Anatomy and Physiology Exam Review

Explain the series of events that cause the contraction of the muscle

1. Power stroke occurs and myosin moves to relaxed position, pulling thin filament or actin towards M line 2. Ca++ ions bind to troponin which pulls tropomyosin away from blocking myosin and actin 3. ATP breaks attachment of actin and myosin 4. Myosin bonds to actin 5. Energy from ATP cocks myosin into an upright position 6. terminal cisternae releases Ca++

What is true about buffers

1. Used by living things to maintain pH in a narrow range 2. Buffers in the body keep pH between 7.35 to 7.45 3. Phosphate in the bone is an important buffer in the body 4. Bicarbonate plays a very important role in the buffer systems.

The type of burn that has only partially involved the dermis is

2nd degree

Carbon atoms have how many electrons in their valence shell?

4

In anatomy lab you were supposed to take home a box of appendicular bones to study for an exam. The labels had worn off of the boxes, so you were forced to look inside each box until you found a box with only appendicular bones in it. The contents of each box is listed below. Which box would you have taken home to study only appendicular bones

4th Tarsal bone, 5th carpal bone, 15 phalangees, humerus

What answer lists the usual correct numbers for each of the types of vertebrae listed

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx

Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs?

8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal

Which cell fiber is the fastest conducting neuron

A fibers

A tissue is

A group of similar cells that perform a common function

The codon for the triplet UCA is

AGU

The molecule that is the most important in the utilization of energy in chemical reactions in the cell is

ATP

causes the extremity to move away from the body

Abduction

When an electrical action potential reaches the end of the nerve cell at the NMJ, this molecule is the neurotransmitter that is released?

Acetylcholine

Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called

Adduction

What is the monomer that makes up the polymer that is called protein

Amino acids

Micheal a patient is recovering from a CVA (stroke) and has difficulty in straightening out his elbow. The physical therapist is working the biceps brachii in order for it to allow the triceps to straighten out the elbow. In this movement the biceps brachii is acting as which of the following?

Antagonist

You overhear a discussion in the lunch room about a patient that had a severe accident using his power trimmer. The women says they doctors are not sure if her husband will ever be able to flex his hand again to hold anything. Which surface of the upper extremity was the laceration most likely to be on.

Anterior surface of the forearm

The end of a muscle that extends out into a broad flat piece of connective tissue is a

Aponeurosis

The layer of the meninges that is in the middle of the three layers and has the CSF directly below it is the

Archnoid

What are the muscles to the upper arm?

Biceps brachii Brachialis Deltoid Triceps brachii

Which muscle is one of the muscles that flexes the elbow

Brachialis

Which cervical vertebrae has a boney projection call the Dens process on it

C2

This cranial nerve is also known as the Hypoglossal nerve

CN XII

Only when channels for this ion open can the muscle fiber actually begin to contract?

Ca++

Andy was called on the phone by a friend who says that they have a fractured foot. They jumped out of a moving car and broke the heel of the right foot. What bone did they fracture?

Calcaneus

Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Calcitonin

This type of muscle is an involuntary muscle over which a patient has no ability to control

Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle

Pick the level of structural organization in the correct order from the smallest to the largest

Cells, Tissue, Organ Systems, Organism

The brain and spinal cord make up which part of the nervous system

Central NS

John presents with difficulty in hearing words spoken on the telephone. The workup reveals that his ear canals are completely filled with wax. The type of gland that makes this wax in the outer ear is

Ceruminous

What occurs in cell division phase of Anaphase

Chromosomes move away from each other

This type of tissue consists of cells in a extracellular matrix

Connective

The three types of connective tissue include

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective

Which bond is formed when atoms share electrons

Covalent bond

When monomers are joined together by a bond and a water molecule is removed from the reaction, this reaction is an example of a

Dehydration reaction

A nerve circuit where one axon from one neuron connects to several dendrites from different neurons is a

Diverging circuit

Ankle bends foot upward, toward dorsum of foot

Dorsiflexion

The type of sudoriferous gland that causes sweat to be evaporated on the skin in an attempt to help regulate body temperature is

Eccrine

The quality of a muscle that refers to the ability of a muscle to return to its original shape after being stretched is called

Elasticity

A quality that muscle fibers and neurons share is the ability of the charge on the sarcolemma or the cell membrane to change due to the movements of ions. This is ability is called

Electrical excitability.

