Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 8 Endocrine System Homework

Place the disorder next to the hormone that is out of homeostasis.

Growth Hormone: - Gigantism Thyroid-stimulating Hormone: - Secondary hypothyroidism Low parathyroid hormone: - Hypoparathyroidism High parathyroid hormone: - Hyperparathyroidism Antidiuretic Hormone: - Diabetes insipidus

Steroid hormones most commonly produce their cellular effects by ______.

forming a receptor hormone complex that alters gene expression

Hormone secretion is usually regulated by _________. For example, an increase in the level of the hormone would lead to a ________ secretion of that hormone.

negative feedback; decreased

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the ______.

plasma calcium concentration

Drag a word or phrase into each blank to make it correct, then place these sentences in logical order.

(From top to bottom) 1. When body metabolism decreases below its normal rate... 2. The hypothalamus is stimulated to secrete thyroid releasing hormone, which is abbreviated as TRH. 3. After traveling down the hypophyseal portal vein, TRH then stimulated the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone, which is abbreviated as TSH. 4. TSH flows to the thyroid gland where it stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4. 5. The T3 and T4 not only increase the metabolic rate of the body, but inhibit TRH release from the hypothalamus when blood levels of these thyroid hormones are higher than normal.

Blood normally flows from the heart to arteries, then capillaries, then veins, and finally back to the heart again. Note that there is normally only one capillary bed for the exchange of substances between blood and tissues. However, the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland share one of two portal systems in the body. In a portal system, the blood passes through capillaries to a vein that leads to a second capillary bed before returning to a vein again. In this way, tissues served by the first capillary bed can add substances to the blood that can be picked up downstream, by tissues surrounding the second capillary bed. Place the terms in their appropriate locations.

(left column, top to bottom then right column top to bottom) - hypothalamus - anterior pituitary - sends releasing or inhibiting hormones - neurosecretory cells - hypophyseal portal veins - posterior pituitary - send hormones controlling blood pressure or milk release

Match the hormone secreted by the hypothalamus with its associated effect on the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

1. Stimulates the release of growth hormone - Growth hormone-releasing hormone 2. Decreases the release of growth hormone - Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone 3. Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 4. Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Corticotropin-releasing hormone 5. Stimulates luteinizing (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 6. Decreases the secretion of prolactin - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone 7. Stimulates the secretion of prolactin - Prolactin-releasing hormone

Which of the following properties are NOT caused by melatonin?

Darkening of the skin

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism in which calcitonin lowers the blood calcium level?

Activation of osteoclasts

Match these hormones with their targets.

Adrenal Gland: - ACTH Thyroid Gland: - TSH Ovaries and Testes: - gonadotropins Body Cells: - GH Mammary Gland: - oxytocin - prolactin Anterior Pituitary: - PIH - GnRH Kidneys: - ADH

Which hormone is released in response to a high blood calcium level?

Calcitonin

Which disease results from hypersecretion by adrenal cortex?

Cushing syndrome

Match the descriptions with their corresponding disorders.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: - Is caused by an autoimmune disorder that destroys the insulin-producing cells - Is known as insulin-dependent diabetes - Appears in persons less than 20 years of age Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: - Is caused by a reduction of the insulin receptors on body cells - Is known as insulin-independent diabetes - Appears in persons after 40 years of age Diabetes Insipidus: - Is caused by a severe hyposecretion of ADH - Results in the production of excessive quantities (20-30 liters) of diluted urine - May be caused by injuries or tumors in the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

Estrogen

Testosterone is solely responsible for sperm production.

False

The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates ________, which in turn activates ________.

G-protein; adenylate cyclase

A low blood glucose level stimulates which substance that, when released, causes liver cells to release glucose into the blood?

Glucagon

Place the hormone next to its action.

Growth Hormone: - Promotes growth of body cells and cell division Thyroid-stimulating Hormone: - Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: - Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids and androgens Oxytocin: - Stimulates uterine contractions Antidiuretic Hormone: - Promotes retention of water by kidneys

Match each hormone with its action.

Growth hormone promotes growth of body cells and cell division; promotes protein synthesis Prolactin maintains milk production by mammary glands. Antidiuretic hormone decreases excretion of water by kidneys. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction in childbirth and milk release. Luteinizing hormone promotes ovulation, secretion of progesterone by ovaries. Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates development of follicles and estrogen secretion. Luteinizing hormone stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone.

Match the terms with their descriptions.

Hormones: - Chemical messengers that affect the functions of target cells nearby or far away. - Calcitonin - Insulin Paracrine: - Prostaglandins - Eicosanoids - Leukotrienes - Chemical messengers that only affect target cells nearby. Endocrine Gland: - Ductless secretion into interstitial fluid and nearby capillaries. Exocrine Gland: - Secretion into ducts, no specific target cells.

Place the each hormone under the gland from which it is secreted.

