Anatomy & Physiology II Midterm~ Chapter 13: Endocrine System

Which of the following is true about steroid hormones? A. Steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer. B. Steroid hormone receptors are found on the cell membrane. C. Steroid hormones use a second messenger mechanism to effect the cell. D. Steroid hormones can travel freely in the blood.

A. Steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.

Hormone stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex.

ACTH

Named for stimulating the cortex of the adrenal gland.

ACTH

Hormone causes kidneys to retain water, raises blood pressure.

ADH

Name means "against urine".

ADH

Controls adrenal cortex secretions.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Causes kidneys to conserve water.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of that positive feedback loop between it and the ovary? A. progesterone B. luteinizing hormone C. gonadotropin releasing hormone D. estrogen E. gonadotropin

B. Luteinizing hormone

Decline in which hormone(s) with aging is associated with increase susceptibility to infections?

B. thymosin

Which of the following hormones is released when blood glucose levels are elevated? A. aldosterone B. glucagon C. cortisol D. insulin

D. Insulin

Which of the following glands is found in the brain? A. pancreas B. thyroid gland C. adrenal gland D. pituitary gland

D. pituitary gland

Hormone stimulates egg or sperm production.

FSH

Named for the effect on gamete production.

FSH

Stimulates development of eggs and sperm.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

~Regulates water and electrolyte balance ~Breaks down nutrients ~Causes movements of muscles ~Delivers oxygen ~Regulates metabolism ~Controls reproduction and development ~Provides structure

Functions of the Endocrine System

Hormone stimulates the rate of mitosis, promotes bone growth.

GH

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland:

GH, LH, ACTH, FSH, TSH, PRL

Named for causing the release of hormones affecting the gonads.

GnRH

Increases size and division rate of body cells.

Growth Hormone (GH)

What are tropic hormones?

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Hormone promotes the secretion of sex hormones from the gonads.

LH

Named for producing the conversion of the follicle into a corpus luteum.

LH

Controls secretions from ovaries and testes.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormone stimulates contraction of uterine wall muscles; stimulates smooth muscle in milk-secreting glands.

OT

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland:

OT, ADH

Affects muscle contractions of uterus and mammary glands.

Oxytocin (OH)

Hormone stimulates the production of milk.

PRL

Name means "promoting milk production".

PRL

Name means "near the thyroid".

PTH

Sustains milk production after birth.

Prolactin (PRL)

Named for the number of iodine molecules in the hormone.

T3

Hormones released from the hypothalamus:

TRH, CRH, GnRH

Hormone stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones.

TSH

Named for directly affecting the thyroid.

TSH

What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?

Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone.

Controls thyroid gland secretions.

Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH)

True or False: A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body sense a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.

True

True or False: A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.

True

True or False: Estrogen has a positive-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.

True

True or False: Progesterone has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.

True

Which gland sits on top of the kidney?

adrenal gland

This is such a complex and important task which requires a lot of communication and direction. The _______ system assists the nervous system with this function.

endocrine

Cells in the organs or glands of the ______ system secrete chemical substances that are collectively known as _____. These chemicals diffuse into the bloodstream and direct or communicate with cells that are far away, called target cells.

endocrine/hormones

In each of these examples, the chemical substance is secreted from a cell and delivered to another cell by way of bodily fluids. However, if the chemical substance is secreted into a duct to be delivered to a free surface, it is a type of _____ secretion.

exocrine

Raises blood glucose levels.

glucagon

Secreted by alpha cells.

glucagon

Stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen.

glucagon

Stimulates the breakdown of fats.

glucagon

Lower levels of which hormone is associated with declining strength with aging in the skeletal and muscular systems?

growth hormone

Recall that the ability to maintain a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external or internal environment is known as_________.

homeostasis

What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome?

hypothalamus

When the body detects the life-threatening change, a signal is sent to the _____.

hypothalamus

Neurons in the _____ secrete thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates cells in the _____ pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

hypothalamus/ anterior

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels _____.

increase

Negative feedback is seen when the output of a pathway ____ inputs to the pathway. Feedback loops are used extensively to regulate secretion of hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

inhibits

Decreases blood glucose levels.

insulin

Enhances synthesis of proteins.

insulin

Promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose.

insulin

Secreted by beta cells.

insulin

The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes _____.

insulin

In Type II diabetes blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because _____.

muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.

Being able to respond to a constantly changing world is one of life's greatest challenges. The task of coordinating responses to sensory information is not the sole realm of the ______ or endocrine system.

nervous

In Type I diabetes blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because ______.

no insulin is released

Which gland is found in the pelvis?

ovaries

Which gland is attached to the small intestines?

pancreas

Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects neighboring cells in the same tissue?

paracrine

Some substances, called _____ secretions, travel in the interstitial fluid and effect neighboring cells. Other chemical secretions, called _____ secretions, affect only the secreting cell.

paracrine/autocrine

_____ stress threatens tissues. Examples of this stress include _____,_____,_____.

physiological/ infections, injuries, or extreme temperatures

The hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones from which gland through nervous stimulation?

posterior pituitary

Which gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

posterior pituitary

Epinephrine is a hormone that can't cross the plasma membrane. What classification of hormone is it?

protein or amine

_____ stress results from emotional situations such as _____,_____,_____.

psychological/ feelings of anger, personal losses, or imagined dangers

TSH binds to _____ in the thyroid gland, stimulating synthesis and secretion of thryoid hormones. When blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase above a certain threshold, TRH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited and stop secreting TRH.

receptors

Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to ________.

return to about normal

Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?

steroid

The condition that the factors produce in the body is called _____.

stress

Factors, or _____, that change the body's internal environment can be life threatening.

stressors

The response to stress includes an increase in activity of the _____ nervous system and increased secretion of _____ hormones.

sympathetic/adrenal

Before ovulation, small amounts of estrogen are released by _____.

the ovaries

Inhibition of TRH secretion leads to shut-off of TSH secretion, which leads to shut-off of thyroid hormone secretion. As _____ hormone levels decay below the threshold, negative feedback is relieved. TRH secretion starts again, leading to TSH secretion.

thyroid

Which gland is found in the neck?

thyroid gland

An important example of a negative feedback loop is seen in the control of thyroid hormone secretion. The thyroid hormones _____ and triiodothryonine (T4 and T3) are synthesized and secreted by thyroid glands and affect _____ throughout the body.

thyroxine/metabolism