Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5,6,7,8

What is the total number of bones found in the foot and toes? a.7 b.14 c.26 d.30

26

How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone? a.2 b.3 c.4 d.5

3

How many bones are there in the upper limbs combined? a.20 b.30 c.40 d.60

60

18. As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. stratum spinosum d. stratum granulosum

A. stratum corneum

15. In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. a. vitamin D synthesis b. arteriole constriction c. folate production d. thermoregulation

A. vitamin D synthesis

14. Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? a. nail bed b. hyponychium c. nail root d. eponychium

B. hyponychium

23. After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? a. increased production of melanin by melanocytes b. increased production of connective tissue c. an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound d. an increased activity in the stratum lucidum

B. increased production of coneective tissue

In a compound fracture, ________. a.the break occurs at an angle to the bone b.the broken bone does not tear the skin c.one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other d.broken bone pierces the skin

Broken bone pierces the skin

7. The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. connective tissue d. adipose tissue

C. Connective Tissue

19. If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? a. Merkel cells b. keratinocytes c. Langerhans cells d. melanocytes

C. Langerhan cells

9. Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? a. protects underlying organs b. helps maintain body temperature c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis d. a site to long-term energy storage

C. Source of blood vessels in the epidermis

21. Bedsores ________. a. can be treated with topical moisturizers b. can result from deep massages c. are preventable by eliminating pressure points d. are caused by dry skin

C. are preventable by eliminating pressure points

20. In general, skin cancers ________. a. are easily treatable and not a major health concern b. occur due to poor hygiene c. can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun d. affect only the epidermis

C. can be reduced by limited exposure to the sun

16. One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? a. stratum lucidum b. desmosomes c. folic acid synthesis d. Merkel cells

C. folic acid synthesis

24. Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? a. basal cells of the stratum basale b. melanocytes of the stratum basale c. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum d. Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

C. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate? a.proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification b.maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification c.calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved d.calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation

Calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a.thyroxine b.calcitonin c.parathyroid hormone d.vitamin D

Calcitonin

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other? a.estrogen and testosterone b.calcitonin and calcitriol c.estrogen and progesterone d.calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement? A.hematopoiesis B.cartilage C.yellow marrow D.red marrow

Cartilage

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

D. Stratum Basale

22. An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? a. epidermis only b. hypodermis only c. epidermis and hypodermis d. epidermis and dermis

D. epidermis and dermis

Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________. a.epiphyseal plate b.perichondrium c.periosteum d.medullary cavity

Epiphyseal plate

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt? a.estrogen and testosterone b.calcitonin and calcitriol c.growth hormone and parathyroid hormone d.thyroxine and progesterone

Estrogen and testosterone

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? a.They develop from mesenchymal cells. b.They are surrounded by osteoid. c.They travel through the capillaries. d.Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

Describe the structure and composition of nails.

Nails are composed of densely packed dead keratinocytes. They protect the fingers and toes from mechanical stress. The nail body is formed on the nail bed, which is at the nail root. Nail folds, folds of skin that overlap the nail on its side, secure the nail to the body. The crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail is the lunula.

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells? a.osteoblasts b.osteoclasts c.osteocytes d.osteoprogenitor cells

Osteoprogenitor cells

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________. a.periosteum b.epiphysis c.endosteum d.diaphysis

Periosteum

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? a.storage of minerals b.protection of internal organs c.facilitation of movement d.fat storage

Protection of internal organs

Why do scars look different from surrounding skin?

Scars are made of collagen and do not have the cellular structure of normal skin. The tissue is fibrous and does not allow for the regeneration of accessory structures, such as hair follicles, and sweat or sebaceous glands.

The skin consists of two layers and a closely associated layer. What are the basic functions of each of these layers?

The epidermis provides protection, the dermis provides support and flexibility highly vascularized, and the hypodermis (fat layer) provides insulation and padding.

Explain your skin's response to a drop in body core temperature.

The errector pilli muscle pushes up this casues hair to stand up closing off the pores of the skin. This helps to hold in the heat of the body.

