Anatomy 1-2 axial and appendicula skeleton

describe lumbar spinal puncture

-a lumbar puncture can help diagnose serious infections such as meningitis, other disorders of the CNS or cancers of the brain and SC

Another name for epidural? What is it?

-administer anesthetic agents to lower portion of body especially during childbirth

What is the major function of articular processes? -determined by? -vertebral column attaches to _____

-allow for some restricted movement -movement determine by shape of the articular process -back muscles, head, neck and thorax

describe clinical correlation of intervertebral discs in older people -typically, ____ (_____ to ______ ligament) -can lead to ______

-anulus fibrosus degenerates with age -back strain can cause herniation of nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrosis (slipped disc) -posteolateral herniation -lateral to posterior longitudinal ligament -spinal nerve compression at intervertebral foramen

What is c2 named What is atypical What is atypical about c7

-axis -has bifid spinous process, dens facet, and dens -abnormally large spinous process= vertebral prominence

Explain how the axioappendicular joint is modified for mobility and the pectoral girdle and lower limbs are modified for support and stability

-clavicle is the only connection b/w upper limb and torso- curved and designed to break, very shallow so more mobile but less stable, only muscles are on its posterior border for more flexibility -pelvic girdle has much deeper joint and dense piece of fibrocartilage that lines the hip joint (labrum) -all weight forced equally down thru feet to the ground, has sacroiliac joint= strongest joint in the entire body-so very stable, but less flexible

What ligaments surround the dens in atlanto-axial joint -why so many?

-cruciform ligament: superior and inferior longitudinal ligaments and transverse ligament, and alar ligament -because if dens moves too much it could damage the spinal cord

what is lateral curvature

-curve of vertebral column to the side opposite handedness

the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments are greatly _____ to form ______ -they run from _____ to ______

-greatly thickened in cervical region to form ligmentum nuchae -external occipital protuberance of skull to c7

What isn't responsible for the stability of the vertebra?

-intervertebral foramen

vertebrae are composed of ____ covered by _____ -most of the torso's weight is _______ and concentrated on ______ which is ______ and can _____

-light-weight spongy bone covered by thin layer of stronger compact bone -anteriorly located and concentrated on the anteriomedial vertebral body which is broad and thick and can dissipate the weight

How to identify thoracic vertebrae: ____ -presence of _____ in ______ -absence of ____ seen in _____ -absence of ____ and _____ characteristic of _____

-look like giraffe head, circular vertebral foramen -prescence of costal facets on the sides of the body and in transverse processes -absence of foramen transversarium seen in cervical vertebrae -absence of mammillary and accessory processes characteristic of lumbar vertebrae

What is lumbar spinal stenosis

-narrowing of the neural canal due to thickening of dural sac -> could impinge SC-> have to scrape some of the dura mater away

intervertebral discs consist of :

-nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous core and anulus fibrosus: inner collagen fibers and outer fibrocartilage

the vertebrae are separated by ____ = _____ -interconnected externally by the _____, _____ and _______ -create lots of movement thru ______ -interconnected internally (______) by _____ -vetebrae differ in structure according to _____ (ex: ______)

-seperated by stiff but slightly flexible pieces of fibrocartilage = intervertebral discs -articular processes, muscles and ligaments -amplification by summation - (within spinal canal) by ligaments -their different requirements -ex: thoracic vertebral body is a lot thicker because more weight to support while cervical vertebrae has much smaller body

what are the thoracic skeleton boundaries - the first rib is not _____ because ______ -therefore, _____ -which are the typical ribs and which are the atypical ribs

-sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae -not palpable because it is deep and partly hidden by the clavicle -rib counting starts with 2nd rib adjacent to the sternal angle - 3-9 - 1,2,10-12

-what happens if the nucleus pulposus squirts out into the neural canal

-surgery to suck some of the nucelus pulposus out and fix with cement while the patient is awake, to test for sensation

joints b/w articular processes are ____ joints that permit _____

-synovial plane joints that permit sliding movements

Describe where rib 5 articulates

1) costovertebral joint: the head of the rib articulates with the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae of that number and the one above it = T4 and T5 2) costotransverse joint: the rib tubercle articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae of the same number (T5)

Name the four stages of curvatures of the vertebral column, and which regions are convex vs. concave?