The layer of deep fascia that surrounds individual muscle fibers is the ?

Endomysium

causes an increase in the angle between bones

Extension

Sue was told that her bones did not fuse together correctly and she had an abnormal hip bone structure. Which bone could not be the cause of the problem because it does not fuse into the hip bone?

Femur

The Deltoid muscle helps hold the shoulder in place when you flex your elbow to put something in your mouth while you eat. The Deltoid is acting as which form of muscle in this motion when it holds the origin of the Bicepts brachii in place?

Fixator

causes a decrease in the angle between bones

Flexion

The spinal cord exists the skull through which foramen

Foramen Magnum

The type of cell junction that allows cells to communicate directly with neighboring cells is

Gap Junction

What is the monomer that makes up the polymer that is called lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export from the cell

Golgi apparatus

A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?

Hyoid

Which type of solution will cause a cell that is placed into it to swell up

Hypotonic

In which phase of cell division are the chromosomes copied and duplicated?

Interphase

A muscle contraction that has shortening of the the muscle at a constant tension is called

Isotonic contraction

Repolarization occurs due the movement of which ion?

K+

The substance that is made in the skin to help strengthen the skin surface is

Keratin

side bending of the spine

Lateral flexion

Which muscle makes the eye look towards the ipsilateral ear.

Laterial rectus

The heart can contract without stimulation from the nervous system, unlike any other muscle. Which type of channel does the heart muscle possess that the other forms of muscle do not?

Leaky Na+ channels

Which quadrant is the stomach located within?

Left upper

thumb moving towards the palm of hand

Opposition

The cells that reabsorb the bone are called

Osteoclasts

Which hormone will increase osteoclastic activity in an attempt to raise low levels of calcium in the serum

Parathyroid hormone

John a patient suffers a stroke that has paralyzes his face and neck on the left side. Which muscle would not be affected ?

Pectoralis major

The special name for the bond that links subunits together in protein molecules is

Peptide bond

The layer of deep fascia that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 individual muscle fibers together is called

Perimysium

The main structure of the cell membrane is a

Phospholipid bilayer

In a feedback mechanism, when the direction of the change in the monitored function is in the same direction as the change, the mechanism is an example of

Positive feedback

palm of hand turned towards the ground

Pronation

This type of nucleic acid contains the ribose sugar

RNA

A patient comes to complaining of pain in her belly. She tells you that she has been on a workout program and has been doing a great many sit up exercises lately. Which muscle group might be the cause for her pain.

Rectus abdominis

bone revolves on its own axis

Rotation

The difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum is

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface

The myelin sheaths that surround the nerves in the peripheral nervous system are made up of these cells

Schwann

A friend of yours tells you that while jogging he hurt his leg. He can no longer flex his knee without suffering severe pain. Which muscles could be affected?

Semimembranous Semitendinosus Biceps femoris

The muscle fibers that help with endurance tasks like marathon runner are called?

Slow twitch fibers

Which organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which type of muscle makes up most of the internal visceral organs

Smooth muscle

A patient was given a spinal anesthetic and has an inability to move any muscles the below the ribs of the patient, which group of muscle would have all of its members effected?

Soleu, Gastrocnemius, Semitendinosis, Biceps femoris

Which type of epithelial cell is flat and scale-like in shape

Squamous

What are the functions of a muscle

Stabilize joints Generate heat Movement of joints Movement of bones

A patient has had a CVA (stroke) and is having difficulty eating food. Which muscle is probably NOT the source of his problem?

Sternocleidomastoid

Martha a patient displays an inability turn her head to the left in an attempt to look over her shoulder, which muscle might be causing the problem?

Sternocleidomastoid

The layer of epidermis that is undergoing cell division is the

Stratum basale

From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Another term that is used for the muscle that makes up the Biceps brachii is?

