Anatomy 2019 Chapter 5
T/F The acidic pH of merocrine sweat helps prevent the growth of some pathogenic bacteria
True
The nail matrix is the
actively growing part of the nail
What are three phases of the hair cycle
anagen, catagen, telogen
The mammary glands of the breasts are modified _____ glands
apocrine sweat
The dermis is made up of two types of connective tissue
areolar, dense irregular
Extending from the dermal papillae to the mid-region of the hair follicles are thin ribbons of smooth muscle that are collectively called _______ _______ muscles
arrector pili
The papillary layer of the dermis is associated closely with the ____ of the epidermis
basal lamina
In the nails, the lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the underlying ______
blood vessels
There are three recognizable zones along the length of a hair: _____, ______ and ______.
bulb, root, shaft
Some cells in the epidermis produce cholecalciferol when exposed to UV radiation. this substance travels to the kidneys where it is transformed into ______
calcitriol
The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of ____ fibers
collagen
The specific orientation of ____ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ____ during routine movements
collagen, stress
The epithelial tissue root sheath is composed of two parts: an _____ root sheath and an ____ sheath
connective, epithelial
Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis
corneum
The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under the microscope is due to shrinkage of the ____ during slide preparation while the intercellular attachment called _____ and cytoskeletal elements remain intact
cytoplasm, desmosome
When the body is cold, the blood vessels in the dermis constrict to ______ blood flow, which allows the body to conserve heat. When the body is too warm, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate increasing ______ flow, which allows the heat from blood to dissipate through the skin
decrease, blood
Vasoconstriction means that the diameters of the vessels ____ so relatively ____ blood can travel through them
decrease, less
The spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of ___ which function to hold these non-dividing cells together
desmosomes
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called _____ _____ cells. They have that capability to destroy pathogens by the process of _____
epidermal dendritic, phagocytosis
Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located only in the
external acoustic meatus
Another function of cerumen is to lubricate the
external acoustic meatus and eardrum
Sebaceous glands are most abundant on the _____ and _____
face, scalp
The skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair ______, _______ glands, and sebaceous gland
follicles, sweat
Where will you find most of the hairs on the human body
general body surface
male pattern baldness is primarily caused by a combination of _____ and _____ influences
genetics, hormones
Hair stiffness is the result of two primary factors: the hardness of intercellular cements surrounding the cells of the cortex and ____ cements within the cells of
intracellular, cortex
The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein called
keratin
Which pigments contribute to skin color
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
Melanin is transferred in membrane-bound vesicles from ____ to keratinocytes in the stratum bisale
melanocytes
The UV rays in sunlight are prevented from penetrating to the deeper dermis layer by specialized cells called _____
melanocytes
Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment producing cells called ______. These cells manufacture the pigment ____ and package the pigment into granules called _____
melanocytes, melanocytes, melanosomes
A fully keratinized cell is dead because it has neither a _____ nor ______.
nucleus, organelle
Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except
palms, soles, sides
Which of the following contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae
papillary layer
The reticular layer forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the thin, overlying ____ layer to the underlying _____ layer
papillary, subcutaneous
The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ____ and ____ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct noticeable color
proteins, lipids
The connective tissue fibers of ____ layer of the dermis are extensive interwoven with those of the ____ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues
reticular, subcutaneous
The sebaceous gland of the skin secrete an oily material called
sebum
The secretions of sebaceous glands, called ___ is usually deposited into a ___.
sebum, hair follicle
Epidermal dendritic cells are found in the stratum ____ and stratum ____
spinosum, granulosum
Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on
strata, thickness
What characteristics of the epidermis make it a protective barrier
stratified, keratinized
The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the _______
stratum basale
The secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via _____. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.
sweat ducts, hair follicles
In response to _____ nervous system stimulation, myoepithelial cells contract to squeeze the gland, causing it to discharge its accumulated secretions into the duct
sympathetic
Scattered among the cells of the stratum basalt are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ___ cells
tactile
Differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its ______ and ______
texture, pigmentation
Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ___ skin
thick
The stratum lucidum is found only in
thick skin
There are three variations in the epidermis. These variations are _____, _____, and skin markings
thickness, coloration
Drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because its extensive __________ network promotes rapid absorption
vascular
If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels _____ so more blood can travel to the surface and excess can be lost
vasodilate, close
the scalp normally loses between ______ hairs per day
10-100
There are about ____ to ____ ceruminous glands in the external acoustic meatus
1000, 2000
The telogen phase of the hair growth cycle lasts for about ____ months
3-4
On a scalp, about ____ - ____ % of follicles are in the anagen phase
80-95
In the catagen phase, the follicle undergoes ___ and shrinks toward the scalp surface
Involution
Within the stratum granulosum begins a process called ________ by which the keratinocytes fill up with the protein ______
Keratinization, Keratin
Classify the tissue type of the epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Tactile cells are also called
Merkel cells
Two major functions of the hair are
Protection/Heat retention
Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands produce their secretions by the process of
Exocytosis
During the process of keratinization, the ____ and organelles of the cell disintegrate and the cell start to die. also their membranes become thicker and less _____ to water.
Nucleus, organelles
In children, which which hair type is the primary human hair and is found on most of the body
Vellus
There are two types of hemangiomas, _____ and _____
capillary, cavernous
The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is
collagen
in the dermis of the skin , ______________ fibers impart tensile strength while ____________ fibers allow some stretch and contraction in the dermis during normal movement
collagen, elastic
When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is ___________ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues
dehydration
Blood vessels within the ____ must supply nutrients to the epidermis
dermis
Epidermal accessory organs are located in the ____ and may project through the _______ to the surface. The exposed parts of the nails and hair are composed of ____, keratinized cells
dermis, epidermis, dead
The stratum corneum consists of about 20-30 layers of interlocking, keratinized, anucleate cells called
keratinocytes
Lines of cleavage are clinically and surgically significant because any procedure resulting in a cut at ____ to a cleavage line is usually pulled open due to the ____ from cut elastic fibers. This often results in slow healing and increased scarring
perpendicular angles, recoil
At puberty, terminal hair replaces ______ hair in the ______ and pubic regions of the body
vellus, axillary
Ceruminous glands are classified as _____ glands
simple, coiled, tubular
____ cells are derived from white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens in the epidermis and cancerous cells
dendritic
In thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are stratum ____ and stratum _____
lucidum, corneum
The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body in the body are
merocrine sweat glands
A nevus is commonly referred to as a _____. It is a harmless, localized growth of ____ forming cells
mole, melanin
Merocrine and apocrine sweat glands use ____ cells to release their accumulated secretions
myoepithelial
Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes in the stratum basale via the process of _____ or exocytosis. The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ____ of keratinocytes from UV radiation
phagocytosis, nucleus
Merocrine sweat glands are classified as _____ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin
simple, coiled, tubular
The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands: ___ glands and ___ glands
sweat, sebaceous
Body temperature is influenced by two structures located in the dermis, _____ and _____
blood vessels/sweat glands
Lines of cleavage in the skin identify the predominant orientation of ____ fiber bundles in the ____
collagen, dermis