Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 17
The activity of the G protein mainly resides in the beta subunit. - True - False
- False
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Beta endorphins
Analgesia in the brain
Decreases the secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Thyroid-stimulating hormone ___________ ________________
Thyroid gland
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Thyroid-stimulating hormone _________________________________
Thyroid hormone secretion
Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
A rise in glucocorticoids can promote insulin resistance. T/F
True
An increase in stress causes an increase in ACTH from the anterior pituitary. T/F
True
The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme - adenylyl cyclase. - cAMP phosphodiesterase. - ATPase. - ligase. - phosphorylase.
adenylyl cyclase.
As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine - rise and cortisol fall. - fall and cortisol rise. - and cortisol rise. - and cortisol fall.
and cortisol rise.
Target cells for releasing hormones are in the - hypothalamus. - anterior pituitary gland. - posterior pituitary gland. - thyroid gland. - testes.
anterior pituitary gland.
Once inside of the cell, these lipid soluble hormones - bind with a DNA molecule. - bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the nucleus. - bind with a mRNA molecule. - bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm. - bind with a ribosome.
bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm.
Water-soluble hormones pass through the cell membrane.
cannot
Lipid soluble hormones - require a membrane receptor protein to enter the cell. - diffuse through the cell membrane. - enter the cell through active transport. - work as ligands on the surface of the cell membrane. - require specific gates to pass through the cell membrane.
diffuse through the cell membrane.
One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is .
epinephrine
The adrenal medulla secretes - glucocorticoids. - epinephrine and norepinephrine. - androgens. - aldosterone.
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
In general, the endocrine system has faster results than the nervous system. - True - False
false
Causing an increased of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.
reabsorption
Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the ________ _______ of the kidney.
target cells
The thyroid gland secretes large amounts of - triiodothyronine but no tetraiodothyronine. - tetraiodothyronine but no triiodothyronine. - both triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine. - triiodothyronine and small amounts of tetraiodothyronine. - tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.
An up-regulated cell has an increase in - the amount of DNA in the nucleus. - the number of molecules the cell secretes. - the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors. - the number of receptors available for binding. - the number of nuclei.
- the number of receptors available for binding.
A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________. > protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions > regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes hormones > molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones > molecule; a cell that does not have receptors. > None of these are correct.
> molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ________ ______
Adrenal cortex
Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true? - Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells. - Inside the target cell, all T3 is converted to T4. - Only the T4 form can enter the nucleus. - All of the choices are correct.
Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells.
Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Beta endorphins _____
Brain
Check all that are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids Epinephrine Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Norepinephrine
Corticosteroids Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids
Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone ___________________
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system. > communicates by means of hormones > communicates by means of electrical impulses > reacts more slowly to stimuli > may continue responding long after stimulus stops > Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation > adapts relatively slowly
Endocrine System > communicates by means of hormones > reacts more slowly to stimuli > may continue responding long after stimulus stops > adapts relatively slowly Nervous System > communicates by means of electrical impulses > Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Adrenocorticotropic hormone __________________________
Glucocorticoid hormone secretion
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Growth hormone
Increased growth in tissues
Classify the hormones with their main target organs. LIVER, FAT MUSCLE, AND BONE, THYROID, ADRENAL CORTEX GH TSH ACTH IGF
LIVER, FAT MUSCLE, AND BONE - GH - IGF THYROID - TSH ADRENAL CORTEX - ACTH
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone ___________________________________________
Melanin production
Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone _______________________________________
Melanocytes in the skin correct
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Prolactin __________________________________
Milk production in lactating women
Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Growth hormone _____ ________
Most tissues
Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system. > Releases neurotransmitters at synapses > sometimes has very general effects > Usually has relatively local, specific effects > Reacts quickly to stimuli > releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution > stops quickly when stimulus stops
Nervous System > Releases neurotransmitters at synapses > Usually has relatively local, specific effects > Reacts quickly to stimuli > stops quickly when stimulus stops Endocrine System > sometimes has very general effects > releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its target. Prolactin (PRL) FSH and LH TSH ACTH Growth hormone - Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males - Almost every cell in the body - Thyroid gland - Adrenal cortex - Ovaries in females and testes in males