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking? a.a hole b.a facet c.a canal d.a fissure

a hole

A typical lumbar vertebra has ________. a.a short, rounded spinous process b.a bifid spinous process c.articulation sites for ribs d.a transverse foramen

a short, rounded spinous process

A shoulder separation results from injury to the ________. a.glenohumeral joint b.costoclavicular joint c.acromioclavicular joint d.sternoclavicular joint

acromioclavicular joint

What structure is an extension of the spine of the scapula? a.acromion b.coracoid process c.supraglenoid tubercle d.glenoid cavity

acromion

The paranasal sinuses are ________. a.air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only b.air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull c.not connected to the nasal cavity d.divided at the midline by the nasal septum

air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only

Yellow marrow has been identified as ________. a.an area of fat storage b.a point of attachment for muscles c.the hard portion of bone d.the cause of kyphosis

an area of fat storage

The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________. a.include the lumbar curve b.are remnants of the original fetal curvature c.include the cervical curve d.develop after the time of birth

are remnants of the original fetal curvature

True ribs are ________. a.ribs 8-12 b.attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib c.made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage d.attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Why is cartilage slow to heal? a.because it eventually develops into bone b.because it is semi-solid and flexible c.because it does not have a blood supply d.because endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone

because it does not have blood supply

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________. a.in the medullary cavity b.beneath the periosteum c.in the epiphyseal plate d.within the metaphysis

beneath the periosteum

The skeletal system is made of ________. a.muscles and tendons b.bones and cartilage c.vitreous humor d.minerals and fat

bones and cartilage

17. An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. papillary dermis d. stratum granulosum

c. Papillary dermis

10. In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. a. are glands on the skin surface b. can lead to excessive sweating c. are responsible for goose bumps d. secrete sebum

c. are responsible for goose bumps

Which region of the humerus articulates with the radius as part of the elbow joint? a.trochlea b.styloid process c.capitulum d.olecranon process

capitulum

Name the short, hook-like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly. a.acromial process b.clavicle c.coracoid process d.glenoid fossa

coracoid process

11. The hair matrix contains ________. a. the hair follicle b. the hair shaft c. the glassy membrane d. a layer of basal cells

d. a layer of basal cells

Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves ________. a.intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones. b.endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum c.the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae d.the formation of hyaline cartilage models, which give rise to the flat bones of the skull

endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum

The diaphysis contains ________. a.the metaphysis b.fat stores c.spongy bone d.compact bone

fat stores

The axial skeleton ________. a.consists of 126 bones b.forms the vertical axis of the body c.includes all bones of the body trunk and limbs d.includes only the bones of the lower limbs

forms the vertical axis of the body

Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus? a.greater tubercle b.trochlea c.lateral epicondyle d.lesser tubercle

greater tubercle

During endochondral ossification of a long bone, ________. a.a primary ossification center will develop within the epiphysis b.mesenchyme will differentiate directly into bone tissue c.growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening d.all epiphyseal plates will disappear before birth

growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening

The radius bone ________. a.is found on the medial side of the forearm b.has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna c.does not articulate with any of the carpal bones d.has the radial tuberosity located near its distal end

has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna

The pelvis ________. a.has a subpubic angle that is larger in females b.consists of the two hip bones, but does not include the sacrum or coccyx c.has an obturator foramen, an opening that is defined in part by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments d.has a space located inferior to the pelvic brim called the greater pelvis

has a subpubic angle that is larger in females

The middle cranial fossa ________. a.is bounded anteriorly by the petrous ridge b.is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone c.is divided at the midline by a small area of the ethmoid bone d.has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

The sternum ________. a.consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process b.has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body c.receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs d.articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae

has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body

The bony openings of the skull include the ________. a.carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa b.superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit c.mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit d.hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