Hypothalamus: - Growth-hormone-releasing hormone - Growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - Corticotropin-releasing hormone - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - Prolactin-releasing hormone - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone Anterior Pituitary: - Growth hormone - Thyroid-stimulating hormone - Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Follicle-stimulating hormone - Luteinizing hormone - Prolactin Posterior Pituitary: - Antidiuretic hormone - Oxytocin

Place the action of the hormone in the box next to the correct hormone.

Insulin: - Decreases blood glucose level - Stimulate the conversion of glucose to glycogen - Aids the movement of glucose into cells Glucagon: - Increases blood glucose level - Stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of that positive feedback loop between it and the ovary?

Luteinizing hormone

What gland produces melatonin?

Pineal gland

Match each gland with its location.

Pituitary gland rests in a depression of the sphenoid bone. Thyroid gland is located just below the larynx; it consists of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea Adrenal gland is located on top of each kidney. Ovaries are small, almond-shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity. Pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped nodule of endocrine tissue located in the brain between the cerebral hemispheres near the roof of the 3rd ventricle. Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. Thymus is located in the mediastinum over the heart. Thymus is large in infants and children, but it shrinks with age. Hypothalamus is a part of the brain, and is also an endocrine gland; it serves as a link between the brain and endocrine system Pituitary gland is divided into the anterior part and the posterior part. Testes are paired ovoid gland located outside the pelvic cavity. Pancreas is an elongate organ located posterior to the stomach. Parathyroid glands are usually four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland Adrenal gland is divided into the cortex part and the medulla part.

Which of the following hormones is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

Progesterone

Drag a word or phrase from the left into each sentence on the right to make it correct.

The production of melatonin ,which regulates the sleep-wakefulness cycle, occurs only in darkness. progesterone maintains the lining of the uterus in support of pregnancy. thymosins stimulate maturation of certain white blood cells, and are produced in a gland that is relatively large in newborns but becomes much smaller in adults. estrogen stimulates the development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. The anterior pituitary gland secretes gonadotropins that regulate the release of ovarian hormones throughout the menstrual cycle. FSH acts in females to stimulate the development of oocytes that will then produce estrogen and progesterone. testosterone stimulates the development of male sex organ and secondary sex characteristics. In both sexes this hormone can be made from androgens synthesized in the adrenal glands.

What hormone is involved with the development of immunity?

Thymosin

Sometimes glands develop tumors that are detected because of an overproduction of a hormone normally secreted in low amounts from that gland. Unusually elevated calcitonin levels in blood may reflect a cancer in which organ?

Thyroid gland

Match each hormone with its action.

Thyroxine increases metabolic rate, which includes an increased rate of protein synthesis. Parathyroid hormone is functionally antagonistic (acts in an opposite way) to calcitonin. Calcitonin inhibits the bone-resorbing action of osteoclasts. Parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium levels in man. Parathyroid hormone acts on the kidneys to prevent calcium loss in the urine. Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by excess calcium ion levels in blood. Parathyroid hormone promotes calcium absorption into the blood by the intestine. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and allows calcium loss to urine via the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the removal of calcium from bones by osteoclasts. Calcitonin acts functionally opposite to PTH; they are functional antagonists.

Calcitonin causes a reduction in blood calcium level.

True

Testosterone is responsible for the low voice and muscular development found in males.

True

Testosterone production is enhanced by luteinizing hormone.

True

Insulin causes ______.

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

Which of the following is NOT a method of regulating hormone secretion?

activation by extracellular enzymes

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to ______.

conserve sodium and excrete potassium

All of the following are symptoms of Addison disease EXCEPT ______.

decreased urine production

A group of lipids called __________ (including prostaglandins and leukotrienes) are released into the intercellular fluid and target on the nearby cells.

eicosanoids

Drag a word or phrase from the left into each sentence on the right to make it correct.

epinephrine increases heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure. During exercise, the anterior pituitary hormone, ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of, and receives negative feedback from, cortisol. cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid, stimulates conversion of noncarbohydrates to glucose, increasing intracellular glucose levels. epinephrine stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose, and dilates respiratory passages. The secretion of epinephrine is stimulated through innervation by the sympathetic division. aldosterone is important in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis. It stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions and to excrete potassium ions. Adrenal sex hormones significantly contribute to sex drive in females.

Presynaptic axons, and secretion by many endocrine and exocrine glands, depends on the release of extracellular materials via the cellular process of _________.

exocytosis

The enzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of ______.

glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate

The secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is largely controlled by ______.

hormones from the hypothalamus

An excessive production of insulin may lead to ______.

hypoglycemia

Hormone receptors on the plasma membrane are called ______.

membrane-bound receptors

Parathyroid hormone stimulates ______.

osteoclast activity

Progesterone and estrogen are produced by the ______.

ovaries

A woman has a recent history of broken bones, ulcers and kidney stones. Her physician finds that she has an unusually high blood level of calcium and immediately suspects that her patient is suffering from an excess of ______.

parathyroid hormone

Cortisol ______.

stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

The neurons that stimulate secretions from cells of the adrenal medulla are best described as ______.

sympathetic neurons