Anatomy and Physiology endocrine system and medical imaging

Images (X-ray, CT, MRI) are?

2D

How many of the following would absorb the most energy from an X-ray? intestines-heavier materials-lungs-teeth-kidney-fingerbone-skin

3 - heavier materials, teeth, finger bone

What is the range of a normal blood glucose levels?

80-100 mg/dL

What 3 organs / glands are involved in the HPA axis? a) hypothalamus - pituitary- adrenal gland b) hypothalamus- pons- association of cerebral cortex? c) cortisol - CRH - ACTH

A

How is MRI technology different from that used by the X-ray machine or computerized tomography scanner to create images? a) MR technology is far more flexible than xrays and ct scans, and can generate three dimensional images in any orientation and at any depth in the body. b) MR technology can produce much clearer images than x-rays and CT scans. c) MR technology doesn't involve ionizing radiation d) MR technology is much faster than Xrays and CT scans

A & C

What is a reason to not be able to get an MRI?

A pacemaker

The anterior pituitary is a true endocrine gland because it produces and secretes hormone. Which anatomical term means part of the hypophysis that produces hormones?

Adenohypophysis

Modern anatomists argue the name of the pituitary gland should be updated and called the hypophysis. What does the name hypophysis mean?

An out growth BELOW the cerebrum

What do these word parts mean? Ad- : -renal a) below hypothalamus b) above kidney c) above cerebrum d) within liver

B

X-ray and CT scans are produced by relative absorbance of Xrays how is an MRI produced? a) MR measures the relative production of magnetic fields by different tissues b) MR measures the resonated RF signal produced by hydrogen atoms c) MR measures the relative absorbance of radio waves by different tissues d) MR measures the relative absorbance of magnetic fields by different tissues

B

What color is an MRI

Bone- black; Fat- white

Which modality, type of imaging uses ionizing radiation? a) MRI b) CT c) xrays d) both CT and xrays

Both CT scans and xrays

Axial view is from.......looking.......

Bottom, up

What do these word parts mean? Gluco-neo-genesis a) formation of new amino acids b) formation of hormones from glucose c) formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules such as a protein d) conversion of glycogen into glucose and pyruvate

C

In MRI what positively charged subatomic particle in the hydrogen atoms of water molecules interact with the magnets? a) hydrogen b) electron c) proton d) oxygen

C) proton

Where is stress perceived?

Cerebral cortex

The endocrine system is composed of several glands located throughout the body. What system is primarily responsible for carrying the hormone signals from the endocrine glands to the effector organs.

Circulatory system

What is the primary stress hormone? a) corticotropin b) norepinephrine c) GHIH d) cortisol

D

the body has a tremendous ability to convert biological molecules from one form to another, what type of molecule is involved in those conversions?

Enzymes

In the fight or flight response which hormone produced by adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores?

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

What hormone suppresses the release of GH as its levels increase?

GHIH

Growth and development of the human body is largely regulated by the endocrine system. As a teenager the idea that your body is controlled by hormones is probably not surprising... the hypothalamus stimulates the release of growth hormone by releasing which hormone into the anterior pituitary?

GHRH

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells production of which hormone would be directly affected?

Glucagon

The body has a very limited capacity to store.....and a nearly unlimited ability to store.....

Glycogen (carbohydrate) : Triglycerides (Fat)

Which term indicates a blood glucose level above the target?

Hyperglycemia

One common lab test performed measures the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. Which term would indicate abnormally high levels and possibly indicate the presence of a tumor in the pituitary or thyroid glands?

Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland is the endocrine organ primarily responsible for maintaining the proper basal metabolic rate. What is the sensor in BMR?

Hypothalamus

In electromagnetic radiation, what is the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and energy? As wavelength decreases, frequency...... As frequency decreases energy......

Increases; decreases

What are 2 hormones primarily involved in blood glucose homeostasis?

Insulin and glucagon

What is true about insulin?

Insulin facilitates the movement of intercellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane?

What is true about the thyroid gland?

It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. It manufactures 3 hormones.

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

Kidneys

What does the term hepato in hepatocyte mean?

Liver

The thyroid gland secretes hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) to regulate basal metabolic rate? What is the effector in regulating BMR?

Mitochondria

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of....

Nerve axons

The endocrine system regulates processes by releasing hormones into the blood stream. The blood and hormones it carries reaches every cell in the body. Which statement explains why the cells of only specific organs and glands respond to these hormones?

Only cells with the receptor for that hormone in their cell membrane will respond.

What organ acts as the sensor and integrator in blood glucose homeostasis?

Pancreas

Which of the following components of blood glucose homeostasis best represents the tissue level of organization?

Pancreatic islet

The capillary beds in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland represents an unusual pattern of circulation in which blood flows through two capillary beds before returning to the heart. What is this circulation pattern called?

Portal system

The body has a tremendous ability to convert biological molecules from one form to another, which conversion is NOT possible in the human body?

Pyruvate to amino acids

Which of the following is not a body function regulated by the endocrine system?

Regulation of body temp, metabolism, water/electrolyte balance, growth, blood glucose levels

Xrays are typically.....or........view

Sagittal, frontal

Xrays have a....wavelength.....frequency, and....energy

Short, high, high

In the fight or flight response what are the effectors?

Skeletal muscles, liver, lungs, heart, blood vessels

Tomo means....

Slice

In the fight or flight response what is the integrator?

The cerebral cortex

The body has a tremendous ability to convert biological molecules from one form to another, which statement most accurately describes those conversions.

The conversion of molecules from one form to another typically involves many steps.

Which organ of the endocrine system is primarily responsible for regulating BMR

Thyroid gland

What are the 2 energy storage molecules used in the human body?

Triglycerides and glycogen

Which imaging technology is the least invasive

Ultrasound

Transverse view

top and bottom