Anatomy and Physiology Exam Review
Explain the series of events that cause the contraction of the muscle
1. Power stroke occurs and myosin moves to relaxed position, pulling thin filament or actin towards M line 2. Ca++ ions bind to troponin which pulls tropomyosin away from blocking myosin and actin 3. ATP breaks attachment of actin and myosin 4. Myosin bonds to actin 5. Energy from ATP cocks myosin into an upright position 6. terminal cisternae releases Ca++
What is true about buffers
1. Used by living things to maintain pH in a narrow range 2. Buffers in the body keep pH between 7.35 to 7.45 3. Phosphate in the bone is an important buffer in the body 4. Bicarbonate plays a very important role in the buffer systems.
The type of burn that has only partially involved the dermis is
2nd degree
Carbon atoms have how many electrons in their valence shell?
4
In anatomy lab you were supposed to take home a box of appendicular bones to study for an exam. The labels had worn off of the boxes, so you were forced to look inside each box until you found a box with only appendicular bones in it. The contents of each box is listed below. Which box would you have taken home to study only appendicular bones
4th Tarsal bone, 5th carpal bone, 15 phalangees, humerus
What answer lists the usual correct numbers for each of the types of vertebrae listed
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx
Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs?
8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
Which cell fiber is the fastest conducting neuron
A fibers
A tissue is
A group of similar cells that perform a common function
The codon for the triplet UCA is
AGU
The molecule that is the most important in the utilization of energy in chemical reactions in the cell is
ATP
causes the extremity to move away from the body
Abduction
When an electrical action potential reaches the end of the nerve cell at the NMJ, this molecule is the neurotransmitter that is released?
Acetylcholine
Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called
Adduction
What is the monomer that makes up the polymer that is called protein
Amino acids
Micheal a patient is recovering from a CVA (stroke) and has difficulty in straightening out his elbow. The physical therapist is working the biceps brachii in order for it to allow the triceps to straighten out the elbow. In this movement the biceps brachii is acting as which of the following?
Antagonist
You overhear a discussion in the lunch room about a patient that had a severe accident using his power trimmer. The women says they doctors are not sure if her husband will ever be able to flex his hand again to hold anything. Which surface of the upper extremity was the laceration most likely to be on.
Anterior surface of the forearm
The end of a muscle that extends out into a broad flat piece of connective tissue is a
Aponeurosis
The layer of the meninges that is in the middle of the three layers and has the CSF directly below it is the
Archnoid
What are the muscles to the upper arm?
Biceps brachii Brachialis Deltoid Triceps brachii
Which muscle is one of the muscles that flexes the elbow
Brachialis
Which cervical vertebrae has a boney projection call the Dens process on it
C2
This cranial nerve is also known as the Hypoglossal nerve
CN XII
Only when channels for this ion open can the muscle fiber actually begin to contract?
Ca++
Andy was called on the phone by a friend who says that they have a fractured foot. They jumped out of a moving car and broke the heel of the right foot. What bone did they fracture?
Calcaneus
Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Calcitonin
This type of muscle is an involuntary muscle over which a patient has no ability to control
Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle
Pick the level of structural organization in the correct order from the smallest to the largest
Cells, Tissue, Organ Systems, Organism
The brain and spinal cord make up which part of the nervous system
Central NS
John presents with difficulty in hearing words spoken on the telephone. The workup reveals that his ear canals are completely filled with wax. The type of gland that makes this wax in the outer ear is
Ceruminous
What occurs in cell division phase of Anaphase
Chromosomes move away from each other
This type of tissue consists of cells in a extracellular matrix
Connective
The three types of connective tissue include
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective
Which bond is formed when atoms share electrons
Covalent bond
When monomers are joined together by a bond and a water molecule is removed from the reaction, this reaction is an example of a
Dehydration reaction
A nerve circuit where one axon from one neuron connects to several dendrites from different neurons is a
Diverging circuit
Ankle bends foot upward, toward dorsum of foot
Dorsiflexion
The type of sudoriferous gland that causes sweat to be evaporated on the skin in an attempt to help regulate body temperature is
Eccrine
The quality of a muscle that refers to the ability of a muscle to return to its original shape after being stretched is called
Elasticity
A quality that muscle fibers and neurons share is the ability of the charge on the sarcolemma or the cell membrane to change due to the movements of ions. This is ability is called
Electrical excitability.
