Anatomy & Physiology
know the body planes, how they section the body and what views are made from each
coronal plane; through the middle up and down, sagittal plane: through body up and down, and transverse palne through waist side ways.
know the body cavities, their divisions and which organs lie in each
dorsal body cavity - The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses the central nervous system; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the meninges; it is located medially on the posterior of the head and trunk and housed within the confines of the skull and vertebrae; it is arbitrarily subdivided into a cranial cavity containing the brain and a vertebral cavity containing the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves. cranial cavity - The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the dorsal body cavity, which houses the superior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the brain; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the cerebral meninges, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; it is located medially on the posterior of the head and housed within the confines of the skull; it contains the brain, various cerebral blood vessels, the pituitary gland, and the roots of the cranial nerves; it provides a protected space for the brain. vertebral cavity - The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the dorsal body cavity, which houses the inferior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the spinal cord; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the spinal meninges, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; it is located medially on the posterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the vertebrae; it contains the spinal cord, various spinal blood vessels, adipose tissue, and the roots of the spinal nerves; it provides a protected space for the spinal cord. ventral body cavity - The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses various internal organs; its lining are various serous membranes; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage and trunk musculature; it is subdivided into (1) a thoracic cavity containing the lungs, heart, and the organs of the mediastinum, and (2) an abdominopelvic cavity with two partially separated subcompartments: (a) an abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen, and (b) a pelvic cavity containing some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; this cavity provides a protected space for those organs. thoracic cavity - The closed, partially membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity, which houses the lungs, heart, and the organs of the mediastinum; its linings are the three serous membranes known as the pleural membranes and the pericardial membrane; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected space for those organs. pleural cavity - The two closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical spaces, subdivisions of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the right and left lungs respectively; its lining is the serous membrane known as the pleural membrane; it is located lateral to the mediastinum and pericardial sac on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected space for the lungs. pericardial cavity - The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart; its lining is the serous membrane known as the pericardial membrane; it is located within the inferior portion of the mediastinum on the anterior of the trunk and beneath the sternum within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected, lubricated space for the heart to contract. mediastinum - The closed sterile anatomical space, not lined by a serous membrane, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart in its pericardial sac, the great vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, and the thymus; it is located medially between the two pleural cavities to the right and left and between the thoracic vertebral column and the sternum. abdominopelvic cavity - The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses various internal organs, particularly those of the digestive system; its lining is a serous membrane, the peritoneal membrane; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk, inferior to the thoracic cavity, and housed within the confines of the trunk musculature; it is arbitrarily subdivided into (1) an abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen (2) a pelvic cavity containing some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; it provides a protected space for those organs. abdominal cavity - The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses certain internal organs, the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen; its lining is a serous membrane, a portion of the peritoneal membrane; it is located superiorly within the abdominopelvic cavity, bounded superiorly by the diaphragm muscle and inferiorly by the pelvic cavity, with which it is continuous; it provides a protected space for those organs. pelvic cavity - The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; its lining is a serous membrane, a portion of the peritoneal membrane; it is located inferiorly within the abdominopelvic cavity, bounded superiorly by the abdominal cavity, with which it is continuous, and inferiorly by the walls of the pelvic girdle and its musculature; it provides a protected space for those organs.
Know the general components of the feedback system
receptor, integrator, effector
be able to name the abdominal regions and apply it to where abdominal organs lie
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Know the names of the of the anatomical regions and their general names
The cranial region encompasses the upper part of the head while the facial region encompasses the lower half of the head beginning below the ears. The eyes are referred to as the ocular region. The cheeks are referred to as the buccal region. The ears are referred to as the auricle or otic region. The nose is referred to as the nasal region. The chin is referred to as the mental region. The neck is referred to as the cervical region. The trunk of the body contains, from superior to inferior, the thoracic region encompassing the chest the mammary region encompassing each breast the abdominal region encompassing the stomach area the coxal region encompassing the belt line the pubic region encompassing the area above the genitals. The umbilicus, or naval, is located at the center of the abdomen. The pelvis and legs contain, from superior to inferior, the inguinal or groin region between the legs and the genitals, the pubic region surrounding the genitals, the femoral region encompassing the thighs, the patellar region encompassing the knee, the crural region encompassing the lower leg, the tarsal region encompassing the ankle, the pedal region encompassing the foot the digital/phalangeal region encompassing the toes. The great toe is referred to as the hallux. The regions of the upper limbs, from superior to inferior, are the axillary region encompassing the armpit, the brachial region encompassing the upper arm, the antecubital region encompassing the front of the elbow, the antebrachial region encompassing the forearm, the carpal region encompassing the wrist, the palmar region encompassing the palm, the digital/phalangeal region encompassing the fingers. The thumb is referred to as the pollux. The posterior view contains, from superior to inferior, the cervical region encompassing the neck, the dorsal region encompassing the upper back the lumbar region encompassing the lower back. The regions of the back of the arms, from superior to inferior, include the cervical region encompassing the neck, acromial region encompassing the shoulder, the brachial region encompassing the upper arm, the olecranal region encompassing the back of the elbow, the antebrachial region encompasses the back of the arm and the manual region encompassing the palm of the hand. The posterior regions of the legs, from superior to inferior, include the gluteal region encompassing the buttocks, the femoral region encompassing the thigh, the popliteus region encompassing the back of the knee, the sural region encompassing the back of the lower leg,
know the 2 types of metabolism
Two types of metabolic reactions take place in the cell: 'building up' (anabolism) and 'breaking down' (catabolism). Catabolic reactions give out energy. They are exergonic. In a catabolic reaction large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
understand the levels of orginization from the most basic to the most complex
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism
know where the major organs are in the human body
Adrenal GlandsAnusAppendixBladderBonesBrainBronchiEarsEsophagusEyesGall BladderGenitalsHeartHypothalamusKidneysLarge IntestineLarynx (voice box)LiverLungsLymph NodesMouthNosePancreasParathyroid GlandsPituitary GlandProstateRectumSalivary GlandsSkeletal MusclesSkinSmall IntestineSpinal CordSpleenStomachThymus GlandTracheaThyroidUretersUrethra
Understand directional terms and be able to use them to describe body parts and regions
Distal - farther from trunk Proximal - closer to trunk Lateral - away from midline Medial - closer to midline Anterior - front side in Posterior - back side in anatomical position anatomical position (ventral) (dorsal) Superior - closer to head Inferior - farther from head (cranial) (caudal) Superficial - closer to surface Deep - farther from surface Plantar - bottom of foot Dorsal - top of foot
know the 11 organ systems, which major organs make up each, and the general function of each system
Integumentary protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature Skeletal provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood Muscular allows for locomotion, provides support, produces heat Nervous directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems Endocrine directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems Cardiovascular transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases Lymphatic defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream Respiratory delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood Digestive processes food and absorbs nutrients Urinary eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products Reproductive produces sex cells and hormones
Define and understand Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Some specializations within each of these sciences follow: Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones. Histology is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.
know examples of each feedback system
Positive : child birth Negitive: thermostat
Be able to define and explain anatomical positions
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomical position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical nomenclature.
be able to determine a positive and negitive feedback system
a positive feedback system is: A positive feedback mechanism is the exact opposite of a negative feedback mechanism a negitive feedback loop is: These mechanisms change the variable back to its original state or "ideal value"..
understand the definition of homeostasis and know its importance
a state of balance in the body and it's importance is Diffusion is the passive overall movement of molecules from a region of their high concentration to a region of their low concentration.
