Anatomy 2019 Chapter 5

T/F The acidic pH of merocrine sweat helps prevent the growth of some pathogenic bacteria

True

The nail matrix is the

actively growing part of the nail

What are three phases of the hair cycle

anagen, catagen, telogen

The mammary glands of the breasts are modified _____ glands

apocrine sweat

The dermis is made up of two types of connective tissue

areolar, dense irregular

Extending from the dermal papillae to the mid-region of the hair follicles are thin ribbons of smooth muscle that are collectively called _______ _______ muscles

arrector pili

The papillary layer of the dermis is associated closely with the ____ of the epidermis

basal lamina

In the nails, the lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the underlying ______

blood vessels

There are three recognizable zones along the length of a hair: _____, ______ and ______.

bulb, root, shaft

Some cells in the epidermis produce cholecalciferol when exposed to UV radiation. this substance travels to the kidneys where it is transformed into ______

calcitriol

The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of ____ fibers

collagen

The specific orientation of ____ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ____ during routine movements

collagen, stress

The epithelial tissue root sheath is composed of two parts: an _____ root sheath and an ____ sheath

connective, epithelial

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis

corneum

The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under the microscope is due to shrinkage of the ____ during slide preparation while the intercellular attachment called _____ and cytoskeletal elements remain intact

cytoplasm, desmosome

When the body is cold, the blood vessels in the dermis constrict to ______ blood flow, which allows the body to conserve heat. When the body is too warm, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate increasing ______ flow, which allows the heat from blood to dissipate through the skin

decrease, blood

Vasoconstriction means that the diameters of the vessels ____ so relatively ____ blood can travel through them

decrease, less

The spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of ___ which function to hold these non-dividing cells together

desmosomes

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called _____ _____ cells. They have that capability to destroy pathogens by the process of _____

epidermal dendritic, phagocytosis

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located only in the

external acoustic meatus

Another function of cerumen is to lubricate the

external acoustic meatus and eardrum

Sebaceous glands are most abundant on the _____ and _____

face, scalp

The skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair ______, _______ glands, and sebaceous gland

follicles, sweat

Where will you find most of the hairs on the human body

general body surface

male pattern baldness is primarily caused by a combination of _____ and _____ influences

genetics, hormones

Hair stiffness is the result of two primary factors: the hardness of intercellular cements surrounding the cells of the cortex and ____ cements within the cells of

intracellular, cortex

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein called

keratin

Which pigments contribute to skin color

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Melanin is transferred in membrane-bound vesicles from ____ to keratinocytes in the stratum bisale

melanocytes

The UV rays in sunlight are prevented from penetrating to the deeper dermis layer by specialized cells called _____

melanocytes

Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment producing cells called ______. These cells manufacture the pigment ____ and package the pigment into granules called _____

melanocytes, melanocytes, melanosomes

A fully keratinized cell is dead because it has neither a _____ nor ______.

nucleus, organelle

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except

palms, soles, sides

Which of the following contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae

papillary layer

The reticular layer forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the thin, overlying ____ layer to the underlying _____ layer

papillary, subcutaneous

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ____ and ____ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct noticeable color

proteins, lipids

The connective tissue fibers of ____ layer of the dermis are extensive interwoven with those of the ____ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues

reticular, subcutaneous

The sebaceous gland of the skin secrete an oily material called

sebum

The secretions of sebaceous glands, called ___ is usually deposited into a ___.

sebum, hair follicle

Epidermal dendritic cells are found in the stratum ____ and stratum ____

spinosum, granulosum

Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on

strata, thickness

What characteristics of the epidermis make it a protective barrier

stratified, keratinized

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the _______

stratum basale

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via _____. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.

sweat ducts, hair follicles

In response to _____ nervous system stimulation, myoepithelial cells contract to squeeze the gland, causing it to discharge its accumulated secretions into the duct

sympathetic

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basalt are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ___ cells

tactile

Differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its ______ and ______

texture, pigmentation

Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ___ skin

thick

The stratum lucidum is found only in

thick skin

There are three variations in the epidermis. These variations are _____, _____, and skin markings

thickness, coloration

Drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because its extensive __________ network promotes rapid absorption

vascular

If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels _____ so more blood can travel to the surface and excess can be lost

vasodilate, close

the scalp normally loses between ______ hairs per day

10-100

There are about ____ to ____ ceruminous glands in the external acoustic meatus

1000, 2000

The telogen phase of the hair growth cycle lasts for about ____ months

3-4

On a scalp, about ____ - ____ % of follicles are in the anagen phase

80-95

In the catagen phase, the follicle undergoes ___ and shrinks toward the scalp surface

Involution

Within the stratum granulosum begins a process called ________ by which the keratinocytes fill up with the protein ______

Keratinization, Keratin

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Tactile cells are also called

Merkel cells

Two major functions of the hair are

Protection/Heat retention

Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands produce their secretions by the process of

Exocytosis

During the process of keratinization, the ____ and organelles of the cell disintegrate and the cell start to die. also their membranes become thicker and less _____ to water.

Nucleus, organelles

In children, which which hair type is the primary human hair and is found on most of the body

Vellus

There are two types of hemangiomas, _____ and _____

capillary, cavernous

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is

collagen

in the dermis of the skin , ______________ fibers impart tensile strength while ____________ fibers allow some stretch and contraction in the dermis during normal movement

collagen, elastic

When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is ___________ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues

dehydration

Blood vessels within the ____ must supply nutrients to the epidermis

dermis

Epidermal accessory organs are located in the ____ and may project through the _______ to the surface. The exposed parts of the nails and hair are composed of ____, keratinized cells

dermis, epidermis, dead

The stratum corneum consists of about 20-30 layers of interlocking, keratinized, anucleate cells called

keratinocytes

Lines of cleavage are clinically and surgically significant because any procedure resulting in a cut at ____ to a cleavage line is usually pulled open due to the ____ from cut elastic fibers. This often results in slow healing and increased scarring

perpendicular angles, recoil

At puberty, terminal hair replaces ______ hair in the ______ and pubic regions of the body

vellus, axillary

Ceruminous glands are classified as _____ glands

simple, coiled, tubular

____ cells are derived from white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens in the epidermis and cancerous cells

dendritic

In thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are stratum ____ and stratum _____

lucidum, corneum

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body in the body are

merocrine sweat glands

A nevus is commonly referred to as a _____. It is a harmless, localized growth of ____ forming cells

mole, melanin

Merocrine and apocrine sweat glands use ____ cells to release their accumulated secretions

myoepithelial

Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes in the stratum basale via the process of _____ or exocytosis. The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ____ of keratinocytes from UV radiation

phagocytosis, nucleus

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as _____ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin

simple, coiled, tubular

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands: ___ glands and ___ glands

sweat, sebaceous

Body temperature is influenced by two structures located in the dermis, _____ and _____

blood vessels/sweat glands

Lines of cleavage in the skin identify the predominant orientation of ____ fiber bundles in the ____

collagen, dermis