ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
3 characteristics that describe epithelial tissue:
- composed primarily of cells - basal surface is bound to a basement membrane - cells are bound closely together
functions of epithelial tissues
- selective permeability - sensation - physical protection - secretions
in the third step of wound healing, _____________ within the wound begin to remove the clotted blood
MACROphages
glands that secrete the apical portions of the cells are called __________ glands
apocrine
regions: apocrine sweat glands merocrine sebaceous ceruminous
axillary, anal, areolar, pubic (triple A ~ apocrine) distributed throughout body associated with hair follicles over much skin external acoustic meatus (ear canal)
each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ____ and a distal whitish free ____
bed; edge
simple ciliated columnar epithelium is located
lining of uterine tubes
aprocrine glands secrete
lipids and proteins that are acted upon by bacteria; vicious and cloudy
what organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?
liver, skin, kidneys
the most numerous and widely distributed sweat gland in the body is __________
merocrine sweat glands
area posterior to the knee is called
popliteal region
production of new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair is an example of
reproduction
metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
major function of merocrine sweat glands
thermoregulation (to surface of skin, through evaporation) thERMOregulation, MEROcrine ~ similar sounding
characterize serous membranes
they contain a parietal and visceral layer, the pericardium is an example
characterize mucous membranes
they line the digestive tract, secrete mucus, and perform secretory functions
pubic refers to
anterior region of the pelvis
endothelium lines
blood vessels
examples of positive feedback loop?
childbirth, blood clotting, and breast feeding
keratinocytes in the epidermis produce __________ when exposed to UV radiation
cholecalciferol
describe a difference between merocrine and apocrine sweat glands (in relation to hair)
merocrine: sweat gland duct that directly attaches to surface aprocrine: the duct is secreted into a hair follicle (an opening to the sweat duct on the epidermal surface is called a sweat pore!)
a nevus is commonly referred to as a _____________, which is a harmless, localized growth of ___________ forming cells
mole; melanin
what type of connective tissue is found ONLY in the umbilical cord?
mucous connective tissue
membranes that line and eventually lead to the outside of the body are ______________ membranes
mucous/mucus
the basement membrane of a epithelial layer is (cellular/noncellular?)
noncellular (attachment here is by the secretion of connective tissue)
the main function of melanin pigment is to protect the __________ of keratinocytes from UV radiation
nucleus or DNA
the most superficial layer of the dermis is the _____________
papillary
the ___________ ______________ lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
parietal pleura
list functions of bone
protection of vital organs, stores calcium and phosphorus, provides levers for movement, carries out hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)
lining of larynx consist of what type of tissue?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar tissue (found in mainly upper respiratory air ways)
criteria to classify epithelia (2)
shape of cells at apical surfaces, number of cell layers
the ______ covers the surfaces of most digestive organs.
visceral peritoneum
comedo pustule nodule cyst
a sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum dome-shaped lesions filled w/ a mixture of WBS, dead skin cells, and bacteria can be prone to scarring a fluid filled nodule that can be severely inflamed and painful
mammary glands are modified _______ glands
apocrine
the main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer
collagen
____ fibers are found in fibrocartilage, _______ cells are also found here within lacuna
collagen (wavy, thick); chondrocyte (chon --> cartilage)
the specific orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ______ during routine movements
collagen; stress
when the skin is stretched beyond its capacity some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______
collagen; striae
cells of hair follicle sheath contain an outer ______________ sheath and inner ______________ root sheath
connective, epithelial
in the homeostatic control mechanism, the ___ ___ is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector
control center
which connective tissue cells are derived from monocytes in the blood and reside in the extracellular matrix after leaving the blood? multiple choice question: a) mast cells b) fibroblasts c) adipocytes d) macrophages
d) macrophages
stem cells of the skin are mitotically created where?
dermis - the basale layer
what kind of tissue would you expect to find in the walls of large arteries?
elastic connective tissue
regional anatomy
examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit
replacement scar tissue is produced by ______ and composed primarily of ______ fibers.
fibroblasts, collagen
scar tissue is formed by the process of ___________
fibrosis
lateral aspect of leg medial aspect of leg (knee to ankle)
fibular area tibial
ground substance of connective tissue can be...
fluid, semisolid, or solid
surface anatomy
focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them
vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called ______
granulation tissue
epidermal dendritic cells are found in which strata?
granulosum, spinosum
when skin has been severely damaged, which integumentary system components are not repaired?
hair follicles, exocrine glands, and nerves
normal skin color is a result of ________, melanin, and carotene
hemoglobin
sebaceous glands are considered ______________ glands and discharge oily substance _______________
holocrine, sebum
pathophysiology
investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system
gross anatomy
investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye
location examples of simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules, ducts of most glands
avascularity of epithelial cells
lacks blood vessels, therefore nutrients of cells are through mainly diffusion from the underlying connective tissue
a ___________ layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, where a _____________ layer lines the external surface of organs
parietal, visceral
polarity
refers to the organization of the cell into apical and basal surfaces
the hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair _________
root
the correct anatomic directional term for "toward the nose" is called
rostral
fibrous tissue is also known as
scar tissue
blood clotting forms during the ________ stage of healing
second
sebaceous glands
secrete lipid material called sebum (oils)
apocrine glands are classified as
simple, branched, and acinar
merocrine sweat glands are classified as:
simple, coiled, and tubular + numerous throughout body!
this type of tissue is rare in the body and is found in ducts of the salivary gland + is multilayered
stratified columnar epithelium
systemic anatomy
studies the anatomy of each body system
cytology
study of body cells and their internal structure
physiology
study of function
anatomy
study of structure and form
histology
study of tissues
the secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______; the secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______
sweat ducts; hair follicles
at puberty, __________ hair replaces _____________ hair at the armpits and pubic regions
terminal; vellus
examples of resident cells in connective tissue proper
adipocytes, mesenchymal, fibroblasts
scientifically, the thinning of hair on scalp is called ______
alopecia
blackhead whitehead nodule
an open comedo a closed comedo similar to pustule, but extending deeper into the skin layers
anabolism vs catabolism
anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down)
what type of gland produces its secretory product through its' cells apical portion pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic content
apocrine gland
T/F: new epithelial cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the remains of the scar
FALSE: new epithelial cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the remains of the SCAB OR CLOT, NOT SCAR
_______ tissue is a major component of subcutaneous layer of the skin
areolar
a hemangioma is congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ____________ that proliferate, creating a benign tumor
blood vessels
control centers are generally portions of the
brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland (b/c thyroid gland is an endocrine organ, which also contribute as CCs)
two types of hemangiomas are ___________ and _____________
capillary; cavernous
the correct anatomical term for "at the rear or tail end" is
caudal
resident cells
cells of connective tissue that are stationary and help support, maintain, and repair extracellular matrix
the nail matrix is the _________________
actively growing part of the nail
tendons and ligaments are made up of
dense regular connective tissue
cranial is to skull as auricular is to __
ear
__________ tissue contains more fibroblasts and branching elastic fibers than loose connective tissue, in addition to packed collagen fibers
elastic (branching elastic fibers, more packed collagen fibers, more fibroblasts)
the simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels is called a(n) _________
endothelium
comparative anatomy
examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species
microscopic anatomy
examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye
epithelial tissue have ________ innervation
extensive