Which component forms the superior part of the hip bone? a.ilium b.pubis c.ischium d.sacrum

ilium

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones. a.irregular b.sesamoid c.flat d.short

irregular

The tibia ________. a.has an expanded distal end called the lateral malleolus b.is, not a weight-bearing bone c.is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane d.can be palpated (felt) under the skin only at its proximal and distal ends

is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane

The tubercle of a rib ________. a.is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra b.is for articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra c.provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve d.is the area of greatest rib curvature

is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

. Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone? a.Haversian systems b.Haversian canals c.lamellae d.lacunae

lamellae

A typical vertebra has ________. a vertebral foramen that passes through the body a superior articular process that projects downward to articulate with the superior portion of the next lower vertebra lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process a pair of laterally projecting spinous processes

lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________. a.counterweight b.resistive force c.lever d.fulcrum

lever

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________. store phosphate store calcium make blood cells move like leversWithout red marrow, bones would not be able to ________. a.store phosphate b.store calcium c.make blood cells d.move like levers

make blood cells

What structure contributes to the knee joint? a.lateral malleolus of the fibula b.tibial tuberosity c.medial condyle of the tibia d.lateral epicondyle of the femur

medial condyle of the tibia

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected? a.skeletal system b.endocrine system c.digestive system d.nervous system

nervous system

Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column? a.nuchal ligament b.ligamentum flavum c.supraspinous ligament d.anterior longitudinal ligament

nuchal ligament

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________. a.frontal bone b.occipital bone c.other parietal bone d.temporal bone

occipital bone

A fracture can be both ________. a.open and closed b.open and transverse c.transverse and greenstick d.greenstick and comminuted

open and transverse

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? a.osteoblasts and osteoclasts b.osteocytes and osteoclasts c.osteoblasts and osteocytes d.osteogenic cells and osteoclasts

osteoblasts and osteocytes

Which is the lateral-most carpal bone of the proximal row? a.trapezium b.hamate c.pisiform d.scaphoid

scaphoid

Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________. a.sella turcica b.squamous portion c.glabella d.zygomatic process

sella turcica

The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________. a.seven vertebrae b.12 vertebrae c.five vertebrae d.a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae

seven vertebrae

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? a.bone growth b.bone remodeling c.hematopoiesis d.shock absorption

shock absorption

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone. a.compact b.lamellar c.spongy d.dense

spongy

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium? a.shaft b.sternal end c.acromial end d.coracoid process

sternal end

Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton? a.allows for movement of the wrist and hand b.protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow c.supports trunk of body d.allows for movements of the ankle and foot

supports trunk of body

Which feature lies between the spine and superior border of the scapula? a.suprascapular notch b.glenoid cavity c.superior angle d.supraspinous fossa

supraspinous fossa

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula? a.calcaneus b.cuboid c.navicular d.talus

talus

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________. a.joints b.muscles c.ligaments d.tendons

tendons

Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification? a.the metatarsals b.the femur c.the ribs d.the flat bones of the cranium

the flat bones of the cranium

Which event takes place during the seventh week of development? a.appearance of the upper and lower limb buds b.flattening of the distal limb bud into a paddle shape c.the first appearance of hyaline cartilage models of future bones d.the rotation of the limbs

the rotation of the limbs

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except a.thyroxine b.calcitonin c.parathyroid hormone d.vitamin D

thyroxine

Which of the following is only found in cancellous bone? a.canaliculi b.Volkmann's canals c.trabeculae d.calcium salts

trabeculae

The internal and external calli are replaced by ________. a.hyaline cartilage b.trabecular bone c.osteogenic cells d.osteoclasts

trabecular bone

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? a.shoulder bones b.thigh bone c.foot bones d.vertebral column

vertebral column

Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________ a.a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left. b.a right-handed cyclist will have thicker bones in her right leg compared to her left. c.a broken bone will heal thicker than it was before the fracture. d.a bed-ridden patient will have thicker bones than an athlete.

A right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.

6. Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

A. Stratum spinosum

8. Collagen lends ________ to the skin. a. elasticity b. structure c. color d. UV protection

B. Structure

The clavicle ________. a.develops via intramembranous ossification b.develops via endochondral ossification ic.s the last bone of the body to begin ossification d.is fully ossified at the time of birth

develops via intramembranous ossification

Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attachments? a.fovea capitis b.lesser trochanter c.head d.medial condyle

lesser trochanter

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? a.long bone b.sesamoid bone c.short bone d.flat bone

long bone

Cells of the epidermis derive from stem cells of the stratum basale. Describe how the cells change as they become integrated into the different layers of the epidermis.

As the cells move into the stratum spinosum, they begin the synthesis of keratin and extend cell processes, desmosomes, which link the cells. As the stratum basale continues to produce new cells, the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum are pushed into the stratum granulosum. The cells become flatter, their cell membranes thicken, and they generate large amounts of the proteins keratin and keratohyalin. The nuclei and other cell organelles disintegrate as the cells die, leaving behind the keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that form the stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum. The keratinocytes in these layers are mostly dead and flattened. Cells in the stratum corneum are periodically shed.

13. Sebaceous glands ________. a. are a type of sweat gland b. are associated with hair follicles c. may function in response to touch d. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

B. are associated with hair follicles

12. Eccrine sweat glands ________. a. are present on hair b. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat c. produce sebum d. act as a moisturizer

B. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Explain the differences between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Eccrine sweat glands - Secrete through pores on the skin. This is a merocrine secretion. Responsible for thermoregulation. Apocrine swear glands - Secrete into the hair follicle. Produce a smelly odor. Mammary, ceruminous, and ciliary glands are all modified apocrine glands. Found in the axillary and anogenital regions. Only active after puberty occurs.

Why do teenagers often experience acne?

Sebaceous glands cause acne, these glands produce sebum. Sebum creates blockages, thus resulting in a infection. Sebaceous glands become active when puberty starts. Hormones that are especially active during puberty stimulate the release of sebum, thus giving teenagers more acne.

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________. a.flat bones b.short bones c.sesamoid bones d.irregular bones

Short bones

What determines the color of skin, and what is the process that darkens skin when it is exposed to UV light?

The pigment melanin, produced by melanocytes, is primarily responsible for skin color, carotene(yellow/orange), and hemoglobin(red/pink) are also skin pigments. Melanin comes in different shades of brown and black. Individuals with darker skin have darker, more abundant melanin, whereas fair-skinned individuals have a lighter shade of skin and less melanin. Exposure to UV irradiation stimulates the melanocytes to produce and secrete more melanin, thus causing you to get darker.

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream? a.The bone pierces fat stores in the skin. b.The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged. c.The injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones. d.The red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture.

The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.

If you zoom on the cells of the stratum spinosum, what is distinctive about them?

These cells have desmosomes, which give the cells their spiny appearance.

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes? a.They develop into osteocytes. b.They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity. c.They grow and form the periosteum. d.They group together to form the primary ossification center.

They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking. a.vitamin D b.vitamin K c.calcitonin d.fluoride

Vitamin D

Bone tissue can be described as ________. a.dead calcified tissue b.cartilage c.the skeletal system d.dense, hard connective tissue

dense, hard connective tissue

A fontanelle ________. a.is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone b.gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae c.is the rod-like structure that runs the length of the early embryo d.is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

. Which of the following supports body weight when sitting? a.iliac crest b.ischial tuberosity c.ischiopubic ramus d.pubic body

ischial tuberosity

The sternal angle is the ________. a.junction between the body and xiphoid process b.site for attachment of the clavicle c.site for attachment of the floating ribs d.junction between the manubrium and body

junction between the manubrium and body

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health? a.carrots b.liver c.leafy green vegetables d.oranges

leafy green vegetables

The ischial spine is found between which of the following structures? a.inferior pubic ramus and ischial ramus b.pectineal line and arcuate line c.lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch d.anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine

lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch

Which of the following is a bone of the brain case? a.parietal bone b.zygomatic bone c.maxillary bone d.lacrimal bone

parietal bone