Striated muscle

The site of communication between the axon of one nerve and the dendrite of another is called

Synapse

When you raise your hand. The Deltoid muscle raises the humerus, but in order for the motion to be more dramatic, muscles hold the elbow and the wrist motionless. Each muscle that performed this stabilizing function is acting like a

Synergist

The type of joint that has a space in between the bones is

Synovial joint

At the NMJ (neuromuscular junction) which is NOT true

The nerve cell becomes part of the muscle cell

Which choice is not a true about the skin

The papillary region of the dermis is the thickest part of the dermis

The difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid is

There are no double or triple bonds in saturated fatty acids

Which tissue is not a connective tissue

Thyroid gland

Amanda a patient that jogs every night comes to you with pain on the anterior portion of her leg. The diagnosis you make is shin splints. Which muscle do you suspect that she has hurt?.

Tibialis anterior

During contraction this molecule becomes more narrow.

Titin

The protein that binds the myosin to the Z disc is called

Titin

Which muscle is the inner most muscles of the abdomen

Transversus abdominis

Mr. Smith, a patient told you that during the time his muscle relaxed, the physician told him that myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by a protein known as

Tropomyosin

The protein that is bound by the Ca++ in a contraction is the

Troponin

A friend tells you that she had an injury which, occurred while jogging, and that she is having a pain when she extended her knee. Which muscle could be the cause of her pain

Vastus medialis

Which vitamin can use the UV sunlight that is transmitted through the skin in its activation process

Vitamin D

What is true about the pH scale?

Water has a pH of 7 (neutral)

The dark line in the middle of the I band is the?

Z disc

Henry falls playing football and fractures his radius. The bone is only cracked and bending near his wrist. It did not move from its normal position, and did not puncture through the skin. This fracture is

a closed, non displaced, greenstick fracture of the distal radius

causes the extremity to move towards the body

adduction

When a person closes their eye, one of the main muscles performing this function is the Obicularis oculi. During this movement this muscle is acting as the

agonist

Which muscle is NOT one of the muscles to the thorax?

all are chest muscles

The term metabolism refers to

all the chemical reactions in the body

This skull fontanel in the newborn skull is usually the largest, and is used by physicians to determine the head position of the fetus during labor and delivery.

anterior

The form of bone growth that may continue in some disease states even after a person has reached their adult height

appositional growth

If you vision is 20/40, this means that you can see objects

at 20 feet away as clear/y as a person with normal vision would see them at 40 feet

The first cervical vertebrae is the

atlas

The term that refers to the number of protons an element has is the

atomic number

The ventral root contains

axons of motor neurons

The dorsal root contains

axons of sensory neurons

Which sensation is the strongest stimulant to the Gustatory processes of the body

bitter

The cranial cavity houses the

brain

The anatomic term for the cheek is

buccal

What is the anatomic term for the gluteal

buttock

Which anatomical term describes the wrist region

carpal

The pubic symphysis is classified as a

cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis

The dorsal root ganglion contains

cell bodies of sensory neurons

The osteons of compact growth are arranged in circles, and located in the center is the

central canal

binds chromosomal copies together

centromere

Which bone is a part of the pectoral girdle

clavicle

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers

Instead of having just one axon, some nerve cells send off branches of axons that are called

collaterals

Which photo receptor gives color vision to the eye

cones

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with a sympathetic response

decreased heart rate

Which is a freely movable joint

diarthrosis

The part of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus is the

diencephalon

The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the

digestive tract

What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?

dura arachnoid pia

The nerve that is part of the peripheral nervous system and takes information away from the central nervous system is

efferent

Which subatomic particle contributes almost no mass to the atom?

electron

The ends of long bones are called the

epiphysis

What type of tissue forms linings or coverings

epithelial tissue

The four primary tissue types are

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the

eustachian tube

Mr. Mathew cracked the part of his fourth cervical vertebrae that is in between the body and the transverse process of the vertebrae. This name of this area is

facet

A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a

fibrous joint

The end of the spinal cord is anchored to the coccyx via the

filium terminale

The spinal cord exists the skull through which foreman

foramen magnum

In an oxidation reduction reaction, the molecule that gets reduced has

gained energy

The term "hallux" refers to the

great toe

Abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of motion is called

hyperextension

The part of the brain that deals with homeostasis

hypothalamus

A synarthrosis is

immobile

A patient comes to you complaining that he can not look up above his head anymore. Which muscle of the eye might be involved with the problem,

