Anatomy and Physiology I Ch 10

Using your understanding of the relationships between, and locations of, different types of neurons, select the statement below that is correct. Learning Catalytics Quiz

Neurons like A are unipolar neurons and they have a sensory function.

Gaps in the myelination of axons known as ______ are present ______. Quiz

Nodes of Ranvier; for saltatory conduction and increased speed of action potential transmission

The following are examples of the function of the nervous tissue, except: Quiz

Strengthens nerve impulses

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the blank 1 located in the cranial cavity and blank 2 located in the blank 3 cavity. LO1

1 - Brain 2 - Spinal Cord 3 - Vertebral

Which of the following glial cells is in charge of myelinating axons in the CNS? Quiz

Oligodendrocytes

The glial cells that guide migrating neurons in the developing fetal brain are: Quiz

Astrocytes

Define each neuronal part using the definition on the RIGHT. LO3

Axon - is a single long, thin process that extends from the cell body. It functions as the output portion of the neuron by generating action potentials and then propagating them toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell. The cell body (soma) - contains most organelles, including the nucleus. Control center of the neuron. Like dendrites, the cell body also serves as an input portion of neuron because it can receive signals from other neurons. Dendrites - are short, highly branched processes that extend from the cell body. Receive signals from other neurons or from stimuli in the environment, serving as main input portions of the neuron.

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system blank 1 heart rate, and neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system blank 2. In general, the sympathetic nervous system helps support exercise or emergency actions, so called blank 3 responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system controls blank 4 activities. LO2

1 - Increase 2 - Slow it dwon 3 - "Flight-or-flight" 4 - "Rest-and-digest"

Throughout the nervous system, the cell bodies of adjacent neurons are often clustered together. A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS is called a blank 5 (plural is blank ); a similar arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS is known as a blank 7 (plural is blank 8). While the axons also group in bundles. If those axon bundles are located in the CNS, they will be referred to as blank 9. And if they are located in the PNS, they will be referred to as blank 10. LO4

5 - Ganglia 6 - Ganglion 7 - Nucleus 8 - Nuclei 9 - Tracts 10 - Nerves

In addition, the blank 5 nervous system, will control most of the body functions as it is the major regulator of the blank 6 muscle of the cardiovascular system. While the blank 7 is the major regulator of the smooth muscle of the digestive and blank 8 systems, which are derived from the embryonic blank 9 tube. LO2

5 - Sympathetic 6 - Smooth 7-Parasympathetic 8 - Respiratory 9 - Gut

What are the two major cell types of the nervous system? Start with least numerous as cell type 1. LO1

- Cell type 1: Neurons - Cell type 2: Glial cells

The CNS processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. It is also the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. Most signals that stimulate blank 4 to contract and blank 5 to secrete originate in the CNS. The blank 6 system consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS. A blank 7 (general type) receptor is a structure that monitors changes in the external or internal environment. LO1

4 - Muscles 5 - Glands 6 - Peripheral Nervous 7 - Sensory

Blank 1, also known as nerve cells, are the basic functional units of the nervous system. A typical neuron has three major parts: a blank 2 which will be the control center of the neuron, a blank 3 which receive the stimuli from the environment and blank 4 which generates the action potential and propagates them. LO4

1 - Neuron 2 - Cell body 3 - Dendrite 4 - Axon

There are different classes of ion channels. Label how they open or close on the figure below, in addition to their names and location. LO5

A - Leak channels Change in membrane potential opens the channel B - Ligand gated channels Chemical stimulus opens the channel C - Mechanically-gated channels Mechanical stimulus opens the channel D - Voltage-gated channels Channel randomly opens and close

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is an autoimmune disease that attacks voltage-gated calcium channels in the nerve terminal. Calcium channels are unable to open and as a result neurotransmitter is not released. What is a likely symptom of this condition? Quiz

Inability to contract the muscles

In the PNS, there are two types of neuroglia. The blank 1 is the one that produces myelin sheath, that will wrap up blank 2 axon(s) in the myelinated neurons, and will wrap up blank 3 axon(s) in the unmyelinated neurons. The blank 4 is the neuroglia that will provide structural support to the neuronal cell bodies that are located within the blank 5. LO3

1 - Schwann cell 2 - several 3 - 2 4 - Satellite cell 5 - ganglia

Neurons are divided into three functional classes based on the direction in which the action potential is conveyed relative to the CNS. Place them on the figure to the right. LO2

Box 1 - Sensory or afferent neurons convey action potentials from the PNS into the CNS. (Long neuron) Box 2 - Interneurons or association neurons are located entirely within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. (short neuron) Box 3 - Motor or efferent neurons convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors in the periphery.

Neurotransmitters are found in: Quiz

The synaptic cleft

The glial cell that helps to form cerebrospinal fluid is the: Quiz

Ependymal cell

When the membrane potential of a cell membrane becomes more positive than the resting potential, one can say that the membrane has become: Quiz

Depolarized

Match the definitions on the RIGHT with the term on the LEFT. LO4

Myelinated axons - axons in the CNS and PNS that have a myelin sheath Node of Ranvier - gaps in the myelin sheath Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin sheaths in the CNS White matter - area of brain and spinal cord comprised primarily of myelinated axons Unmyelinated axons - axons in CNS and PNS that do not have or have little myelin sheath Myelin sheath - multilayered covering composed of lipids and proteins Schwann cells - produce myelin sheaths in the PNS Grey Matter - area of the brain and spinal cord comprised of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

Match the four different types of neuroglia in the CNS on the LEFT with their functions on the RIGHT. LO3

Astrocytes - They surround brain capillaries and are responsible for maintaining the "tightness" of tight junctions. They are especially important in maintaining this tightness across the tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier Microglia - Function as phagocytes. They remove cellular debris formed during normal development of the nervous system and phagocytize microbes and damaged nervous tissue Ependymal cells - Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They produce and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes - Responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons in the CNS

The Nervous System Performs Sensory, Integrative, and Motor Functions. Match each function below. LO2

Integrative - CNS processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses. Sensory - Sensory receptors detect external or internal stimuli. This information is then conveyed through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS into the brain and spinal cord of the CNS. Motor - information is conveyed from the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS to effectors (muscles and glands).

The glial cells that destroy microorganisms in the CNS are: Quiz

microglia