1. Fetus: all concave 2. Newborn: lumbar is convex, rest is concave 3. 4 year old: cervical= convex, thoracic= concave, lumbar=convex, sacral=concave 4. Adult: cervical= convex, thoracic= concave, lumbar=convex, sacral=concave

What are the 3 sacral crests and what are they composed of? -the connection b/w ________ are the strongest ______ for ______ -the coccyx is basically

1.lateral sacral crest: fused transverse processes 2. median sacral crest: fused spinous processes 3. medial sacral crest: fused articular processes -b/w sacrum and os coxae=sacroiliac joint -strongest ligaments in the body -equal distribution of weight on the right and the left -rudimentary tail bones

Thoracic vertebrae: -there are _____ -each vertebrae articulates _____ Where do they articulate? -for what movement

12 of them articulates with 4 ribs (2 right and 2 left) -costal facet on side of body-articulates with head of the ribs and costal facet on transverse process-articulates with tubercule of the rib -rotation of the back

Lumbar vertebrae: How many? What is characteristic of them? Which one is atypical and how?

5 -mammillary and accessory processes -L5 -body is much deeper in front than behind, smaller size of spinous and transverse processes, wide interval b/w the inferior articulating processes -basically its smaller and wider

Jefferson fracture features?

Blow to top of head. C1 ring fracture, but dens isn't damaged so not life-threatening

What is kyphosis?

Humpback in the thoracic area, exaggerated curvature concave anteriorly, usually in elderly

Which thoracic vertebrae are atypical? Which are typical? - _____ are absent in the ____ are absent in the ____ and ____ thoracic vertebrae

T1, 9, 10, 11, 12 T2-T8 -costal facets in the transverse processes are absent in the 11th and 12th vertebrae

the ribs articulate with _____ -movement occurs ____ -the true ribs _____ -the false ribs ______ -describe the other region of ribs

Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae and body of thoracic vertebrae -in the back not the front - (1-7) articulate with the sternum - (8-10) don't connect to individual costals but to combined costal cartilage -floating ribs (11 and 12) are just posterior and don't go to sternum at all

Hangman's fracture

Unstable, serious fracture of posterior elements of C2. -dens will snap thru transverse ligament of C1 -sever all spinal nerves below C2 -Caused by hyperextension and distraction (head against dashboard).

What is scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine -sometimes due to hemivertebra (developmental disorder)

intervertebral discs act like shock absorbers and _____ -excessive movements causes (_____)

allow some superior-inferior movement -stress fractures of vertebral bodies

c1= ____ What is atypical about it -what is atypical about c1 AND c2?

atlas -doesn't have a body or spinous process -it has transverse ligament and dens facet -shape and size of the body: C1 is lonely cause it aint got no body, the body of c2=dens

define axial vs appendicular skeleton

axial=trunk: head, neck and torso appendicular=upper limb, lower limb and os coxae

List types and number of vertebrae

cervical - 7 thoracic- 12 lumbar- 5 sacrum- 5 fused coccyx- 3-5 fused

What is lordosis and what is another name for it?

excessive arch to the lower back/ lumbar curvature (swayback)

vertebral column opposing properties: _____ 4 support functions? 2 movement functions?

movement and stability/support support -transmits weight, houses and protects spinal cord, transmits spinal nerves, primary attachment of back muscles, head, neck, thorax movement -muscle insertions and extensive back movements

all cervical vertebrae have ____ and ____ (_____) -superior and inferior articulating processes: have ______ that form ______ -describe transverse foramen -Which are the atypical cervical vertebrae -what movement occurs at c3-c7 joints?

transverse foramen -and an anterior and posterior tubercule (except c2-axis) -have facets/ articulating surfaces that form zygapophyseal joints b/w adjacent vertebrae -holes in transverse process of all cervical vertebrae for vertebral aa. and vv. -C1, C2, and C7 -flexion and extension

what is the ligamenta flava

vertebral ligament, elastic, connecting laminae inside vertebral foramen

What joints produce "yes" and "no" head movements -what are these joints also known as

yes: occipital condyles sitting on superior articulating processes= flexion and extension (atlanto-occipital joint) no: c1 and c2 =flat articulating process=rotation of the head (atlanto-axial joint) -dens of C2 in dens facet seat-belted in by transverse ligament