prizes equal would eliminate that problem
Sporting Fraternity
Subcultures created by the Counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood. Modeled after Britain.
College Crew
The country's best schools for rowing. The first rowing competition was held between Harvard and Yale on the Connecticut River
Enlightenment
The embrace of science and reasoning and a departure from religion and superstition Ben Franklin was the embodiment of Enlightenment
Republicanism
The idea that the new nation would be a republic giving the power to its citizenry, not hereditary monarchy
Needful Recreation
The sports and activities that were allowed included swimming, ice skating, gardening, and hunting and fishing as long as it put food on the table
YMCA
This was one place the Strenuous Life could be prated. Initially when it was founded in England in 18511, it focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th century it had become synonymous with exercise and sports
Rational Recreation
Victorians allowed citizens to play in activities that refreshed the mind and body, as long as they were limited to the private sphere so there was no rowdy action. These games included reading newspapers, books, musical instruments and exercise Temperance organizations were acceptable by both sexes
Luther Halsey Gulick
Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning
"Book of Sports"
Written by James I, known as the Declaration of Sports. Argued against Puritan vision of the Sabbath and the allowance of sports on Sundays Maytime festivities allowed as long as there was no neglect of Divine Services Not allowed: blood sports, bull and bear hunting, football, bowling