Prolactin (PRL) Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males Growth hormone Almost every cell in the body TSH Thyroid gland ACTH Adrenal cortex FSH and LH Ovaries in females and testes in males
Stimulates the secretion of prolactin ____________________________
Prolactin-releasing hormone
Drag each label to identify which hormones would be responsible for each description. STEROID MONOAMINE PEPTIDE - ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE - ANGIOTENSIN - GLUCAGON - NOREPINEPHRINE - ESTRONE - CORTISOL - THYROID HORMONE - INSULIN
STEROID - ESTRONE - CORTISOL MONOAMINE - NOREPINEPHRINE - THYROID HORMONE PEPTIDE - ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE - ANGIOTENSIN - GLUCAGON - INSULIN
Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system. T/F
True
Secretion of insulin causes - a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose. - a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose. - an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. - an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells. T/F
false
T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells. T/F
false
TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4. T/F
false
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes T/F
false
Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production. T/F
false
Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20. T/F
false
The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete - insulin. - somatostatin. - glucagon. - pancreatic polypeptide.
glucagon.
Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the - posterior pituitary. - hypothalamus. - thalamus. - anterior pituitary. - cerebrum.
hypothalamus
An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse. - hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism - hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism
The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes - oral thiazolidinedione. - insulin. - metformin. - dialysis.
insulin.
Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of - soluble hormones.
lipid
The central region of the adrenal gland is the adrenal ______.
medulla
Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors.
membrane-bound
In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because - too much insulin is released. - the kidneys are not working. - no insulin in released. - muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.
muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.
Referred to as the , the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream.
neurohypophysis
Referred to as the , the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream. Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the ____________ __________ of the kidney. Causing an increased of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.
neurohypophysis target cells reabsorption
ADH and oxytocin are secreted by - neuromuscular cells. - neurons. - neuroendocrine cells. - neurosecretory cells. - neuroglia.
neurosecretory cells.
In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because - too much insulin is released. - protein is converted to glucose. - no insulin is released. - the kidneys are not working.
no insulin is released.
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors.
nuclear
The pancreas is mostly composed of groups of cells called - pancreatic acini. - pancreatic islets. - alpha groups. - beta groups.
pancreatic acini.
Hormones display _____________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later. - Synergistic - permissive - antagonistic - All of the choices are correct. - None of the choices are correct.
permissive
Up-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to - prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone. - prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. - signals from antagonistic hormone products. - signals from the posterior pituitary. None of these choices is correct.
prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.
Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to - prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone. - prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. - signals from antagonistic hormone products. - signals from the posterior pituitary.
prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the endocrine system because it - integrates the function of all systems of the body. - regulates most endocrine functions of the body. - physically links all endocrine organs of the body. - is the seat of conscious control of the endocrine system.
regulates most endocrine functions of the body.
Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to - increase far above normal. - return to about normal. - decrease far below normal. - convert to protein.
return to about normal.
As a result, - the DNA-hormone complex produces mRNA molecules. - the receptor-hormone complex binds with a mRNA molecule to produce a DNA molecule. - the hormone-mRNA complex enters the cytoplasm and produces proteins. - the receptor-hormone complex binds with a DNA molecule to produce a mRNA molecule. - the hormone-ribosome complex produce proteins.
the receptor-hormone complex binds with a DNA molecule to produce a mRNA molecule.
An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is .
thyroid hormone
Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion. T/F
true
T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles. T/F
true
T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin. T/F
true
TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary. T/F
true
TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland. T/F
true
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion. T / F
true
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur:1. Ligand binds to the cell membrane receptor site2. Alpha subunit and GTP bind to calcium ion channel3. Calcium ion channels open - 1, 2, 3 - 2, 1, 3 - 2, 3, 1 - 3, 2, 1 - 3, 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true? - It is water-insoluble. - It is lipophilic. - It can pass through the cell membrane. - All of these choices are correct.