The layer of deep fascia that surrounds individual muscle fibers is the ?
Endomysium
causes an increase in the angle between bones
Extension
Sue was told that her bones did not fuse together correctly and she had an abnormal hip bone structure. Which bone could not be the cause of the problem because it does not fuse into the hip bone?
Femur
The Deltoid muscle helps hold the shoulder in place when you flex your elbow to put something in your mouth while you eat. The Deltoid is acting as which form of muscle in this motion when it holds the origin of the Bicepts brachii in place?
Fixator
causes a decrease in the angle between bones
Flexion
The spinal cord exists the skull through which foramen
Foramen Magnum
The type of cell junction that allows cells to communicate directly with neighboring cells is
Gap Junction
What is the monomer that makes up the polymer that is called lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export from the cell
Golgi apparatus
A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?
Hyoid
Which type of solution will cause a cell that is placed into it to swell up
Hypotonic
In which phase of cell division are the chromosomes copied and duplicated?
Interphase
A muscle contraction that has shortening of the the muscle at a constant tension is called
Isotonic contraction
Repolarization occurs due the movement of which ion?
K+
The substance that is made in the skin to help strengthen the skin surface is
Keratin
side bending of the spine
Lateral flexion
Which muscle makes the eye look towards the ipsilateral ear.
Laterial rectus
The heart can contract without stimulation from the nervous system, unlike any other muscle. Which type of channel does the heart muscle possess that the other forms of muscle do not?
Leaky Na+ channels
Which quadrant is the stomach located within?
Left upper
thumb moving towards the palm of hand
Opposition
The cells that reabsorb the bone are called
Osteoclasts
Which hormone will increase osteoclastic activity in an attempt to raise low levels of calcium in the serum
Parathyroid hormone
John a patient suffers a stroke that has paralyzes his face and neck on the left side. Which muscle would not be affected ?
Pectoralis major
The special name for the bond that links subunits together in protein molecules is
Peptide bond
The layer of deep fascia that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 individual muscle fibers together is called
Perimysium
The main structure of the cell membrane is a
Phospholipid bilayer
In a feedback mechanism, when the direction of the change in the monitored function is in the same direction as the change, the mechanism is an example of
Positive feedback
palm of hand turned towards the ground
Pronation
This type of nucleic acid contains the ribose sugar
RNA
A patient comes to complaining of pain in her belly. She tells you that she has been on a workout program and has been doing a great many sit up exercises lately. Which muscle group might be the cause for her pain.
Rectus abdominis
bone revolves on its own axis
Rotation
The difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum is
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface
The myelin sheaths that surround the nerves in the peripheral nervous system are made up of these cells
Schwann
A friend of yours tells you that while jogging he hurt his leg. He can no longer flex his knee without suffering severe pain. Which muscles could be affected?
Semimembranous Semitendinosus Biceps femoris
The muscle fibers that help with endurance tasks like marathon runner are called?
Slow twitch fibers
Which organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which type of muscle makes up most of the internal visceral organs
Smooth muscle
A patient was given a spinal anesthetic and has an inability to move any muscles the below the ribs of the patient, which group of muscle would have all of its members effected?
Soleu, Gastrocnemius, Semitendinosis, Biceps femoris
Which type of epithelial cell is flat and scale-like in shape
Squamous
What are the functions of a muscle
Stabilize joints Generate heat Movement of joints Movement of bones
A patient has had a CVA (stroke) and is having difficulty eating food. Which muscle is probably NOT the source of his problem?
Sternocleidomastoid
Martha a patient displays an inability turn her head to the left in an attempt to look over her shoulder, which muscle might be causing the problem?
Sternocleidomastoid
The layer of epidermis that is undergoing cell division is the
Stratum basale
From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis?
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Another term that is used for the muscle that makes up the Biceps brachii is?
