ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1

3 characteristics that describe epithelial tissue:

- composed primarily of cells - basal surface is bound to a basement membrane - cells are bound closely together

functions of epithelial tissues

- selective permeability - sensation - physical protection - secretions

in the third step of wound healing, _____________ within the wound begin to remove the clotted blood

MACROphages

glands that secrete the apical portions of the cells are called __________ glands

apocrine

regions: apocrine sweat glands merocrine sebaceous ceruminous

axillary, anal, areolar, pubic (triple A ~ apocrine) distributed throughout body associated with hair follicles over much skin external acoustic meatus (ear canal)

each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ____ and a distal whitish free ____

bed; edge

simple ciliated columnar epithelium is located

lining of uterine tubes

aprocrine glands secrete

lipids and proteins that are acted upon by bacteria; vicious and cloudy

what organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?

liver, skin, kidneys

the most numerous and widely distributed sweat gland in the body is __________

merocrine sweat glands

area posterior to the knee is called

popliteal region

production of new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair is an example of

reproduction

metabolism

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism

major function of merocrine sweat glands

thermoregulation (to surface of skin, through evaporation) thERMOregulation, MEROcrine ~ similar sounding

characterize serous membranes

they contain a parietal and visceral layer, the pericardium is an example

characterize mucous membranes

they line the digestive tract, secrete mucus, and perform secretory functions

pubic refers to

anterior region of the pelvis

endothelium lines

blood vessels

examples of positive feedback loop?

childbirth, blood clotting, and breast feeding

keratinocytes in the epidermis produce __________ when exposed to UV radiation

cholecalciferol

describe a difference between merocrine and apocrine sweat glands (in relation to hair)

merocrine: sweat gland duct that directly attaches to surface aprocrine: the duct is secreted into a hair follicle (an opening to the sweat duct on the epidermal surface is called a sweat pore!)

a nevus is commonly referred to as a _____________, which is a harmless, localized growth of ___________ forming cells

mole; melanin

what type of connective tissue is found ONLY in the umbilical cord?

mucous connective tissue

membranes that line and eventually lead to the outside of the body are ______________ membranes

mucous/mucus

the basement membrane of a epithelial layer is (cellular/noncellular?)

noncellular (attachment here is by the secretion of connective tissue)

the main function of melanin pigment is to protect the __________ of keratinocytes from UV radiation

nucleus or DNA

the most superficial layer of the dermis is the _____________

papillary

the ___________ ______________ lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall

parietal pleura

list functions of bone

protection of vital organs, stores calcium and phosphorus, provides levers for movement, carries out hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)

lining of larynx consist of what type of tissue?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar tissue (found in mainly upper respiratory air ways)

criteria to classify epithelia (2)

shape of cells at apical surfaces, number of cell layers

the ______ covers the surfaces of most digestive organs.

visceral peritoneum

comedo pustule nodule cyst

a sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum dome-shaped lesions filled w/ a mixture of WBS, dead skin cells, and bacteria can be prone to scarring a fluid filled nodule that can be severely inflamed and painful

mammary glands are modified _______ glands

apocrine

the main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer

collagen

____ fibers are found in fibrocartilage, _______ cells are also found here within lacuna

collagen (wavy, thick); chondrocyte (chon --> cartilage)

the specific orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ______ during routine movements

collagen; stress

when the skin is stretched beyond its capacity some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______

collagen; striae

cells of hair follicle sheath contain an outer ______________ sheath and inner ______________ root sheath

connective, epithelial

in the homeostatic control mechanism, the ___ ___ is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector

control center

which connective tissue cells are derived from monocytes in the blood and reside in the extracellular matrix after leaving the blood? multiple choice question: a) mast cells b) fibroblasts c) adipocytes d) macrophages

d) macrophages

stem cells of the skin are mitotically created where?

dermis - the basale layer

what kind of tissue would you expect to find in the walls of large arteries?

elastic connective tissue

regional anatomy

examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

replacement scar tissue is produced by ______ and composed primarily of ______ fibers.

fibroblasts, collagen

scar tissue is formed by the process of ___________

fibrosis

lateral aspect of leg medial aspect of leg (knee to ankle)

fibular area tibial

ground substance of connective tissue can be...

fluid, semisolid, or solid

surface anatomy

focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called ______

granulation tissue

epidermal dendritic cells are found in which strata?

granulosum, spinosum

when skin has been severely damaged, which integumentary system components are not repaired?

hair follicles, exocrine glands, and nerves

normal skin color is a result of ________, melanin, and carotene

hemoglobin

sebaceous glands are considered ______________ glands and discharge oily substance _______________

holocrine, sebum

pathophysiology

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

gross anatomy

investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye

location examples of simple cuboidal epithelium

kidney tubules, ducts of most glands

avascularity of epithelial cells

lacks blood vessels, therefore nutrients of cells are through mainly diffusion from the underlying connective tissue

a ___________ layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, where a _____________ layer lines the external surface of organs

parietal, visceral

polarity

refers to the organization of the cell into apical and basal surfaces

the hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair _________

root

the correct anatomic directional term for "toward the nose" is called

rostral

fibrous tissue is also known as

scar tissue

blood clotting forms during the ________ stage of healing

second

sebaceous glands

secrete lipid material called sebum (oils)

apocrine glands are classified as

simple, branched, and acinar

merocrine sweat glands are classified as:

simple, coiled, and tubular + numerous throughout body!

this type of tissue is rare in the body and is found in ducts of the salivary gland + is multilayered

stratified columnar epithelium

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each body system

cytology

study of body cells and their internal structure

physiology

study of function

anatomy

study of structure and form

histology

study of tissues

the secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______; the secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______

sweat ducts; hair follicles

at puberty, __________ hair replaces _____________ hair at the armpits and pubic regions

terminal; vellus

examples of resident cells in connective tissue proper

adipocytes, mesenchymal, fibroblasts

scientifically, the thinning of hair on scalp is called ______

alopecia

blackhead whitehead nodule

an open comedo a closed comedo similar to pustule, but extending deeper into the skin layers

anabolism vs catabolism

anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down)

what type of gland produces its secretory product through its' cells apical portion pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic content

apocrine gland

T/F: new epithelial cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the remains of the scar

FALSE: new epithelial cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the remains of the SCAB OR CLOT, NOT SCAR

_______ tissue is a major component of subcutaneous layer of the skin

areolar

a hemangioma is congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ____________ that proliferate, creating a benign tumor

blood vessels

control centers are generally portions of the

brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland (b/c thyroid gland is an endocrine organ, which also contribute as CCs)

two types of hemangiomas are ___________ and _____________

capillary; cavernous

the correct anatomical term for "at the rear or tail end" is

caudal

resident cells

cells of connective tissue that are stationary and help support, maintain, and repair extracellular matrix

the nail matrix is the _________________

actively growing part of the nail

tendons and ligaments are made up of

dense regular connective tissue

cranial is to skull as auricular is to __

ear

__________ tissue contains more fibroblasts and branching elastic fibers than loose connective tissue, in addition to packed collagen fibers

elastic (branching elastic fibers, more packed collagen fibers, more fibroblasts)

the simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels is called a(n) _________

endothelium

comparative anatomy

examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species

microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

epithelial tissue have ________ innervation

extensive