inferior oblique

Where the legs attach to the trunk

inguinal

The senses of hearing and equilibrium are provided by receptors in the

inner ear

The spinal nerves exits the vertebrae column through which foramen

intervertebral foramen

The spinal nerves exist the spinal cord through which foramen

inverterbral foramen

Light absorption that stimulates the sense of vision changes the shape of the

iris

While many sections of the brain are involved with the development of the emotions, collectively these areas make up the

limbic system

The bones of the arms and legs are classified as

long bones

What organ(s) are covered by pleura

lungs

The substance that is made in the skin to help protect from UV light is

melanin

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

melanoma

Chromosomes line up in the midline

metaphase

Power source for the cell

mitochondria

The origin of a muscle is the tendon that connects to the bone that?

moves the least during the contraction

The insertion of a muscle is the tendon that attaches to the bone that

moves the most during the contraction

What type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint?

multiaxial (triaxial) joint

What is the name of the substance that gives the muscle fibers extra oxygen

myoglobin

The cells in the nervous system that process information are

neurons in the central nervous system

The most common neurotransmitter in the Sympathetic postganglionic synapse is

norepinephrine

The preganglionic neurotransmitter receptor in the Sympathetic Division of the ANS is

norepinephrine alpha 2

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called

nuclei

Center of the cell where chromatin is located

nucleus

The name of the elastic tissue center of the vertebral discs is called

nucleus pulposus

Which factors can have an effect on the functioning of an enzyme

pH, temperature, substrate concentration

The heart is in the __________ cavity and is covered by the _________

pericardial cavity; peritoneum

The name given to the grouping of spinal nerves after they leave the spinal cord is

plexus

Chromosomes condensed and nuclear envelope dissappear

prophase

The correct order of the phases of mitosis is

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A friend of yours tells you that while jogging he hurt his leg. He can no longer flex his knee without suffering severe pain. Which muscle is one of the muscles is probably NOT the cause of his knee and leg pain?

rectus femoris

The contractile segment of the voluntary muscle is divided into

sarcomeres

Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia of the CNS?

satellite cells

Ascending tracts of the spinal cord carry

sensory information to the brain

One of the major differences from the motor pathways and the sensory pathways is

sensory pathways uses 3 neurons and the motor pathways uses 2 neurons

The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels

smooth

Which of the following is not a lobe of the cerebrum?

sphenoidal

The type of bone that has the red bone marrow inside is

spongy

Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System that prepares the body for action and stress

sympathetic

Neurotransmitters are released from

synaptic vesicles

The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a

syndesmosis

Which of the following bones is paired?

temporal

The ATP is used in the muscle contraction when,

the myosin pulls the actin over itself

The difference in the 2 types of smooth muscle cells is determined by

the number of nerves that supply the muscle.

A herniated disc occurs when

there is protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.

What is true regarding hydrogen bonds?

they are weak bonds but have significant effects on living organisms

What is true about enzymes

they increase the speed at which a reaction will occur

Which of the following are NOT components of an osteon?

trabeculae

Dentists anesthetize a portion of the ________ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.

trigeminal

The function of yellow bone marrow is

triglyceride storage

Neurons that have one continuous axon and dendrite, with the cell body being off to the side are called

unipolar

The brachial region is commonly known as the

upper arm

What is the function of the vacuole in the cell

used for storage

The spinal cord runs through what foramen in the vertebral column

vertebral foramen

Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

A communinuted fracture

where the fractured bone is in many small pieces

Which muscle is NOT one of the muscles to the lower extremity

Medial rectus

Which organelle contains DNA

Mitochondria

The thick filament is made of

Myosin

What is true about the 2 contractile proteins during contraction?

Myosin pulls the actin over itself

Channels for this ion open and start the depolarization process

Na+

Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when which channels are opened

Na+

What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia

Neurons can conduct electrical messages while neuroglia play a supporting role

What is the name of the piece of tissue that connects a bone to another bone

Ligament

Beta oxidation occurs in the catabolism of which of the macromolecules

Lipid

Beta oxidation occurs in the catabolism of which of the macromolecules?

Lipid

Jane came to her doctor complaining of back pain. During her workup it was discovered that the back had an abnormal curve where the lumbar curve was much too prominent. This disease could be described as

Lordosis