Striated muscle
The site of communication between the axon of one nerve and the dendrite of another is called
Synapse
When you raise your hand. The Deltoid muscle raises the humerus, but in order for the motion to be more dramatic, muscles hold the elbow and the wrist motionless. Each muscle that performed this stabilizing function is acting like a
Synergist
The type of joint that has a space in between the bones is
Synovial joint
At the NMJ (neuromuscular junction) which is NOT true
The nerve cell becomes part of the muscle cell
Which choice is not a true about the skin
The papillary region of the dermis is the thickest part of the dermis
The difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid is
There are no double or triple bonds in saturated fatty acids
Which tissue is not a connective tissue
Thyroid gland
Amanda a patient that jogs every night comes to you with pain on the anterior portion of her leg. The diagnosis you make is shin splints. Which muscle do you suspect that she has hurt?.
Tibialis anterior
During contraction this molecule becomes more narrow.
Titin
The protein that binds the myosin to the Z disc is called
Titin
Which muscle is the inner most muscles of the abdomen
Transversus abdominis
Mr. Smith, a patient told you that during the time his muscle relaxed, the physician told him that myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by a protein known as
Tropomyosin
The protein that is bound by the Ca++ in a contraction is the
Troponin
A friend tells you that she had an injury which, occurred while jogging, and that she is having a pain when she extended her knee. Which muscle could be the cause of her pain
Vastus medialis
Which vitamin can use the UV sunlight that is transmitted through the skin in its activation process
Vitamin D
What is true about the pH scale?
Water has a pH of 7 (neutral)
The dark line in the middle of the I band is the?
Z disc
Henry falls playing football and fractures his radius. The bone is only cracked and bending near his wrist. It did not move from its normal position, and did not puncture through the skin. This fracture is
a closed, non displaced, greenstick fracture of the distal radius
causes the extremity to move towards the body
adduction
When a person closes their eye, one of the main muscles performing this function is the Obicularis oculi. During this movement this muscle is acting as the
agonist
Which muscle is NOT one of the muscles to the thorax?
all are chest muscles
The term metabolism refers to
all the chemical reactions in the body
This skull fontanel in the newborn skull is usually the largest, and is used by physicians to determine the head position of the fetus during labor and delivery.
anterior
The form of bone growth that may continue in some disease states even after a person has reached their adult height
appositional growth
If you vision is 20/40, this means that you can see objects
at 20 feet away as clear/y as a person with normal vision would see them at 40 feet
The first cervical vertebrae is the
atlas
The term that refers to the number of protons an element has is the
atomic number
The ventral root contains
axons of motor neurons
The dorsal root contains
axons of sensory neurons
Which sensation is the strongest stimulant to the Gustatory processes of the body
bitter
The cranial cavity houses the
brain
The anatomic term for the cheek is
buccal
What is the anatomic term for the gluteal
buttock
Which anatomical term describes the wrist region
carpal
The pubic symphysis is classified as a
cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis
The dorsal root ganglion contains
cell bodies of sensory neurons
The osteons of compact growth are arranged in circles, and located in the center is the
central canal
binds chromosomal copies together
centromere
Which bone is a part of the pectoral girdle
clavicle
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
Instead of having just one axon, some nerve cells send off branches of axons that are called
collaterals
Which photo receptor gives color vision to the eye
cones
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with a sympathetic response
decreased heart rate
Which is a freely movable joint
diarthrosis
The part of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus is the
diencephalon
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the
digestive tract
What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?
dura arachnoid pia
The nerve that is part of the peripheral nervous system and takes information away from the central nervous system is
efferent
Which subatomic particle contributes almost no mass to the atom?
electron
The ends of long bones are called the
epiphysis
What type of tissue forms linings or coverings
epithelial tissue
The four primary tissue types are
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the
eustachian tube
Mr. Mathew cracked the part of his fourth cervical vertebrae that is in between the body and the transverse process of the vertebrae. This name of this area is
facet
A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a
fibrous joint
The end of the spinal cord is anchored to the coccyx via the
filium terminale
The spinal cord exists the skull through which foreman
foramen magnum
In an oxidation reduction reaction, the molecule that gets reduced has
gained energy
The term "hallux" refers to the
great toe
Abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of motion is called
hyperextension
The part of the brain that deals with homeostasis
hypothalamus
A synarthrosis is
immobile
A patient comes to you complaining that he can not look up above his head anymore. Which muscle of the eye might be involved with the problem,
inferior oblique
Where the legs attach to the trunk
inguinal
The senses of hearing and equilibrium are provided by receptors in the
inner ear
The spinal nerves exits the vertebrae column through which foramen
intervertebral foramen
The spinal nerves exist the spinal cord through which foramen
inverterbral foramen
Light absorption that stimulates the sense of vision changes the shape of the
iris
While many sections of the brain are involved with the development of the emotions, collectively these areas make up the
limbic system
The bones of the arms and legs are classified as
long bones
What organ(s) are covered by pleura
lungs
The substance that is made in the skin to help protect from UV light is
melanin
Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?