- All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true? - Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells. - Inside the target cell, all T3 is converted to T4. - Only the T4 form can enter the nucleus. - All of the choices are correct.
- Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells.
What are the factors causing increased blood glucose by glucagon? Check all that apply. - Decreased glycogenesis in the liver - Increased glycogenolysis in the liver - Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver - Increased lipogenesis in fat cells
- Decreased glycogenesis in the liver - Increased glycogenolysis in the liver - Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
The mRNA molecule moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binds to a ribosome where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins. - True - False
- False
Indicate whether each effect or symptom is associated with acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) stress. - epinephrine effects - increased heart rate - Cortisol Effects - liver glycogenolysis - Water retention - Immune system Suppression - bronchodilation
Alarm Reaction - epinephrine effects - increased heart rate - liver glycogenolysis - bronchodilation Stage of Resistance - Cortisol Effects - Water retention - Immune system Suppression
Epinephrine causes the liver to uptake glucose from the bloodstream during the fight-or-flight response. - True - False
False
Epinephrine has to cross the cell membrane to bind to its receptor in the cytoplasm. - True - False
False
The change in ACTH levels in response to stress causes a decrease in glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex. T/F
False
The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream. -True -False
False
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Follicle-stimulating hormone __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males
Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs? > Follicle-stimulating hormone > Adrenocorticotropic hormone > Prolactin-releasing factor > Thyrotropin > Growth hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone ______________________________
Follicles in ovaries; seminiferous tubules
The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates a(n) - A protein. - D protein. - G protein. - K protein. - M protein.
G protein.
Stimulates luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone ______________________
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Decreases the release of growth hormone
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
Stimulates the release of growth hormone
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? - Pancreas - Anterior pituitary - Liver - Thyroid gland - Pineal gland
Pancreas
The thyroxine-hormone receptor complex increases the level of transcription of specific genes. - True - False
- true
Hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone secretion from what part of the pituitary and by what hormones from the hypothalamus? Check all that apply. - Anterior pituitary - Posterior pituitary - Releasing hormones (RHs) - Inhibiting hormones (IHs)
-Anterior pituitary -Releasing hormones (RHs) -Inhibiting hormones (IHs)
Match the following hypothalamic releasing hormones with the hormone released from the anterior pituitary. 1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone 2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone 3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - TSH - FSH AND LH - ACTH - GH
1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone - ACTH 2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone - GH 3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - TSH 4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - FSH AND LH
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion. - increase; increase - decrease; decrease - increase; decrease - decrease; increase
increase; decrease
Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people. T/F
true
Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes. T/F
true
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes. T/F
true
Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin. T/F
true
Put the events of thyroid hormone synthesis into the correct order. - Thyroid hormone precursors are internalized into follicular cells. - Thyroid hormone precursors travel to a lysosome. - Iodine combines with TGB to produce thyroid hormone precursors. - Follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin (TGB) into the colloid.
- Follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin (TGB) into the colloid. - Iodine combines with TGB to produce thyroid hormone precursors. - Thyroid hormone precursors are internalized into follicular cells. - Thyroid hormone precursors travel to a lysosome.
The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates ________, which in turn activates ________. - protein kinase A; G protein - protein kinase A; adenylyl cyclase - adenylyl cyclase; G-protein - G-protein; adenylyl cyclase - G-protein; protein kinase A
- G-protein; adenylyl cyclase
The activation/inactivation of G proteins occurs as a result of - synthesis and hydrolysis of GTP. - GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. - binding and release of extra G protein subunits. - binding and release of Ca2+ ions. - binding and release of the ligand.
- GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis.
Which of the following statements about the protein calmodulin is TRUE? - It interacts directly with the ligand receptor. - It interacts directly with the G protein. - It binds to Ca 2+ ions to mediate a cellular response. - It binds to the Ca 2+ ion channel causing it to close. - It induces ATP hydrolysis.
