Anatomy and Physiology chapter 17

adrenal medulla

(center)- releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex

(outer)- releases steroids

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

0

Functions of Endocrine System

1) Communicates with cells using chemicals (hormones) 2) Actions are precise and only affect the target cells 3) Activate genes

Compare and contrast the thymus gland in infancy and adulthood.

The thymus gland is important for the development and maturation of T cells, it is very active and large in early childhood in adulthood, the thymus gland atrophies because the immune system is already developed.

T/F neurotransmitters are a special class of paracrines

True. because, upon their release they travel to exert their effect on a nearby neuron or muscle cell.

Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.

blood oxygen levels

antidiuretic hormone

causes kidneys to conserve water; regulated by amount of water in body fluids; inhibited by alcohol and caffeine

endocrine disorders

common in cancer patients because cancer cells can secrete hormones

Hypothalamus

controls anterior pituitary gland's release of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.

decreased basal metabolic rate

kidneys

decreased blood flow and increased renin allow for reabsorption of sodium and water to increase blood flow and pressure

Insulin

decreases blood sugar by stimulating liver to form glycogen; increases protein and fat storage; helps move glucose across the cell membrane (decreases blood glucose)

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?

fractures

Hypothyroidism

low metabolism

hormones

precisely controlled via negative feedback, positive feedback, and nerve control

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.

prepare the breasts for lactation

Compare and contrast the role of estrogens and progesterone.

Both are steroid hormones produced by the ovaries... Estrogen helps develop the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics and help maintain pregnancy. Progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy.

What would be the physiological consequence of a disease that destroyed the beta cells of the pancreas?

Destruction of the beta cells would result in an inability to produce and secrete insulin, leading to abnormally high blood glucose levels and the disease called type 1 diabetes mellitus.

compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands

Endocrine glands are ductless. They release their secretion into the surrounding fluid, which then moves to the blood stream, the secretions are hormones. Exocrine glands release secretions through a duct that delivers the secretion to the target location, the secretions are compounds

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. It manufactures three hormones.

Describe the role of placental secretion of relaxin in preparation for childbirth.

Relaxin will soften and widen the pubic symphysis. This increases the size of the pelvic outlet and the birth canal

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder characterized by, among other symptoms, increased appetite, sluggishness, and increased sleepiness. It occurs most commonly during the winter months, especially in regions with long winter nights. Propose a role for melatonin in SAD and a possible non-drug therapy.

SAD secretes prolonged amounts of melatonin due to lack of sunlight, light therapy can help fulfill the lack of sun exposure

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.

TSH from the anterior pituitary

Compare and contrast the short-term and long-term stress response.

The short-term stress response involves the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which work to increase the oxygen supply to organs important for extreme muscular action. In the long-term stress response, the hormone cortisol is involved in catabolism of glycogen

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?

antidiuretic hormone

thymus gland

between two lungs and under sternum; secretes thymosins which affect production and differentiation of T-lymphacytes (immunity)

steroids

derived from lipid cholesterol, lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membrane and last longer; estrogen and testosterone

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.

development of T cells

main differences between communication methods of endocrine and nervous system

endocrine system uses hormones to communicate by traveling through the blood stream to target tissues, this process is fairly slow nervous system uses neurons to communicate by transmitting electrical signals to the neurotransmitter which takes the message to the neighboring cell, this process is brief and highly specific

hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.

exposure to bright light

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

gonadotropins-influence gonads (reproductive hormones)

Hyperthyroidism

high metabolism, underweight, and protruding eyes

Difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

hyperthyroidism increases hormones, high metabolism hypothyroidism decreases hormones and promotes low metabolism

Why is foot care extremely important for people with diabetes mellitus?

if foot care is not taken seriously damage to blood vessels and nerves may occur as well as lack of sensation which would prevent the diabetic from feeling trama, this causing infection and tissue death

Distinguish between the effects of menopause and andropause on fertility.

in Menopause, Ovulation ceases, and postmenopausal woman can no longer conceive a child. in andropause A man typically maintains fertility until very old age with reduced quantity, quality, and motility of the sperm

parathyroid hormone

increase blood calcium and decreases phosphate; stimulates bone reabsorption to release calcium; affects bones, kidneys, and intestines

The end result of the RAAS is to ________.

increase blood pressure

heart

increased blood volume and pressure, stretches atrial wall to secrete ANP

Cortisol (steroid)

influences metabolism of glucose, proteins and fat in response to conditions that stress the body and require increase energy

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

inhibin

Diabetes mellitus

insulin deficiency; disturbs carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism *(increased urine, dehydration, glucose in urine)

type 1

insulin dependent; autoimmune disorder

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

kidneys

endocrinologist

medical specialist in endocrinology

Pineal gland

near upper thalamus; secretes melatonin-regulates circadian rhythm by increasing melatonin in low light and decreasing it in high light (jet lag)

Posterior pituitary hormones

nerve fibers, not epithelial tissue

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

neural

type 2

noninsulin dependent; treat with diet, exercise, proper weight

Adrenal glands

on kidneys in layer of fat

what happens when blood glucose increases

pancreas secretes insulin

chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called

paracrine

What cells secrete melatonin?

pinealocytes

adipose tissue

produce leptin in response to food consumption binds to brain receptors producing a feeling of satiety

skin

produces inactive form of vitamin D when exposed to UV light

Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?

reduced mental activity

Calcitonin

regulates concentration of blood calcium and phosphate

Thyroxine

regulates metabolism

skeleton

releases FGF23 in response to increased blood levels of vitamin D or phosphate

endocrine glands.....

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

Pancreas

secretes hormones as an endocrine gland; secretes digestive juices as an exocrine gland; elongated, posterior to stomach (part of digestive system too)

Exocrine gland

secretes outside the body (sweat glands)

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

steroid hormones

Growth hormone

stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce; speeds up rate cells use carbs and fats, moves amino acids into cells; "anabolic"-promotes protein synthesis

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

stress; "fight or flight"- increases heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and blood glucose; decreases digestive activities

endocrinology

study of the endocrine system and treatment of its disorders

Amine hormones

synthesized from amino acids

anabolic steroids

synthetic testosterone- increase bad cholesterol, increase blood pressure, and damage of liver

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

the activity of osteoclasts