melanoma
Chromosomes line up in the midline
metaphase
Power source for the cell
mitochondria
The origin of a muscle is the tendon that connects to the bone that?
moves the least during the contraction
The insertion of a muscle is the tendon that attaches to the bone that
moves the most during the contraction
What type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint?
multiaxial (triaxial) joint
What is the name of the substance that gives the muscle fibers extra oxygen
myoglobin
The cells in the nervous system that process information are
neurons in the central nervous system
The most common neurotransmitter in the Sympathetic postganglionic synapse is
norepinephrine
The preganglionic neurotransmitter receptor in the Sympathetic Division of the ANS is
norepinephrine alpha 2
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called
nuclei
Center of the cell where chromatin is located
nucleus
The name of the elastic tissue center of the vertebral discs is called
nucleus pulposus
Which factors can have an effect on the functioning of an enzyme
pH, temperature, substrate concentration
The heart is in the __________ cavity and is covered by the _________
pericardial cavity; peritoneum
The name given to the grouping of spinal nerves after they leave the spinal cord is
plexus
Chromosomes condensed and nuclear envelope dissappear
prophase
The correct order of the phases of mitosis is
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A friend of yours tells you that while jogging he hurt his leg. He can no longer flex his knee without suffering severe pain. Which muscle is one of the muscles is probably NOT the cause of his knee and leg pain?
rectus femoris
The contractile segment of the voluntary muscle is divided into
sarcomeres
Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia of the CNS?
satellite cells
Ascending tracts of the spinal cord carry
sensory information to the brain
One of the major differences from the motor pathways and the sensory pathways is
sensory pathways uses 3 neurons and the motor pathways uses 2 neurons
The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels
smooth
Which of the following is not a lobe of the cerebrum?
sphenoidal
The type of bone that has the red bone marrow inside is
spongy
Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System that prepares the body for action and stress
sympathetic
Neurotransmitters are released from
synaptic vesicles
The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a
syndesmosis
Which of the following bones is paired?
temporal
The ATP is used in the muscle contraction when,
the myosin pulls the actin over itself
The difference in the 2 types of smooth muscle cells is determined by
the number of nerves that supply the muscle.
A herniated disc occurs when
there is protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.
What is true regarding hydrogen bonds?
they are weak bonds but have significant effects on living organisms
What is true about enzymes
they increase the speed at which a reaction will occur
Which of the following are NOT components of an osteon?
trabeculae
Dentists anesthetize a portion of the ________ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.
trigeminal
The function of yellow bone marrow is
triglyceride storage
Neurons that have one continuous axon and dendrite, with the cell body being off to the side are called
unipolar
The brachial region is commonly known as the
upper arm
What is the function of the vacuole in the cell
used for storage
The spinal cord runs through what foramen in the vertebral column
vertebral foramen
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
A communinuted fracture
where the fractured bone is in many small pieces
Which muscle is NOT one of the muscles to the lower extremity
Medial rectus
Which organelle contains DNA
Mitochondria
The thick filament is made of
Myosin
What is true about the 2 contractile proteins during contraction?
Myosin pulls the actin over itself
Channels for this ion open and start the depolarization process
Na+
Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when which channels are opened
Na+
What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia
Neurons can conduct electrical messages while neuroglia play a supporting role
What is the name of the piece of tissue that connects a bone to another bone
Ligament
Beta oxidation occurs in the catabolism of which of the macromolecules
Lipid
Beta oxidation occurs in the catabolism of which of the macromolecules?
Lipid
Jane came to her doctor complaining of back pain. During her workup it was discovered that the back had an abnormal curve where the lumbar curve was much too prominent. This disease could be described as
Lordosis