- It binds to Ca 2+ ions to mediate a cellular response.
Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary. Check all that apply. - The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. - The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins. - The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. - Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary. - Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.
- The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. - The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. - Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.
Phosphorylase activity removes a phosphate from GTP. - True - False
- True
The conversion of ATP into cAMP is catalyzed by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. - True - False
- True
The thyroxine-hormone receptor complex increases the level of transcription of specific genes. - True - False
- True
The ultimate result of lipid-soluble hormones on cells is the production of proteins. - True - False
- True
Thyroxine is brought to target cells via a protein-carrier. - True - False
- True
Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are ___________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are ___________ chemical messengers. - merocrine, autocrine - autocrine, paracrine - paracrine, autocrine - autocrine, merocrine
- autocrine, paracrine
Epinephrine binds to - alpha-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells. - alpha-adrenergic receptors in the cytoplasm of liver cells. - beta-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells. - beta-adrenergic receptors in the cytoplasm of liver cells. - beta-adrenergic receptors in the nucleus of liver cells.
- beta-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells.
Water-soluble hormones do not readily dissolve within the aqueous environment of the blood and require carrier proteins to be transported in the blood. - True - False
- false
Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________. - gigantism; pituitary dwarfism - pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly - chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism - acromegaly; gigantism
- gigantism; pituitary dwarfism
Match the corticosteroid hormone with its most common origin in the adrenal cortex. 1. Mineralcorticoids Zona _________ 2. Glucocorticoids Zona __________ 3. Sex steroids Zona ______________
- glomerulosa - fasciculata - reticularis
The enzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of - glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate. - glycogen into glucose. - glucose into glycogen. - glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. - glucose-6-phosphate into glycogen.
- glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate.
After eating a meal, blood sugar levels - increase. - decrease. - do not change. - disappear.
- increase.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the - hypothalamus. - anterior pituitary. - posterior pituitary. - kidney. - cerebellum.
- posterior pituitary.
Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones. - steroid - paracrine - eicosansoid - protein
- protein
The thyroid gland secretes large amounts of - triiodothyronine but no tetraiodothyronine. - tetraiodothyronine but no triiodothyronine. - both triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine. - triiodothyronine and small amounts of tetraiodothyronine. - tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.
- tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.
The _______ secretes triiodothyronine. - adrenal gland - pancreas - parathyroid gland - thyroid gland - pineal gland
- thyroid gland
The posterior pituitary produces both inhibiting and releasing hormones. - True - False
- true
Choose the accurate statements about how communication by the nervous and endocrine systems differs. Check all that apply. > The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells. > The nervous system adapts relatively slowly and may respond for days to weeks. > The endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days. > The endocrine system stops quickly when stimulus stops. > The endocrine system communicates by means of hormones.
> The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells. > The endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days. > The endocrine system communicates by means of hormones. Although the nervous and endocrine systems both serve for internal communication, they are not redundant; they complement, rather than duplicate, each other's function. The systems differ in their means of communication. They differ also in how quickly they start and stop responding to stimuli. Another difference between the two systems is that an efferent nerve fiber innervates only one organ and a limited number of cells within that organ.
Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Luteinizing hormone _______________________________________
Ovaries in females; testes in males
Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Luteinizing hormone _________________________ ______________________________________________________ _________________________________
Ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males
Classify the hormones with their main target organs. PITUITARY, MAMMARY GLAND, TESTIES/ OVERIES TRH GHRH PRL LH CRH FSH GnRH
PITUITARY -TRH -GHRH -CRH -GnRH MAMMARY GLAND -PRL TESTIES/ OVERIES - LH - FSH
Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ. > True > False
True
One of the primary effects of glucagon in raising blood glucose is glycogenolysis. - True - False
True
Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system > does not use receptors. > may have a longer lasting effect. > takes only seconds. > is not essential to life. > None of these are correct.
may have a longer lasting effect.
Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of -positive feedback. -direct nervous stimulation. -negative feedback inhibition. -All of the choices are correct.
negative feedback inhibition.
